The Phonology of Norwegian

Contents......Page 8
Abbreviations and Symbols......Page 15
Map......Page 17
1.1. Geographical and typological remarks......Page 18
1.2. A language with two written norms......Page 19
1.3. A language without an officially recognized spoken norm......Page 23
1.4. The system to be described in this book......Page 25
1.5. Earlier accounts of Norwegian phonology......Page 27
1.6.2. Vowels......Page 28
1.7. Overview......Page 29
2.1.1. Vowels and diphthongs......Page 30
2.1.2. Consonants......Page 38
2.2.1. Introduction......Page 43
2.2.2. The Root node......Page 44
2.2.3. The Laryngeal node......Page 45
2.2.5. The Place node......Page 46
2.2.6. Underspecification......Page 48
2.3.1. Vowels......Page 50
2.3.2. Consonants......Page 54
3.1.1. Word structure......Page 58
3.1.2. Roots......Page 59
3.1.3. Non-cohering affixes......Page 60
3.1.4. Cohering affixes......Page 61
3.2.1. The relationship between sequential constraints and syllabic constraints......Page 63
3.2.2. Prevocalic sequencing of consonants......Page 66
3.2.3. Single postvocalic consonants in monovocalic roots......Page 70
3.2.4. Postvocalic sequencing of two consonants in monovocalic roots......Page 71
3.2.5. Clusters of three or more postvocalic consonants......Page 79
3.2.6. Bivocalic roots......Page 82
4.1. Lexical phonology......Page 86
4.2.1. Theory......Page 89
4.2.2. Surface distribution of aspiration and voice in simplex words......Page 91
4.2.3. Alternations......Page 93
4.2.4. Analysis......Page 97
4.3. The phonology of coronals......Page 104
4.3.1. Distribution......Page 105
4.3.2. The Retroflex Rule: postlexical or cyclic?......Page 106
4.3.3. The distribution of the retroflex flap......Page 107
4.3.4. Assumptions about underlying representations......Page 108
4.3.5. The underlying representation of the retroflex flap......Page 109
4.3.6. The Retroflex Rule......Page 113
4.3.7. The interaction between the Retroflex Rule and [post]-linking......Page 117
4.3.8. /sl/-sequences......Page 119
4.4. E-lowering......Page 122
4.5. Simplification of three-consonant clusters......Page 126
4.6.1. Umlaut......Page 128
4.6.2. Palatalization of dorsal stops......Page 129
5.1.1. The Prosodic Hierarchy......Page 130
5.1.2. Syllabic constituents......Page 131
5.1.3. Moraic structure and the representation of quantity......Page 133
5.1.4. The Sonority Hierarchy, Sonority Sequencing and the Core Syllabification Principle......Page 137
5.2.1. Boundaries......Page 139
5.2.2. Nuclei......Page 143
5.2.3. Onsets......Page 144
5.2.4. Codas......Page 146
5.2.5. Appendices......Page 147
5.3.1. The lexical input......Page 148
5.3.2. Nuclei......Page 149
5.3.3. Onsets......Page 151
5.3.4. Codas......Page 152
5.3.5. Summary......Page 153
5.4.1. Patch-up rules......Page 154
5.4.2. Glide formation......Page 155
5.4.3. Deviant syllable types conditioned by morphology......Page 156
6.1.2. How many stress levels?......Page 157
6.1.3. Phonetic correlates of stress......Page 158
6.2.2. SPE-based analyses......Page 159
6.3.1. Metrical Theory......Page 161
6.3.2. Syllable weight......Page 162
6.3.4. Foot parsing......Page 163
6.4. Main stress assignment......Page 164
6.4.3. Names......Page 165
6.4.4. Simplex loan words......Page 166
6.4.5. Vowel length in closed, final syllables......Page 172
6.4.6. How is poststress quantity assigned?......Page 174
6.4.7. The Main Stress Rule......Page 175
6.4.8. Mora Insertion and Mora Linking......Page 177
6.5.1. Weak secondary stress in simplex words......Page 179
6.5.2. Initial primary stress......Page 182
6.6. Conclusion......Page 183
7.1. Level ordering in Lexical Phonology......Page 185
7.2.1. Classification of affixes......Page 187
7.2.2. Cyclic stress assignment......Page 188
7.2.3. Stressed cyclic suffixes......Page 189
7.2.4. Prestressing cyclic suffixes......Page 191
7.2.5. Prestressing, non-cohering suffixes......Page 195
7.2.6. Prefixes......Page 197
7.3. Compound stress......Page 198
7.3.2. The prosodic word......Page 199
7.3.3. Primary stress in compounds......Page 201
7.3.4. Non-native prosodic compounds......Page 203
7.3.5. Formal compounds......Page 204
7.3.6. Is compound stress assignment cyclic or non-cyclic?......Page 205
7.3.7. Compound stress assignment is cyclic: the case of the derivational suffix -inne......Page 211
7.3.8. Extraprosodic, non-cohering suffixes......Page 213
7.3.9. Tier conflation......Page 216
7.4. Summary......Page 217
8.1.1. Continuous syllabification......Page 218
8.1.2. Cyclic resyllabification......Page 219
8.2.1. At what point in the derivation does Mora Insertion apply?......Page 220
8.2.2. Closed syllable shortening in VC-final stems......Page 225
8.2.3. Vowel shortening in vowel-final stems......Page 229
8.2.4. Shortening in stems ending in a coronal stop......Page 231
8.3. Syllabification of sonorants......Page 232
8.3.2. Late syllabification or resyllabification?......Page 233
8.3.3. Syllabic and non-syllabic sonorant suffixes......Page 235
8.3.4. The distribution of syllabic sonorants......Page 236
8.3.5. Analysis......Page 239
8.4.1. Nucleus adjustment in sequences of vowel plus syllabic sonorant......Page 241
8.4.2. Cyclic desyllabification of sonorants......Page 244
9.1.1. A terminological note......Page 250
9.1.2. Geographical overview......Page 251
9.1.3. Historical background......Page 252
9.1.4. Phonetic realization: the basic patterns......Page 253
9.1.6. The Accent Phrase......Page 256
9.2.1. The tone bearing units of East Norwegian: moras or syllables?......Page 258
9.2.2. Functional decomposition of the accentual melodies......Page 263
9.2.3. Poststress tonal structure......Page 264
9.2.4. The 'word tones'......Page 267
9.3. Distribution in underlying forms......Page 270
9.3.1. Accent distribution in monovocalic roots......Page 271
9.3.2. Bivocalic roots with penultimate stress......Page 272
9.3.3. Longer roots with penultimate or antepenultimate stress......Page 273
9.3.4. H-linking......Page 274
9.4.1. Tonally specified and tonally neutral suffixes......Page 275
9.5.1. Data......Page 280
9.5.2. Analysis......Page 282
9.5.3. Particle compounds......Page 284
9.5.4. Some minor patterns and exceptions......Page 286
9.6.1. Delinking rules......Page 287
9.6.2. Tone in simplex words with vernacular initial primary stress......Page 289
10.1. The relationship between tonal accent and intonation......Page 291
10.2.1. Accent Phrase formation......Page 292
10.2.2. L-insertion......Page 293
10.2.3. Are the accentual melodies pitch accents?......Page 294
10.2.4. The right-edge H%......Page 295
10.3.1. Two degrees of phrasal prominence: focal and non-focal APs......Page 296
10.3.2. Stress, accent and rhythm......Page 299
10.3.3. The relationship between intonation, syntax and information structure......Page 300
10.3.5. AP-external syllables......Page 301
10.4. Postlexical accent shift......Page 303
10.4.1. H-delinking after for......Page 304
10.4.2. Stress shift and H-insertion in particle groups......Page 305
10.4.3. Accent shift as marker of emotional involvement......Page 307
10.5.1. The 'No big deal' intonation......Page 309
10.6.1. The representation of linguistic rhythm......Page 310
10.6.2. Evidence for rhythmic structure......Page 311
10.6.3. A Norwegian Rhythm Rule......Page 314
10.6.4. The syllabic trochee as a prosodic template......Page 315
11.1. The postlexical level......Page 316
11.1.1. The lexical/postlexical divide and the prosodic hierarchy......Page 317
11.1.3. Phonetic implementation rules......Page 318
11.2.1. A prosodic hierarchy derived from morpho-syntactic structure......Page 319
11.2.2. A prosodic hierarchy based on prominence relations and pragmatics......Page 320
11.2.3. Can the hierarchies be related?......Page 322
11.3.1. Resyllabification of r......Page 327
11.3.2. /r/-deletion......Page 328
11.3.3. The Retroflex Rule......Page 332
11.3.4. [ap]-spreading from non-rhotic apicals......Page 334
11.4.1. Assimilation between Place nodes......Page 336
11.5. The realization of unstressed word-final empty vowels......Page 344
11.5.1. Empty Vowel Truncation......Page 345
11.5.2. Homorganic Trapping......Page 346
11.6.1. Clitic types......Page 348
11.6.2. The place of clitics in the prosodic hierarchy......Page 349
11.6.3. Pronominal clitics......Page 350
11.6.4. The negative clitic /-ke/......Page 352
11.6.5. Directionality of incorporation: Proclisis or enclisis?......Page 355
11.7. Conclusion......Page 356
12.1. Underlying orthographic principles......Page 357
12.3.1. Quantity and stress......Page 358
12.4. Vowels......Page 360
12.5.1. Silent consonants......Page 362
12.5.2. Consonant clusters corresponding to one speech sound......Page 363
12.6. Diacritics......Page 364
References......Page 365
D......Page 378
F......Page 379
M......Page 380
S......Page 381
V......Page 382
W......Page 383