The physiology of vegetable crops

Cover......Page 1
The Physiology of Vegetable Crops......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 8
Preface......Page 10
1 Seed Storage, Germination, Quality, and Enhancements......Page 12
 Composition and Water Status in Seeds......Page 14
 Storage: Moisture Content and Temperature......Page 16
 Species Differences in Storability......Page 17
 Germination and Seedling Growth......Page 18
  Seed and seedling morphology......Page 19
  Water......Page 20
  Mobilization of reserves......Page 23
 Seed Quality......Page 24
  Whole plant responses......Page 25
  Physiological aspects......Page 27
  Temperature stress......Page 28
 Seed Enhancements......Page 30
  Hydration treatments......Page 31
  Coating technologies......Page 34
 Acknowledgments......Page 36
 References......Page 37
 Transplant Quality......Page 42
  Container cell size......Page 44
  Transplant age......Page 45
   Water quality......Page 46
   Water availability in transplants......Page 47
   Irrigation methods......Page 48
 Control of Transplant Size......Page 50
  Plant growth regulators......Page 51
  Manipulating water and nutrition......Page 52
  Light quality......Page 53
 Grafted Transplants......Page 55
 Storage and Transport of Transplants......Page 57
  PGR conditioning for drought and heat stress......Page 58
  Transplant conditioning for chilling stress......Page 60
 Concluding Remarks and Prospects......Page 61
 Acknowledgements......Page 62
 References......Page 64
3 Regulation of Flowering in Crop Plants......Page 72
  Florigen......Page 73
  Flowering control in other brassicaceae......Page 74
 Wheat and Barley......Page 75
  Vernalization......Page 76
  Other vegetable crops......Page 77
 References......Page 78
 General Stress Effects......Page 82
 Temperature Effects......Page 86
  High temperatures......Page 87
  Low temperatures......Page 88
 Moisture Effects......Page 90
  Lack of moisture......Page 91
  Flooding......Page 93
 Salt Stress......Page 94
 References......Page 97
 Vegetable Systems and Models......Page 105
 Mathematical Models of Crop Development......Page 106
  Empirical crop models......Page 109
   Light interception and light use efficiency......Page 111
   Photosynthesis......Page 113
   Stomatal control......Page 114
   Dry matter partitioning......Page 115
   Nutrient dynamics......Page 116
  Modeling spatial aspects of plant growth......Page 117
  Genomic models......Page 119
  Modeling produce quality......Page 120
 References......Page 121
 Whole Plant Interactions......Page 128
 Control of Branch Growth......Page 129
 Root-Shoot Relations in the Vegetative Stage......Page 131
 Root-Shoot Relations in the Reproductive Stage......Page 134
 Interactions Between Vegetative and Reproductive Parts......Page 138
  Interactions among reproductive parts......Page 140
 References......Page 142
  History and botany......Page 149
  Model plant species......Page 150
  Increased exploitation of genetic diversity:roots to fruits......Page 151
  Seed germination......Page 152
  Stem and leaf development......Page 153
  Flower differentiation and flowering......Page 154
  Fruit development and ripening......Page 157
  Light use efficiency......Page 160
  Carbohydrate partitioning......Page 161
  Source:sink ratio......Page 163
  Fruit set......Page 164
  Cell expansion and endoreduplication......Page 166
  Fruit growth......Page 167
  Different fruit size: genotype, temperature, and competition......Page 168
 Fruit Quality Components......Page 169
  Dry matter, sugar and organic acid content......Page 170
  Vitamin C and polyphenols......Page 171
  Blossom-end rot (BER)......Page 172
  Fruit cracking......Page 173
  Light......Page 174
  Temperature......Page 175
   Optimal temperature......Page 176
   Chilling injury......Page 177
  Other factors......Page 178
 Summary......Page 179
 References......Page 180
8 Peppers......Page 190
 Seed Germination......Page 191
 Vegetative Growth......Page 192
 Induction of Flowering......Page 193
 Flower Development and Fruit Set......Page 194
 Fruit Growth and Maturation......Page 198
  Reproductive growth and partitioning......Page 201
   Irradiance......Page 202
   Carbon dioxide......Page 203
   Water......Page 204
   Glasshouse and nethouse pepper......Page 205
   Causal factors......Page 206
   Mechanism of abscission......Page 208
  Sunscald......Page 209
  Blossom-end rot......Page 210
  Heat pale spots......Page 211
 References......Page 212
 History......Page 220
 Botany......Page 221
 Potato Growth, Development,and Culture......Page 222
 Sprouting and Shoot Growth......Page 224
  Methods of studying tuberization......Page 227
  Assimilate level......Page 228
   Abscisic acid......Page 229
  Application of plant growth regulators......Page 230
  Anatomical and morphological changes......Page 231
 Growth Rates of Individual Tubers – Tuber Bulking......Page 232
  Biomass production and partitioning to developing tubers (tuber bulking)......Page 233
 Light......Page 234
  Temperature......Page 235
   Nitrogen......Page 236
   Potassium, sulfur, and calcium......Page 238
  Starch synthesis in developing tubers......Page 239
  Starch degradation during sprouting and storage......Page 241
  Sugar end defect......Page 242
  Secondary growth......Page 243
 Flowering and Seed Production......Page 244
 Molecular Biology and Biotechnology......Page 245
 References......Page 246
 General Introduction, Evolution, Taxonomy......Page 255
 Germination and Seedling Growth......Page 256
 Flower Differentiation......Page 259
  Environmental effects on sex expression......Page 260
  Effects of growth hormones on sex expression......Page 261
  Flowering time......Page 262
  Fruit set and parthenocarpy......Page 263
  Fruit development......Page 264
  Fruit dominance, competition and abortion......Page 266
 Factors Affecting Productivity......Page 267
   Hollow heart of watermelon......Page 270
 Concluding Remarks......Page 271
 References......Page 272
11 Phaseolus Beans 1......Page 282
  Growth of leaves and biomass......Page 284
  Induction of flowering......Page 285
  Pollination and pod growth......Page 286
  Light......Page 287
  Water......Page 288
   Symbiotic nitrogen fixation......Page 290
  Time to harvest......Page 291
 Biofortified Beans......Page 292
 References......Page 293
12 Peas......Page 298
 Seed Anatomy and Germination......Page 299
  Early growth......Page 301
  Stem growth......Page 302
  Shoot branching......Page 305
  Leaf development......Page 306
  Nitrogen fixation......Page 308
  Phenology of flowering......Page 309
  The genetic control of flowering......Page 310
  Floral meristem identity......Page 311
 Pod and Seed Development......Page 313
  Photoassimilate partitioning to seeds......Page 314
 Plant Senescence......Page 315
  Leaf morphologies......Page 317
  Water and soil......Page 318
  Mineral nutrition......Page 319
  Pea Types......Page 320
  Marrowfat peas......Page 321
 Concluding Remarks......Page 322
 References......Page 323
13 Sweet Corn......Page 328
  Endosperm development......Page 329
  Endosperm mutants in sweet corn......Page 331
   Shrunken2 (sh2) and brittle2 (bt2)......Page 332
  Combining endosperm mutants......Page 333
 Endosperm Mutants and Germination in Sweet Corn......Page 334
 Harvesting and Conditioning High-Sugar Sweet Corn Seed......Page 335
 Environmental Factors Affecting Growth, Development, and Quality......Page 336
  Temperature......Page 338
 References......Page 339
 Seed Germination......Page 344
  Seed pelleting......Page 347
 Head formation......Page 348
  Temperature......Page 350
  Lettuce factories......Page 352
 Vernalization......Page 354
  Genetic and hormonal factors in lettuce flowering......Page 355
 Seed Production......Page 356
  Tipburn......Page 357
 Concluding Remarks......Page 360
 References......Page 361
15A Cauliflower, Broccoli, Cabbage, and Brussels Sprouts......Page 368
 Juvenile Period......Page 369
  Curd and head morphology......Page 371
  Environmental factors in curd and head induction......Page 372
  Hormonal effects......Page 374
 Flower Induction in Cabbage and Brussels Sprouts......Page 375
 Cabbage Head and Brussels Sprout Bud Formation......Page 376
   Variation in curd maturity......Page 378
   Predicting maturity......Page 380
   Predicting maturity......Page 381
  Cabbage......Page 382
  Brussels sprouts......Page 384
  Hollow stem of broccoli and cauliflower......Page 386
  Buttoning of cauliflower and broccoli......Page 388
  Cauliflower curd disorders......Page 390
 References......Page 391
 The Function of Glucosinolates and Their Breakdown Products in ­Humans and Plants......Page 400
 Genetic Factors Influencing Glucosinolates in Brassica Vegetables......Page 401
 Environmental Factors Affecting Glucosinolates in Brassica Vegetables......Page 402
 Agronomic Factors Affecting Glucosinolates in Brassica Vegetables and Applications in Agriculture......Page 403
 References......Page 404
 Introduction to the Crops......Page 410
  Carrot......Page 411
 Uniqueness of the Storage Root......Page 412
 Function and Evolution of Storage Roots......Page 414
  Carotenoids......Page 416
  Betalains......Page 418
  Anthocyanins......Page 419
  Glucosinolates......Page 420
  Geosmin......Page 421
  Furanocoumarins......Page 422
 Flowering......Page 423
 Conclusions and Opportunities......Page 425
 References......Page 426
  Centers of Origin and Evolution......Page 432
 Seedling Development......Page 433
 Bulbing Physiology......Page 436
  Physiological age and bulbing......Page 438
  Environmental and growth regulators control of bulbing......Page 439
  Effect of plant growth regulators on bulbing......Page 440
  Photothermal response models for the rate of bulbing......Page 442
  Plant factors influencing bulb yields......Page 443
  Bulb maturation, dormancy, rest, and sprouting......Page 444
  Effect of plant growth regulators on storage......Page 446
  Temperature effects......Page 448
  Genetic control and molecular biology......Page 450
  Fertilization and seed development......Page 451
  Incomplete bulbing: thick-necking/bull necks......Page 452
  Inflorescence suppression......Page 453
 References......Page 454
18 Asparagus......Page 468
 Asparagus Plant......Page 469
  Buds and spears......Page 470
  Root growth......Page 471
  Photosynthesis......Page 472
  Carbohydrate production......Page 474
  Temperature......Page 475
  Moisture......Page 477
  Nutrition......Page 478
  Plant growth regulators......Page 479
  Genetics......Page 480
  Sex differences......Page 481
  Allelopathy......Page 482
 References......Page 483
Index......Page 492
Back Cover......Page 511