The physics of everyday phenomena : a conceptual introduction to physics

Cover
Title
Copyright
Brief Contents
About the Authors
Detailed Contents
Preface
	Mathematics in a Conceptual Physics Course
	Digital Learning Tools
	New to This Edition
	Learning Aids 17.3 Lenses and Image Formation
		Tracing rays through a positive lens
	13.1 Electric Circuits and Electric Current
		How are plutonium bombs designed?
	19.5 Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear Fusion
		What is critical mass?
		Exercises
		Synthesis Problems
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Conceptual Questions
	Computerized Test Banks Online
	Acknowledgments
	Supplements
	Personal Response Systems
		Home Experiments and Observations
		How to Use the Features of This Book
		Chapter outlines and summaries
		How should the questions and exercises be used?
		Home experiments and everyday phenomenon boxes
Chapter 1 Physics, the Fundamental Science
	1.1 What about Energy?
		Physics and energy
		How is energy involved in the global warming debate?
	1.2 The Scientific Enterprise
		Science and rainbows
		What is the scientific method?
		How should science be presented?
	1.3 The Scope of Physics
		How is physics defined?
		The Case of the Malfunctioning Coffeemaker
		What are the major subfields of physics?
	1.4 The Role of Measurement and Mathematics in Physics
		Why are metric units used?
		Why are measurements so important?
		How can mathematics help?
		Scaling a Recipe
	1.5 Physics and Everyday Phenomena
		Why study everyday phenomena?
Unit 1 The Newtonian Revolution
Chapter 2 Describing Motion
	2.1 Average and Instantaneous Speed
		How is average speed defined?
		What are the units of speed?
		What is instantaneous speed?
		Transitions in Traffic Flow
	2.2 Velocity
		What is the difference between speed and velocity?
		What is a vector?
		How do we define instantaneous velocity?
	2.3 Acceleration
		How is average acceleration defined?
		What is instantaneous acceleration?
		What is the direction of an acceleration?
	2.4 Graphing Motion
		What can a graph tell us?
		Can a car be accelerating when its speed is constant?
		Velocity and acceleration graphs
		Can we find the distance traveled from the velocity graph?
		The 100-m Dash
	2.5 Uniform Acceleration
		How does velocity vary in uniform acceleration?
		How does distance traveled vary with time?
Chapter 3 Falling Objects and Projectile Motion
	3.1 Acceleration Due to Gravity
		How can we measure the gravitational acceleration?
		How did Galileo’s ideas on falling objects differ from Aristotle’s?
		How far does the ball fall in different times?
	3.2 Tracking a Falling Object
		How does the velocity vary with time?
		Throwing a ball downward
		Reaction Time
		How does the ball’s velocity change?
	3.3 Beyond Free Fall: Throwing a Ball Upward
		How high does the ball go?
	3.4 Projectile Motion
		What does the trajectory look like?
		What determines the time of flight?
	3.5 Hitting a Target
		Does the bullet fall when a rifle is fired?
		The flight of a football
		How can we achieve maximum distance?
		Shooting a Basketball
Chapter 4 Newton’s Laws: Explaining Motion
	4.1 A Brief History
		Aristotle’s view of the cause of motion
		What did Newton accomplish?
		How did Galileo challenge Aristotle’s views?
	4.2 Newton’s First and Second Laws
		How is force related to acceleration?
		Newton’s first law of motion
		How do forces add?
		The Tablecloth Trick
	4.3 Mass and Weight
		How can masses be compared?
		How do we define weight?
		Why is the gravitational acceleration independent of mass?
		How can we use the third law to identify forces?
	4.4 Newton’s Third Law
		How does the third law help us to define force?
		Can a mule accelerate a cart?
		What force causes a car to accelerate?
		Riding an Elevator
	4.5 Applications of Newton’s Laws
		What forces are involved in moving a chair?
		Does a skydiver continue to accelerate?
		How do we analyze the motion of connected objects?
		What happens when a ball is thrown?
Chapter 5 Circular Motion, the Planets, and Gravity
	5.1 Centripetal Acceleration
		What is a centripetal acceleration?
		What is the size of the centripetal acceleration?
		How do we find the change in velocity v?
		What force produces the centripetal acceleration?
	5.2 Centripetal Forces
		What force helps a car negotiate a flat curve?
		What forces are involved in riding a Ferris wheel? What happens if the curve is banked?
		Seat Belts, Air Bags, and Accident Dynamics
	5.3 Planetary Motion
		Early models of the heavens
		How did the Copernican model differ from Ptolemy’s conception?
		Kepler’s laws of planetary motion
	5.4 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation
		What was Newton’s breakthrough?
		Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion
		Newton’s explanation of Kepler’s laws
		How is weight related to the law of gravitation?
	5.5 The Moon and Other Satellites
		How do we explain the phases of the moon?
		Orbits of artificial satellites
		Does the moon obey Kepler’s laws?
		Explaining the Tides
Chapter 6 Energy and Oscillations
	6.1 Simple Machines, Work, and Power
		What are simple machines?
		How is work defined?
		Does any force do work?
		How is power related to work?
		How do we define kinetic energy?
	6.2 Kinetic Energy
		Stopping distance for a moving car
		What is negative work?
		The essence of potential energy
	6.3 Potential Energy
		Gravitational potential energy
		What is elastic potential energy?
		Energy changes in the swing of a pendulum
		What does it mean to say that energy is conserved?
		What are conservative forces?
	6.4 Conservation of Energy
		Why do we use the concept of energy?
		Conservation of Energy
		How is energy analysis like accounting?
		Energy and the Pole Vault
	6.5 Springs and Simple Harmonic Motion
		Oscillation of a mass attached to a spring
		What are the period and the frequency?
		Will any restoring force produce simple harmonic motion?
Chapter 7 Momentum
	7.1 Momentum and Impulse
		What happens when a ball bounces?
		How can we analyze such rapid changes?
		What are impulse and momentum?
		How do we apply the impulse-momentum principle?
	7.2 Conservation of Momentum
		Why and when is momentum conserved?
		The Egg Toss
		Conservation of momentum and collisions
	7.3 Recoil
		What is recoil?
		How does a rocket work?
		Recoil of a shotgun
		What is a perfectly inelastic collision?
		Is energy conserved in collisions?
	7.4 Elastic and Inelastic Collisions
		What happens when billiard balls bounce?
	7.5 Collisions at an Angle
		An inelastic, two-dimensional collision
		What happens in elastic, two-dimensional collisions?
		An Automobile Collision
Chapter 8 Rotational Motion of Solid Objects
	8.1 What Is Rotational Motion?
		Rotational displacement and rotational velocity
		What is rotational acceleration?
		Constant rotational acceleration
		How are linear and rotational velocity related?
	8.2 Torque and Balance
		When is a balance balanced?
		What is a torque?
		How do torques add?
		What is the center of gravity of an object?
	8.3 Rotational Inertia and Newton’s Second Law
		What is rotational inertia?
		Finding the rotational inertia of the merry-go-round
		Newton’s second law modified for rotational motion
	8.4 Conservation of Angular Momentum
		What is angular momentum?
		Changes in the ice skater’s rate of spin
		When is angular momentum conserved?
		Kepler’s second law
		Angular momentum and bicycles
	8.5 Riding a Bicycle and Other Amazing Feats
		Is angular momentum a vector?
		Achieving the State of Yo
		Rotating stools and tops
		Bicycle Gears
Unit 2 Fluids and Heat
Chapter 9 The Behavior of Fluids
	9.1 Pressure and Pascal’s Principle
		How is pressure defined?
		Pascal’s principle How does a hydraulic jack work?
	9.2 Atmospheric Pressure and the Behavior of Gases
		How is atmospheric pressure measured?
		Measuring Blood Pressure
		The weight of a column of air Variations in atmospheric pressure
		How does the volume of a gas change with pressure?
		What is Archimedes’ principle?
	9.3 Archimedes’ Principle
		What is the source of the buoyant force?
		Why does a boat made of steel float?
		What forces act on a floating object?
	9.4 Fluids in Motion
		Why does the water speed change?
		When will a balloon float?
		How does viscosity affect the flow?
		Laminar and turbulent flow
	9.5 Bernoulli’s Principle
		What is Bernoulli’s principle?
		Airflow and Bernoulli’s principle
		How does the pressure vary in pipes and hoses?
		What keeps the department-store ball in the air?
		Throwing a Curveball
Chapter 10 Temperature and Heat
	10.1 Temperature and Its Measurement
		How do we measure temperature?
		How were temperature scales developed?
		Is there an absolute zero?
	10.2 Heat and Specific Heat Capacity
		What is specific heat capacity?
		How is heat involved in melting or freezing? What is the distinction between heat and temperature?
		Heat Packs
		What did Joule’s experiments show?
	10.3 Joule’s Experiment and the First Law of Thermodynamics
		What is internal energy? The first law of thermodynamics
		Counting food calories
	10.4 Gas Behavior and the First Law
		What happens when we compress a gas?
		How is internal energy related to temperature?
		How can we keep the temperature of a gas from changing?
		What happens to the gas in a hot-air balloon?
	10.5 The Flow of Heat
		Heat flow by conduction
		What is convection?
		What is radiation, and how does it transfer heat?
		Solar Collectors, Greenhouses, and Global Warming
Chapter 11 Heat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
	11.1 Heat Engines
		What does a heat engine do?
		What does the first law of thermodynamics tell us about heat engines? Efficiency of a heat engine
		Hybrid Automobile Engines
		What are the steps in a Carnot cycle?
	11.2 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
		What is a Carnot engine?
		What is the efficiency of a Carnot engine?
		The second law of thermodynamics
	11.3 Refrigerators, Heat Pumps, and Entropy
		What do refrigerators and heat pumps do?
		What is entropy?
		The Clausius statement of the second law of thermodynamics
	11.4 Thermal Power Plants and Energy Resources
		How does a thermal power plant work?
		Alternatives to fossil fuels
		High-grade and low-grade heat
	11.5 Perpetual Motion and Energy Frauds
		Perpetual-motion machines of the first kind
		What is a perpetual-motion machine of the second kind?
		A Productive Pond
Unit 3 Electricity and Magnetism
Chapter 12 Electrostatic Phenomena
	12.1 Effects of Electric Charge
		What can we learn from experiments with pith balls?
		What is an electroscope?
		Benjamin Franklin’s single-fluid model
	12.2 Conductors and Insulators
		How do insulators differ from conductors?
		Charging a conductor by induction
		Why are insulators attracted to charged objects?
	12.3 The Electrostatic Force: Coulomb’s Law
		Cleaning Up the Smoke
		How did Coulomb measure the electrostatic force?
		Coulomb’s law compared to Newton’s law of gravity
		What were the results of Coulomb’s measurements?
	12.4 The Electric Field
		Finding the force exerted by several charges
		What is an electric field?
		How are electric field lines used?
	12.5 Electric Potential
		Finding the change in potential energy of a charge
		What is electric potential?
		How are electric potential and electric field related?
		Lightning
Chapter 13 Electric Circuits
	13.1 Electric Circuits and Electric Current
		How do we get the bulb to light?
		What is electric current?
		What limits the flow of current? An analogy to the flow of water
		Electrical Impulses in Nerve Cells
		What is the electromotive force of a battery?
	13.2 Ohm’s Law and Resistance
		How does electric current depend on voltage?
		What happens when a battery dies?
	13.3 Series and Parallel Circuits
		What is a series circuit?
		What is a parallel circuit?
		Use of ammeters and voltmeters
		How is electric power related to current and voltage?
	13.4 Electric Energy and Power
		What energy transformations take place in a circuit?
		How do we distribute and use electric power?
		How does alternating current differ from direct current?
		What is the effective current or voltage?
	13.5 Alternating Current and Household Circuits
		The Hidden Switch in Your Toaster
		How are household circuits wired?
Chapter 14 Magnets and Electromagnetism
	14.1 Magnets and the Magnetic Force
		What are magnetic poles?
		The magnetic force and Coulomb’s law
		Is the Earth a magnet? Can we associate field lines with magnets?
	14.2 Magnetic Effects of Electric Currents
		An unexpected effect
		The magnetic force on a current-carrying wire
		What is the direction of the magnetic force on a moving charge? The magnetic force on a moving charge
	14.3 Magnetic Effects of Current Loops
		The magnetic field of a current loop
		Is there a magnetic torque on a current loop?
		How do we make an electromagnet?
		Direct-Current Motors
	14.4 Faraday’s Law: Electromagnetic Induction
		What did Faraday’s experiments show?
		Faraday’s law
		Lenz’s law
		What is self-induction?
		Vehicle Sensors at Traffic Lights
	14.5 Generators and Transformers
		How does an electric generator work?
		What does a transformer do?
		Transformers and power distribution
Unit 4 Wave Motion and Optics
Chapter 15 Making Waves
	15.1 Wave Pulses and Periodic Waves
		How do wave pulses travel down a Slinky?
		Some general features of wave motion
		Electric Power from Waves
		How do longitudinal and transverse waves differ?
		What is a periodic wave?
	15.2 Waves on a Rope
		What does the graph of the wave look like?
		What determines the frequency and wavelength of the wave? What determines the speed of a wave on a rope?
	15.3 Interference and Standing Waves
		How do two waves on a rope combine?
		What is a standing wave?
		What determines the frequency of a wave on a guitar string?
		What determines the speed of sound?
	15.4 Sound Waves
		What is the nature of a sound wave?
		Making music with soft-drink bottles
		A Moving Car Horn and the Doppler Effect
	15.5 The Physics of Music
		What is harmonic analysis?
		How are musical intervals defined?
		Why do some combinations of notes sound harmonious?
Chapter 16 Light Waves and Color
	16.1 Electromagnetic Waves
		What is an electromagnetic wave?
		What is the speed of electromagnetic waves?
		Are there different kinds of electromagnetic waves?
	16.2 Wavelength and Color
		Does light consist of different colors?
		How do our eyes distinguish different colors?
		Why do objects have different colors?
	16.3 Interference of Light Waves
		Why Is the Sky Blue?
		Young’s double-slit experiment
		What determines the spacing of the fringes? What is thin-film interference?
	16.4 Diffraction and Gratings
		Antireflection Coatings on Eyeglasses
		How does a single slit diffract light?
		How is light diffracted by other shapes?
		What is a diffraction grating?
	16.5 Polarized Light
		What is polarized light?
		How do we produce polarized light?
		Why do we use polarizing sunglasses? What is birefringence?
Chapter 17 Light and Image Formation
	17.1 Reflection and Image Formation
		How are light rays related to wavefronts?
		What is the law of reflection?
		How are images formed by a plane mirror?
	17.2 Refraction of Light
		What is the law of refraction?
		Why do underwater objects appear to be closer than they are?
		Total internal reflection
		How do prisms bend light, and what is dispersion?
		Rainbows
	17.3 Lenses and Image Formation
		Tracing rays through a positive lens
		How is the image distance related to the object distance?
		Tracing rays through negative lenses
	17.4 Focusing Light with Curved Mirrors
		Ray-tracing with a concave mirror
		Object and image distances
		Convex mirrors
	17.5 Eyeglasses, Microscopes, and Telescopes
		How do our eyes work?
		What problems are corrected with eyeglasses?
		How does a microscope work?
		Laser Refractive Surgery
		How does a telescope work?
		Binoculars and opera glasses
Unit 5 The Atom and Its Nucleus
Chapter 18 The Structure of the Atom
	18.1 The Existence of Atoms: Evidence from Chemistry
		What did early studies in chemistry reveal about atoms?
		How did the concept of atomic weight emerge? Is mass conserved in chemical reactions?
		Fuel Cells and the Hydrogen Economy
		How was the periodic table developed?
		What is the makeup of cathode rays?
	18.2 Cathode Rays, Electrons, and X-rays
		How are cathode rays produced?
		Television Development
		How were X-rays discovered?
	18.3 Radioactivity and the Discovery of the Nucleus
		How was radioactivity discovered?
		How was the nucleus of the atom discovered?
		Is more than one type of radiation involved in radioactivity?
		What is the nature of the hydrogen spectrum?
	18.4 Atomic Spectra and the Bohr Model of the Atom
		What were the features of Bohr’s model?
		Quantization of light energy
		What are de Broglie waves?
	18.5 Particle Waves and Quantum Mechanics
		How does quantum mechanics differ from the Bohr model?
		How does quantum mechanics explain the periodic table?
		What is the Heisenberg uncertainty principle?
Chapter 19 The Nucleus and Nuclear Energy
	19.1 The Structure of the Nucleus
		How was the proton discovered?
		How was the neutron discovered?
		What are isotopes?
	19.2 Radioactive Decay
		What happens in alpha decay?
		What happens in beta and gamma decay?
		Smoke Detectors
		How do we describe the rate of decay?
		Why is radioactivity hazardous to our health?
		How are energy and mass involved in nuclear reactions?
	19.3 Nuclear Reactions and Nuclear Fission
		What are nuclear reactions?
		How was nuclear fission discovered?
	19.4 Nuclear Reactors
		How can we achieve a chain reaction?
		Why is plutonium produced in nuclear reactors?
		What are the design features of modern power reactors?
		Environmental issues surrounding nuclear power
		What Happened at Fukushima?
		How are plutonium bombs designed?
	19.5 Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear Fusion
		What is critical mass?
		What is the fusion reaction?
		Can we generate power from controlled fusion?
Unit 6 Relativity and Beyond
Chapter 20 Relativity
	20.1 Relative Motion in Classical Physics
		How do velocities add?
		The principle of relativity
		How do velocities add in two dimensions?
		Inertial frames of reference
	20.2 The Speed of Light and Einstein’s Postulates
		What is the luminiferous ether?
		Could the ether serve as a universal reference frame? The Michelson-Morley experiment
		Einstein’s postulates of special relativity
	20.3 Time Dilation and Length Contraction
		Measurements of time by different observers
		How do length measurements vary for different observers?
	20.4 Newton’s Laws and Mass-Energy Equivalence
		How must Newton’s second law be modified?
		The Twin Paradox
		How did the idea of mass-energy equivalence emerge?
		How do we interpret the rest energy?
	20.5 General Relativity
		What is the principle of equivalence?
		Does a light beam bend in a strong gravitational field?
		What are the space and time effects of general relativity?
		What is a black hole?
		The discovery of gravity waves
Chapter 21 Looking Deeper into Everyday Phenomena
	21.1 Quarks and Other Elementary Particles
		How are new particles discovered?
		Denizens of the particle zoo
		What are quarks?
		What are the fundamental forces?
	21.2 Cosmology: Looking Out into the Universe
		Is the universe expanding?
		Tracing back toward the beginning of our universe
	21.3 Semiconductors and Microelectronics
		What is a transistor?
		What are semiconductors?
		Computers and integrated circuits
	21.4 Superconductors and Other New Materials
		What is superconductivity?
		What are high-temperature superconductors?
		Other exotic materials
		Holograms
	Basic Concepts
Appendix A Using Simple Algebra
Appendix B Decimal Fractions, Percentages, and Scientific Notation
Appendix C Vectors and Vector Addition、
Appendix D Answers to Selected Questions, Exercises,   and Synthesis Problems
Appendix E Conversion Factors and Periodic Table of the Elements
	LENGTH
	MASS AND WEIGHT
	VOLUME
	ENERGY AND POWER
	TEMPERATURE
	SPEED
	FORCE
	PRESSURE
	ANGLE
	MATHEMATICAL CONSTANTS AND FORMULAS METRIC PREFIXES
	PHYSICAL CONSTANTS AND DATA
Glossary
Index