The Petroleum Engineering Handbook: Sustainable Operations

Front Matter......Page 2
Author Index......Page 0
Table of Contents......Page 4
Preface......Page 7
1. Introduction......Page 10
2.1 Introduction......Page 13
2.2 Current Practices of Petroleum Operations......Page 14
2.2.1 Petroleum Operation Phases......Page 15
2.3 Problems of Current Operations......Page 17
2.4.1 Concept of Sustainability......Page 22
2.4.2 Problems in Technological Development......Page 25
2.5 Tools Needed for Sustainable Petroleum Operations......Page 27
62128_02b......Page 30
2.5.1 Condition of Sustainability......Page 31
2.5.2 Sustainability Indicators......Page 32
2.5.3 Sustaining Capacity......Page 33
2.5.4 VECs for Sustainability......Page 37
2.6 How the Green Supply Chain Model Leads to Sustainability......Page 39
2.6.1 Zero Emission of Air, Water, Solid Wastes, Soil, Toxic Wastes, and Hazardous Wastes......Page 40
2.6.3 Zero Wastes in Activities (Administration, Production)......Page 41
2.6.5 Zero Waste in Product Life Cycle......Page 42
2.7 Benefits of the New Model......Page 43
2.7.2 Economic and Social Benefits of Sustainable Management......Page 44
3.1 Introduction......Page 46
3.2.1 Terrestrial Seismic Exploration......Page 47
3.2.1.1 Line Clearing Approaches......Page 48
3.2.2 Offshore Seismic Exploration......Page 49
3.2.3.1 Underwater Acoustics......Page 51
3.3.1 Two-Dimensional Technology......Page 53
3.3.4 Mechanism of Seismic Technologies......Page 54
3.3.5.1 Generating Ultrasound......Page 56
3.3.6 Emerging Exploration Technologies......Page 57
3.3.6.2 Advanced Seismic Technologies......Page 58
3.3.6.4 Water Detection and Prediction......Page 59
3.3.6.7 Natural Fracture Simulation......Page 61
3.4.1 Effects on Fish......Page 63
3.4.2 Effects on Fishing Efforts......Page 65
3.4.4.1 Physical Effects......Page 66
3.4.6 Effects on Marine Mammals......Page 67
3.4.6.1 Direct Behavioral Effects......Page 68
3.5.1 Analyzing Sustainability......Page 69
3.5.2 Scoring and Data Analysis......Page 70
3.5.3 Technology Evaluation......Page 72
3.6 Accuracy and Uncertainty of Explorations......Page 77
3.7.1 General......Page 78
3.7.2 Public Consultation......Page 79
3.7.4 Wildlife......Page 80
3.7.5 Fisheries......Page 81
3.7.6 Corporate/Management Guidelines......Page 82
3.7.8 Research and Technological......Page 83
4.1 Introduction......Page 85
4.2 Current Practices of Drilling and Production......Page 86
4.3 Production......Page 89
4.3.3 Scale of Production Operation......Page 90
4.4 Problems with Current Practices......Page 91
4.4.1.1 Species at Risk......Page 92
4.4.2.1 Species at Risk......Page 94
4.4.2.3 Special Habitat: Sable Island......Page 95
4.4.3.1 Species at Risk......Page 96
4.4.4.2 Fisheries......Page 98
4.4.6.1 Species at Risk......Page 99
4.4.7.1 Species at Risk......Page 101
4.4.7.2 Fisheries......Page 102
4.4.9 Other Projects/Activities and Cumulative Impacts......Page 103
4.5.1 Sundarbans Sensitive Ecosystem......Page 104
4.5.2 Environmental Engineering Planning and Impact Analysis......Page 106
4.5.4.1 Wildlife......Page 107
4.5.4.2 Species at Risk......Page 108
4.5.4.4 Mangrove Forests......Page 110
4.5.4.5 Coastal Fisheries......Page 111
4.5.4.7 Salt Production......Page 112
4.6.1.1 Background......Page 113
4.6.1.2 Experimental Review......Page 114
4.6.1.4 Analysis......Page 117
4.6.1.5 Mathematical Formulation......Page 118
4.6.1.6 Laser Energy Transfer......Page 119
4.6.1.7 Numerical Modeling......Page 120
4.6.1.8 Detailed Investigations about Laser Drilling......Page 121
4.6.2.1 Background Review......Page 124
4.6.4 Deep Gas Drilling......Page 126
4.6.5 Innovative Materials for Deep Drilling......Page 127
4.6.5.2 New Drillbit Technology......Page 128
4.7.1 Benefits of Sonic-while-Drilling......Page 129
4.7.2.1 Rock Porosity......Page 130
4.8 Knowledge-Based Optimization of a Rotary Drilling System for the Oil and Gas Industry......Page 132
4.8.1 Computer View of a Drilling Operation......Page 133
4.8.1.2 Rock Properties......Page 135
4.8.2 Expert System Development......Page 136
4.9 Future Research in Production Operations......Page 137
4.9.7 Sand Control and Sand Production......Page 138
4.10 Benefit of Sustainable Drilling and Productions......Page 139
5.2.1 Drilling Muds......Page 141
5.2.2 Drill Cuttings......Page 143
5.2.6 Bilge and Ballast Water......Page 144
5.2.13 Other Assorted Wastes......Page 145
5.3 Waste Estimation......Page 146
5.4 Environmental Fate of Petroleum Wastes......Page 153
5.4.1.1 Oil Content......Page 154
5.4.1.6 Salinity......Page 155
5.4.2 Studying Fate and Behavior of Produced Water Compounds......Page 156
5.4.3 Simulation Tests of Produced Water......Page 157
5.5.2 Re-Injection of Drilling Wastes......Page 162
5.5.4 Separation of Mud from Cuttings......Page 164
5.5.5 Solidification and Stabilization......Page 166
5.6.2 Existing Regulations......Page 167
62128_05b......Page 168
5.6.3 Evaluation Method......Page 170
5.6.3.2 Identifying Alternatives......Page 171
5.6.3.6 Overall Value Model......Page 172
5.6.4 Key Management Issues......Page 175
5.6.5 Toxicity and Risk Assessment of Produced Water......Page 177
5.7.1.1 Directional Drilling......Page 179
5.7.1.2 Drilling Smaller-Diameter Holes......Page 181
5.7.2.2 New Drilling Fluid Systems......Page 182
5.7.3.2 Reuse of Cuttings......Page 183
5.7.4.1 Wastes Burial......Page 184
5.7.5 Thermal Treatment Technologies......Page 186
5.7.5.3 Thermal Phase Separation......Page 188
5.8.1 Application of the Green Supply Chain......Page 189
5.8.2 Zero Emission of Air, Water, Solid Wastes, Soil, Toxic Wastes, and Hazardous Wastes......Page 190
5.8.3 Zero Waste of Resources (Energy, Materials, and Human)......Page 191
5.8.5 Zero Use of Toxins......Page 193
5.8.6 Zero Waste in Product Life Cycle......Page 194
6.2.1 Objectives of Well Testing......Page 195
6.2.2.2 Pressure Build-up Tests......Page 196
6.2.2.5 Drillstem and Wireline Formation Tests......Page 198
6.2.3.1 Darcy's Law......Page 199
6.2.3.2 Mathematical Method......Page 200
6.2.3.3 Analytical Models with Nonlinear Terms......Page 201
6.2.3.4 Nonlinearity in Numerical Models......Page 207
6.3.1.2 Devices and Principle of Resistivity Logs......Page 208
6.3.1.3 Spontaneous Potential Logs......Page 210
6.3.1.4 Gamma Ray Logs......Page 212
6.3.1.7 Sonic Porosity Logs......Page 213
6.4 Current Practices of Core Analysis......Page 214
6.4.2 Background Information......Page 215
6.4.2.1 Conventional Core Analysis......Page 216
6.4.2.2 Special Core Analysis......Page 220
62128_06b......Page 222
6.5.1 Core Analysis......Page 232
6.5.2 A Novel Permeameter......Page 234
6.5.2.1 3D Spot Gas Permeameter Structure and Testing Procedure......Page 235
6.5.2.2 Mathematical Formulation......Page 236
6.5.2.3 Some Results......Page 240
6.5.4 Special Guidelines for Heterogeneous Formations......Page 245
7.1 Introduction......Page 248
7.2 Contributions of Different Disciplines......Page 253
7.3 Different EOR Techniques......Page 254
7.3.1 Thermal EOR......Page 255
7.3.2.1 Surfactant Selection Criteria for Steam Flooding......Page 257
7.3.4 Electromagnetic Heating......Page 258
7.4 Gas Injection......Page 259
7.5 Chemical EOR......Page 262
7.6 Microbial EOR......Page 263
7.6.1 Advantages of MEOR......Page 264
7.6.2 Applicability of MEOR......Page 265
7.6.4 Mechanisms of MEOR......Page 266
7.6.5 Laboratory Studies and Scaling Up......Page 267
7.7 EOR in Marginal Reservoirs......Page 268
7.8 Scaling of EOR Schemes......Page 269
7.8.1 Scaling Unstable Displacement......Page 270
7.9 Environmental Consideration in EOR Operations......Page 273
7.9.1 Examples of Humanization of the Environment......Page 274
7.10.1 Environmentally Friendly Alkaline Solution for EOR......Page 277
7.10.2.1 Alkaline Chemicals......Page 278
7.11.2 Mechanism of CO_2 Oil Recovery......Page 285
7.11.3 Improved Oil Recovery for Post-Primary CO_2 Injection......Page 289
7.11.4 Cost and Environmental Benefits......Page 290
7.12.1 Current Electromagnetic Heating Practices......Page 291
7.12.3 Efficiency of Microwave Heating......Page 296
7.12.4 Environmental Impacts......Page 297
7.12.5 Sustainability Analysis......Page 298
8.1 Introduction......Page 299
8.2 Pipelines and Risk Management......Page 300
8.2.1 Pipeline Risk Management......Page 302
8.2.2.1 Human Health Risk Levels......Page 303
8.2.3 Risk Assessment......Page 304
8.2.4 Effects of Composition on Flammability Limit......Page 306
8.2.5 Individual Risk Based on Flammability......Page 307
8.3 Natural Gas Supply and Processing......Page 313
8.3.1 Life Cycle of Natural Gas from Well to Wheel......Page 315
8.3.1.2 History......Page 316
8.3.1.3 Natural Gas Reserves......Page 317
8.3.2 Gas Processing......Page 319
8.3.3 Current Practices in Gas Processing......Page 320
8.3.3.1 Oil and Condensate Removal......Page 321
8.3.3.3 Separation of Natural Gas Liquids......Page 322
8.3.3.4 The Absorption Method......Page 323
62128_08b......Page 324
8.3.3.5 The Membrane Separation......Page 325
8.3.3.6 Mechanisms for Gas Separation......Page 329
8.3.3.7 Recent Developments Related to Separation of Gases Using Membranes......Page 332
8.3.3.8 Future Scope of Gas Separation Studies Using Membranes......Page 335
8.3.3.10 Sulfur and Carbon Dioxide Removal......Page 336
8.3.4.1 Pathways of Glycols and Their Toxicity......Page 338
8.3.4.3 Toxicity of Polymer Membranes......Page 340
8.3.5.3 Membranes and Absorbents......Page 341
8.4 Oil Refining......Page 342
8.4.1 Uses of Catalysts or Direct Agents......Page 343
8.4.2 Waste Generation......Page 345
62128_08c......Page 346
8.4.3 Pollution Prevention and Control......Page 347
8.4.5 No-Flaring Technique......Page 348
8.4.5.1 Separation of Solid-Liquid......Page 349
8.4.5.2 Separation of Liquid-Liquid......Page 351
8.4.5.3 Separation of Gas-Gas......Page 352
8.5 Sustainable Oil Refining Model......Page 354
8.5.1 Zero Emissions (Air, Soil, Water, Solid Waste, Hazardous Waste)......Page 356
8.5.4 Zero Use of Toxics (Processes and Products)......Page 357
8.5.5 Zero Waste in Product Life Cycle (Transportation, Use, and End-of-Life)......Page 358
8.5.6 Green Outputs......Page 359
8.5.7 Green Inputs......Page 360
8.6.1 Corrosion in the Marine and Chemical Environment......Page 361
8.6.2 Microbially-Influenced Corrosion (MIC)......Page 362
8.6.3 A New Accelerated Test......Page 363
8.7.1 Gas-Hydrates......Page 365
8.7.3.1 Thermal Methods......Page 366
8.7.3.4 Low Dosage Hydrate Inhibitors......Page 367
8.7.4 Most Promising Area of Research......Page 368
9.2 Historical Analysis......Page 369
9.3 Type of Oil Platforms/Platform Structures......Page 370
9.4 Environmental Issues in Decommissioning......Page 372
9.5.1 Bio-Geo Transformation of Oil in Marine Environment......Page 374
9.5.2 Transformation of Oil Compounds......Page 375
9.5.3 Uptake of Oil Compounds by Fish......Page 378
9.6.1.2 1982 United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)......Page 380
9.6.1.4 1992 Convention of the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR)......Page 381
9.6.3 Canada-Nova Scotian Offshore Petroleum Board (CNSOPB) Law......Page 382
9.7 Current Practices of Decommissioning......Page 383
9.7.1 Reuse......Page 387
9.7.3 Residue on the Seabed......Page 388
9.8.1.1 Platforms......Page 389
9.8.1.3 Management of Equipment......Page 390
9.9 Sustainability of Offshore Platform Decommissioning......Page 391
9.9.1 Sustainability of Current Practices......Page 392
9.10 Alternative Approaches......Page 393
9.11 Guidelines for Sustainable Management......Page 399
9.11.2 (ii) Zero Waste of Resources (Energy, Materials, and Human)......Page 400
9.11.5 (v) Zero Waste Left on the Site......Page 401
9.12 Ecological and Economic Benefit of Artificial Reefs from Oil Rigs......Page 402
10.1 Summary......Page 405
10.2.1 Chemicals are Chemicals......Page 406
10.2.2 If You Cannot See it, it Does Not Exist......Page 407
10.3 Understanding Nature and Sustainability......Page 408
10.4 Solutions That Would Turn an Implosive Process around......Page 410
10.5.2 Exploration......Page 411
10.5.6 Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)......Page 412
10.5.9 Research......Page 413
References (Page 411-431)......Page 414
References (Page 432-452)......Page 435
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