The Physiology Of Tropical Orchids In Relation To The Industry, Second Edition

Foreword......Page 6
Preface to the 2nd Edition......Page 8
Preface to the 1st Edition......Page 10
Contents......Page 12
Acknowledgements......Page 17
1.1. Introduction......Page 18
1.2. Orchid Cultivation and Industry......Page 19
1.3. How Basic Orchid Physiology Can Help the Industry......Page 22
1.4. Concluding Remarks......Page 25
General References......Page 26
2.2. Growth Habit......Page 28
Pseudobulbs......Page 30
Flowers......Page 32
Leaves......Page 39
Roots......Page 40
Epiphytic orchids......Page 41
Terrestrial orchids......Page 43
Species......Page 47
2.6. Summary......Page 50
General References......Page 51
References......Page 52
3.2. Photosynthetic Pathways......Page 54
3.3. What is δ13C Value?......Page 58
Thin-leaved orchids......Page 62
Thick-leaved orchids......Page 66
3.5. Photosynthetic Characteristics of Non-Foliar Green Organs......Page 69
Aerial roots......Page 71
Stems......Page 78
Pseudobulbs......Page 79
Flowers and fruit capsules......Page 81
Varying δ13C values in non-foliar green organs......Page 83
Effects of light......Page 85
Effects of age......Page 86
CAM orchids......Page 92
CAM orchids......Page 94
Effects of sink demands......Page 98
Effects of pollutants......Page 99
Effects of virus infection......Page 101
Effects of elevated carbon dioxide......Page 102
3.7. Concluding Remarks......Page 103
General References......Page 104
References......Page 106
4.2. Respiratory Processes......Page 110
Protocorms and seedlings......Page 113
Leaves......Page 116
Flowers......Page 118
Roots......Page 123
4.4. Respiratory Drift During Flower Development......Page 126
4.5. Photorespiration......Page 135
4.6. Other Oxidases in Relation to Orchid Respiration......Page 137
4.7. Concluding Remarks......Page 139
4.8. Summary......Page 140
General References......Page 141
References......Page 142
5.2. Mineral Requirements and Tissue Analysis......Page 146
5.3. Fertiliser Application Practices......Page 153
Effects of organic fertilisers on orchid growth......Page 155
Effects of mulching on orchid growth......Page 156
Effects of inorganic fertilisers on orchid growth......Page 160
5.4. Foliar Application and Root Absorption......Page 166
Ion uptake by orchid tissues......Page 169
Ion uptake by orchid roots......Page 170
5.7. Summary......Page 178
General References......Page 179
References......Page 180
6.2. Differentiation of Flower Bud......Page 185
6.3. Factors Affecting Flower Induction......Page 187
Response to low temperature......Page 189
Hormonal control......Page 194
6.4. Seasonality in Flowering......Page 196
6.5. Application of Flower Induction at the Commercial Level......Page 200
6.6. Bud Drop......Page 205
6.7. Controlling Orchid Flower Production......Page 206
6.8. Concluding Remarks......Page 209
General References......Page 210
References......Page 211
7.2. The Source–Sink Concept of Phloem Translocation......Page 215
Sources and sinks......Page 216
Phloem loading......Page 217
Phloem unloading......Page 218
Sources usually supply nearby sinks......Page 219
Vascular geometry and phyllotaxy can affect partitioning pattern......Page 220
7.4. Patterns of Assimilate Movement in Tropical Orchids......Page 221
Thin-leaved sympodial orchids......Page 222
Thick-leaved sympodial orchids......Page 232
Thick-leaved monopodial orchids......Page 237
7.5. Import of Assimilates by Mature Orchid Leaves......Page 243
7.7. Improving the Harvestable Yield of Orchids......Page 245
Increasing the photosynthetic capacity of orchid leaves by increasing irradiance......Page 251
Increasing photosynthetic capacity of orchid leaves by elevated carbon dioxide......Page 252
Increasing assimilate availability for flower development by selecting specific cultivars with more leaves......Page 253
7.8. Concluding Remarks......Page 256
General References......Page 257
References......Page 259
8.2. Senescence in Plants......Page 262
8.3. Growth and Development of Orchid Flower and Inflorescence......Page 264
Post-pollinated phenomena......Page 271
Ethylene and senescence......Page 273
8.5. Postharvest Handling of Cut-Flowers......Page 284
Preharvest conditions......Page 286
Extension of vase-life......Page 287
Formulation of various solutions......Page 288
8.6. Storage and Transport......Page 293
Hypobaric storage/controlled storage......Page 294
8.8. Summary......Page 297
General References......Page 298
References......Page 300
9.1. Introduction......Page 305
9.2. Factors Affecting Orchid Growth in Vitro......Page 306
Sugar......Page 307
Carbon dioxide......Page 309
Ethylene......Page 310
Nitrogen sources......Page 313
Lighting direction......Page 314
Other factors......Page 316
Gas-permeable culture system......Page 317
Alternative supporting media......Page 323
Reduction in vitrification of in vitro plantlets......Page 325
Improved rooting of plantlets......Page 326
Development of a flow system......Page 327
9.4. In Vitro Flowering......Page 329
9.5. Thin Section Culture......Page 330
9.6. Synthetic Seeds......Page 331
9.7. Concluding Remarks......Page 332
General References......Page 334
References......Page 336
General References......Page 340
References......Page 341
References......Page 342
General References......Page 344
References......Page 345
References......Page 346
References......Page 347
References......Page 348
General References......Page 349
References......Page 350
General References......Page 353
References......Page 354
Appendix II: "Can we use elevated CO2 to increase productivity in the orchid industry?" (from the Malayan Orchid Review)......Page 356
Introduction......Page 357
Current Elevated CO2 Practices for Other Horticultural and Agricultural Plants......Page 358
Scientific Basis to Explain the Positive Effects of Elevated CO2 on Orchid Growth......Page 360
Why do Some Plants Stop Responding to CO2 Enrichment? Do Orchids Behave Similarly?......Page 365
Acknowledgements......Page 366
References......Page 367
Subject Index......Page 370
Plant Index......Page 382