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ویرایش: نویسندگان: Michèle Fieux, Chantal Andrié, Ferris Webster سری: Current natural sciences ISBN (شابک) : 9782759821501, 2759821501 ناشر: EDP sciences سال نشر: 2017 تعداد صفحات: 579 زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 100 مگابایت
در صورت تبدیل فایل کتاب The Planetary Ocean به فرمت های PDF، EPUB، AZW3، MOBI و یا DJVU می توانید به پشتیبان اطلاع دهید تا فایل مورد نظر را تبدیل نمایند.
توجه داشته باشید کتاب اقیانوس سیاره ای نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
توصیف تودههای آب اقیانوسها بر اساس مطالعه دما، شوری و چگالی آنها، نقشهای ژنتیکی مجازی است که هویت و حرکت تودههای آب را فراهم میکند. ویژگیهای اقیانوس و فرآیندهای دخیل در مبادلات با جو همراه با تعادلهای دینامیکی ساده، درک بخش بزرگی از سیستم وسیع اقیانوسی را به دست میدهد. این کتاب با تصاویر رنگی متعدد تقویت شده است. این یک مرجع در اقیانوس شناسی منطقه ای است که با نتایج گسترده ای از بیست سال گذشته به روز شده است. این ارائه بر ویژگی هر حوزه اقیانوسی با استفاده از یک رویکرد دقیق و جهانی تأکید می کند. با شروع یک زمینه تاریخی مختصر، تعاملات و نقش هر حوضه اقیانوسی در عملکرد اقیانوس سیاره ای را توضیح می دهد. چگونه آب پایین قطب جنوب را در وسط اقیانوس اطلس تشخیص دهیم؟ متراکم ترین توده آب چیست؟ گرمترین؟ چرا آب متراکم در بزرگترین حوزه اقیانوسی تشکیل نمی شود؟ آبی که در دریای لابرادور فرو میرود چه میشود؟ چرا اقیانوس نقش مهمی در تغییرات آب و هوایی دارد؟ ... پاسخ ها را می توان در این کتاب یافت. فراتر از یک دوره در اقیانوس شناسی منطقه ای، این متن برای دانش آموزان در تمام زمینه های علوم دریایی و محیط زیست و همچنین معلمان دبیرستانی علاقه مند است. همچنین راهنمای کاوش در سیاره اقیانوس را ارائه می دهد که برای هر آماتور آگاه و مشتاق به دانستن اصول اولیه قابل درک است.
The description of ocean water masses is based on the study of their temperature, salinity, and density, virtual genetic imprints which provide identity and movement to water masses. Ocean characteristics and processes involved in exchanges with the atmosphere together with simple dynamic balances give an understanding of a large part of the vast oceanic system. This book is enhanced with numerous colored illustrations. It is a reference on regional oceanography updated with extensive results from the last twenty years. The presentation underscores the specificity of each ocean basin using a precise and global approach. Beginning with a brief historical context, it explains the interactions and the role of each ocean basin in the functioning of the planetary ocean. How do we recognize Antarctic Bottom Water in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean? What is the densest water mass? The warmest? Why doesn’t dense water form in the largest ocean basin? What becomes of water that sinks in the Labrador Sea? Why does the ocean play such an important role in climate variations? … Answers can be found in this book. Beyond a course in regional oceanography, the text is aimed at students in all fields of marine and environmental science as well as interested secondary school teachers. It also provides a guide to exploring the ocean planet that is comprehensible to any well-informed amateur eager to know the basics.
Cover Table of Contents Prolog Preface to the French Edition Acknowledgments Introduction I. Generalities 1. Ocean characteristics 1.1 Spatial characteristics 1.2 Physical characteristics of pure water 1.3 Chemical and physical properties of seawater 2. Heat and water exchanges between ocean and atmosphere 2.1 Global radiation balance 2.1.1 Incident solar radiation and albedo 2.1.2 Absorption of incident radiation 2.1.3 The greenhouse effect 2.1.4 Long-wave (infrared) radiation 2.1.5 Evaporation and conduction 2.1.6 Radiative balance 2.2 Distribution of ocean-atmosphere heat fluxes 2.2.1 Solar radiation 2.2.2 Heat loss by infrared radiation 2.2.3 Heat loss by evaporation 2.2.4 Heat loss by conduction 2.2.5 Net heat flux 2.3 Atmosphere and ocean heat transport 2.4 Ocean surface temperature 2.5 Water fluxes 2.5.1 Evaporation and precipitation 2.5.2 Water flux balance 2.6 Surface salinity 2.7 Surface density 2.8 Heat and salt transfers to the ocean interior. The thermocline 3. Water masses 3.1 General properties of water masses 3.2 Mode Waters, Central Waters, and Intermediate Waters 3.3 Bottom Waters and Deep Waters 3.4 Analysis of water characteristics 3.4.1 Potential temperature and potential density 3.4.2 Potential temperature-salinity diagram 3.4.3 Tracers 4. Ocean circulation 4.1 Laws controlling oceanic motion 4.2 The effect of Earth rotation on motion; the Coriolis force 4.3 Geostrophy: the principal balance of forces in the ocean 4.4 The dynamic method 4.5 Dynamic topography 4.6 Thermohaline circulation 5. The role of wind 5.1 Oceanic and atmospheric surface circulation 5.2 Local wind effects: Ekman transport 5.2.1 Wind acting near a coastline: coastal upwelling 5.2.2 Wind at the equator: equatorial upwelling, Equatorial Undercurrent 5.3 Large-scale wind effects 5.3.1 Ekman pumping 5.3.2 Sverdrup balance 5.3.3 Western intensification of ocean currents 5.3.4 Conservation of potential vorticity 6. Observational techniques 6.1 Temperature and salinity measurements 6.1.1 Reversing thermometers 6.1.2 Bathythermograph 6.1.3 Expendable bathythermograph, or XBT 6.1.4 Salinometer 6.1.5 Thermosalinograph 6.2 The hydrographic station and its measurements 6.2.1 Knudsen, Nansen, and Niskin sample bottles 6.2.2 CTD probe and rosette 6.3 Direct current measurements 6.3.1 Current meters 6.3.2 Acoustic Doppler current profilers 6.3.3 Moored current meters 6.3.4 Surface-moored buoy 6.4 Drifting buoys, floats, profilers, gliders 6.4.1 Drifting buoys 6.4.2 Swallow floats and SOFAR floats 6.4.3 Profiling floats 6.4.4 Gliders 6.4.5 Animal-borne instruments: How elephant seals can help exploring the ocean 6.5 Satellite measurements II. The Antarctic (or Austral) Ocean 1. Introduction 2. Geographic characteristics 3. Atmospheric pressure and winds 4. Climatology 4.1 Glaciers and ice pack 4.1.1 Continental glaciers, ice shelves 4.1.2 The ice pack 4.1.3 Polynyas 4.2 Precipitation 5. Surface circulation 5.1 The Antarctic Circumpolar Current 5.2 The Antarctic Circumpolar Current and oceanic fronts 5.2.1 The Subtropical Front and the Subantarctic Zone 5.2.2 The Subantarctic Front and the Polar Frontal Zone 5.2.3 The Polar Front, the Antarctic Zone, and the Southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current Front 5.2.4 The Southern Zone, the Southern Boundary and the Antarctic Divergence 5.2.5 The role of topography in the Circumpolar Current 5.3 The Periantarctic Coastal Current 6. Water properties 6.1 Surface temperature 6.2 Salinity 6.3 Antarctic Ocean Water Masses 6.3.1 Antarctic Circumpolar Deep Water 6.3.2 Antarctic Intermediate Water and Subantarctic Mode Water 6.3.3 Bottom Water and Deep Water in the Weddell Sea 6.3.4 Antarctic Bottom Water 7. Distinctive features of the Antarctic Ocean III. The Atlantic Ocean 1. Introduction 2. Geographic characteristics 3. Climatology 3.1 Pressure and winds 3.2 Precipitation and evaporation 4. Surface and subsurface circulation 4.1 The equatorial current system 4.1.1 The North Equatorial Current 4.1.2 The South Equatorial Current and the North Brazil Current 4.1.3 North Equatorial Countercurrent 4.1.4 South Equatorial Countercurrent and the Angola Dome 4.1.5 The Equatorial Undercurrent 4.1.6 North and South Equatorial undercurrents 4.1.7 Equatorial jets 4.2 The North subtropical gyre 4.2.1 The Gulf Stream system 4.2.1.1 Circulation in the American Mediterranean 4.2.1.2 The Florida Current 4.2.1.3 The Gulf Stream 4.2.2 The North Atlantic Drift and eastern boundary currents 4.3 The subpolar cyclonic gyre 4.4 The south subtropical gyre 4.5 Upwelling zones 4.5.1 Equatorial upwelling 4.5.2 Canary upwelling 4.5.3 Benguela upwelling 5. Adjacent seas 5.1 The (Eurafrican) Mediterranean 5.1.1 Introduction 5.1.2 Topography 5.1.3 Climatology 5.1.4 Surface circulation 5.1.5 Mediterranean oceanography 5.1.5.1 Atlantic Water 5.1.5.2 The Black Sea 5.1.5.3 Formation processes of Mediterranean water masses 5.1.5.4 Intermediate Levantine Water 5.1.5.5 Aegean Sea 5.1.5.6 Adriatic Sea and Eastern Basin Deep Water 5.1.5.7 Western Basin Deep Water 5.1.5.8 Mediterranean characteristics 5.2 The Arctic Ocean, the Norwegian Sea, and the Greenland Sea (or Arctic Mediterranean) 5.2.1 Introduction 5.2.2 Topography 5.2.3 Climatology 5.2.3.1 Pressure and winds 5.2.3.2 Precipitation and heat flux 5.2.4 Surface currents of the Arctic Ocean 5.2.5 Surface temperature 5.2.6 Arctic Mediterranean Oceanography 5.2.6.1 Atlantic Water 5.2.6.2 Arctic Surface Water 5.2.6.3 Deep Water of the Greenland Sea and of the Norwegian Sea 5.2.6.4 Arctic Deep Water 5.2.6.5 Arctic Intermediate Waters 5.2.6.6 Overflows from the Nordic Seas 6. Water properties 6.1 Surface water 6.2 Subtropical Waters, Central Waters, Subtropical Mode Waters 6.2.1 North and South Subtropical Waters 6.2.2 North and South Central Waters 6.3 Antarctic Intermediate Water 6.4 Arctic Intermediate Waters and Subpolar Mode Waters 6.5 Mediterranean Water 6.6 Antarctic Bottom Water 6.7 Dense waters exiting over the Greenland-Scotland sills 6.7.1 Sill Water between Iceland and Scotland 6.7.2 Denmark Water Strait 6.8 Labrador Sea Water 6.9 North Atlantic Deep Water 7. Water properties of adjacent and epicontinental seas 7.1 American Mediterranean (Caribbean Sea) 7.2 Some epicontinental seas 7.2.1 The North Sea 7.2.2 The Baltic Sea 7.2.3 Hudson Bay 7.2.4 Baffin Bay 8. Distinctive features of the Atlantic Ocean IV. The Indian Ocean 1. Introduction 2. Geographic characteristics 3. Climatology 3.1 Atmospheric pressure and wind regime 3.1.1 Pressure and winds over the southern Indian Ocean 3.1.2 Pressures and winds over the northern Indian Ocean 3.2 Precipitation, evaporation, heat exchange 4. Surface circulation 4.1 General circulation 4.2 Circulation South of 10°S 4.2.1 South Equatorial Current 4.2.2 SE and NE Madagascar Currents 4.2.3 Agulhas Current 4.2.4 South Indian Current, West Australian Current and the eastern cyclonic circuit 4.2.5 Leeuwin Current 4.2.6 Upper connections with the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans 4.3 Circulation North of 10°S 4.3.1 Circulation in the Arabian Sea and along the Somali coast 4.3.2 Circulation in the Bay of Bengal and the eastern Indian Ocean 4.3.3 Equatorial Current, Wyrtki Jet 4.3.4 South Equatorial Countercurrent 4.3.5 Equatorial Undercurrent 5. Water properties 5.1 Surface water 5.1.1 Surface temperature 5.1.2 Surface salinity 5.2 Adjacent seas 5.2.1 The Red Sea 5.2.2 The Persian Gulf 5.2.3 Indonesian Seas 5.3 Indian Ocean Water Masses 5.3.1 Antarctic Intermediate Water and Subantarctic Mode Waters 5.3.2South Indian Ocean Central Water, Subtropical Mode Waters, South Indian Ocean Subtropical Water 5.3.3 The Hydrologic Front (SEC Front) 5.3.4 Arabian Sea Water, Northwest Indian Ocean Water 5.3.5 Bay of Bengal Water 5.3.6 Indian Deep Water 5.3.7 Indian Ocean Bottom Water 6. Distinctive features of the Indian Ocean V. The Pacific Ocean 1. Introduction 2. Geographic characteristics 3. Climatology 3.1 Pressure distribution 3.2 Winds 3.3 Precipitation, evaporation, and heat exchanges 3.4 Climatic anomalies over the Pacific: El Niño 4. Surface circulation 4.1 General circulation 4.2 Equatorial current systems 4.2.1 The North Equatorial Current 4.2.2 The South Equatorial Current 4.2.3 The North Equatorial Countercurrent 4.2.4 The South Equatorial Countercurrent 4.2.5 The Equatorial Undercurrent 4.2.6 The Equatorial Intermediate Current and equatorial jets 4.2.7 The North Equatorial Undercurrent and the South Equatorial Undercurrent 4.2.8 Equatorial upwelling 4.2.9 Instabilities 4.2.10 Variability 4.3 Western boundary currents 4.3.1 The Kuroshio 4.3.2 The subpolar cyclonic circuit and the Oyashio 4.3.3 The Mindanao Current and the New Guinea Coastal Current 4.3.4 The East Australian Current 4.4 Eastern boundary currents and coastal upwelling 4.4.1 Peruvian upwelling 4.4.2 California upwelling 4.5 The South Pacific Current 5. Water properties 5.1 Surface water 5.1.1 Surface temperature 5.1.2 Surface salinity 5.2 Subtropical salinity maximum, North and South Tropical Waters 5.3 Central and Equatorial Waters 5.3.1 Southwest and Southeast Pacific Central Waters 5.3.2 Northwest and Northeast Pacific Central Waters 5.3.3 North and South Pacific Equatorial Waters 5.4 Intermediate Waters 5.4.1 Antarctic Intermediate Water 5.4.2 Subarctic Water and North Pacific Intermediate Water 5.5 Deep Water and Bottom Water 5.6 Some Pacific Ocean Adjacent Seas 5.6.1 The Sea of Japan 5.6.2 The Bering Sea 5.6.3 The Sea of Okhotsk 6. Distinctive features of the Pacific Ocean VI. Conclusions 1. Planetary ocean water properties 1.1 Temperature and salinity distribution 1.2 The ensemble of q-S diagrams 1.3 Specific features of each ocean 2. Circulation of the planetary ocean 3. Thoughts on ocean variability, climatic implications 3.1 Oceanic response to global atmospheric warming 3.2 Examples of interannual variability 3.3 In the form of an epilog References, acronyms, web sites References Acronyms and abbreviations Water Mass Abbreviations Ocean Current Abbreviations Other abbreviations Web sites Index