The Periodic Table: Past, Present, And Future

Contents......Page 8
About the Author......Page 6
Introduction......Page 14
Chapter 0 The Periodic Table Exploration Begins!......Page 16
Reference......Page 18
Chapter 1 Isotopes and Nuclear Patterns......Page 20
Proton–Neutron Ratio......Page 21
Nuclear Spin Pairing......Page 22
Even Numbers of Nucleons......Page 24
The Cobalt–Nickel and Tellurium–Iodine Atomic Mass Anomalies......Page 25
The Cobalt–Nickel Anomaly......Page 26
The Tellurium–Iodine Anomaly......Page 27
Nuclear Shell Model of the Nucleus......Page 28
“Magic Numbers” and Element Isotopes and Isotones......Page 30
“Double-Magic” Nuclei......Page 31
Limits of Stability......Page 32
Synthesis of New Elements......Page 33
Island of Stability......Page 35
References......Page 36
Chapter 2 Selected Trends in Atomic Properties......Page 40
Electronegativity as a Fundamental Property......Page 42
Electronegativity Scales......Page 43
The Sanderson Electronegativity Scale......Page 44
The van Arkel–Ketelaar Bond Triangle......Page 45
Oxidation State......Page 46
Abegg’s Rule......Page 48
Ionization Energy......Page 49
Periodic Trends in Ionization Energy......Page 50
The Half-Filled Shell Myth......Page 51
3d-Series Metal Ionization Energies......Page 53
Group Trends in Ionization Energy......Page 54
Electron Affinity......Page 55
Period Patterns in Electron Affinity......Page 56
Group Trends in Electron Affinities......Page 58
Alkalide Ions......Page 59
The Auride Ion......Page 60
Relativistic Effects on Atomic Properties......Page 61
Platinum and Gold Electron Affinities......Page 62
Commentary......Page 63
References......Page 64
Chapter 3 First Period Problems......Page 68
Hydrogen Location: An Overview......Page 69
Hydrogen as a Member of Group 1......Page 71
Hydrogen as a Member of Group 17......Page 73
Hydrogen as a Member of Group 1 and Group 17......Page 74
Elemental Dual Identity......Page 75
Hydrogen as a Member of Group 13 or 14......Page 76
Hydrogen as a Member of Group 1 and Group 14 and Group 17......Page 77
Hydrogen on Its Own......Page 78
… And Then There Is Helium......Page 79
Hydrogen as a Member of Group 1 and Helium as a Member of Group 2......Page 80
Hydrogen in Group 17 and Helium in Group 18 (Again)......Page 81
References......Page 82
Chapter 4 The Group 3 Problem......Page 86
A History of the Debate......Page 87
The Dispute Becomes Heated......Page 89
IUPAC Becomes Involved......Page 91
Physical Properties as Criteria for Location......Page 93
Commentary......Page 97
References......Page 98
Chapter 5 Categorizations of the Elements......Page 100
Nonmetals......Page 101
Metalloids......Page 102
Chemically Weak Metals......Page 104
Metals......Page 106
Supermetals......Page 107
Main Group Appellations......Page 108
Heavy Transition Metals......Page 110
Noble Metals......Page 111
Other Appellations......Page 112
Superheavy Elements......Page 113
Ephemeral Elements......Page 114
References......Page 115
Chapter 6 Isoelectronicity......Page 118
Historical Definitions of Isoelectronic......Page 120
Modern Definitions of Isoelectronic......Page 122
Proposed Definition......Page 123
Significance of Isoelectronic Series......Page 125
Valence-Isoelectronic Relationships......Page 126
Three-Atom Isoelectronic Arrays......Page 127
Five-Atom Isoelectronic Arrays......Page 128
Sequential Isoelectronic Series......Page 129
A Transition Metal Array......Page 130
Oxidation State as a Variable......Page 131
Arrays of Organometallic Species......Page 132
Commentary......Page 134
References......Page 135
Chapter 7 Group and Period Patterns among the Main Group Elements......Page 138
Main Group Elements......Page 139
Historical Background......Page 140
The Uniqueness Principle......Page 141
Main Group Organometallic Compounds......Page 142
The d-Block Contraction......Page 143
The 4th Period Anomaly......Page 144
Group Trends......Page 145
Sodium, the Second Atypical Alkali Metal......Page 146
Group 2 (Alkaline Earth Metals)......Page 147
Biological Roles of Strontium and Barium......Page 148
Boron Is Not Boring, It’s Unique......Page 149
Graphite: The Forgotten Allotrope......Page 150
Cubane: A Whole New Field of Inorganic Chemistry......Page 151
Arsenic in Biological Systems......Page 152
Sulfur on Io......Page 153
Weakness of the Fluorine–Fluorine Bond......Page 154
Interhalogen Compounds......Page 155
A Selection of Compounds of Other Aerogens......Page 156
Periodic Trends......Page 157
Bonding Trends in Main Group Highest Oxidation-State Oxides......Page 158
References......Page 160
Chapter 8 Patterns among the Transition Metals......Page 166
Exclusion of Group 3......Page 167
Exclusion of Honorary Transition Metals......Page 168
Previous Classifications of Transition Metals......Page 169
Habashi’s Categorizations......Page 171
Other Categorizations......Page 172
The 3d Period Patterns......Page 173
The Trouble with Titanium......Page 176
Categorizing the Early 4d–5d Elements......Page 177
The Platinum Metals......Page 179
Is There, in Fact, a Group 11?......Page 180
A Hybrid Solution......Page 183
Commentary......Page 184
References......Page 185
Chapter 9 Group (n) and Group (n + 10) Relationships......Page 188
Going Back to the Past......Page 189
The Rise of the Long Form of the Periodic Table......Page 190
The Rediscovery of the A and B Links......Page 191
Definition of the Group (n) and Group (n + 10) Relationship......Page 192
Group 3 and Group 13......Page 193
Group 4 and Group 14......Page 196
Group 5 and Group 15......Page 197
The 4th Period Anomaly Revisited......Page 199
Group 6 and Group 16......Page 200
Group 7 and Group 17......Page 201
Group 8 and Group 18......Page 202
Group 1 and Group 11......Page 203
Group 2 and Group 12......Page 204
A Curious (n + 5) and (n + 10) Case......Page 205
Commentary......Page 206
References......Page 207
Chapter 10 Chemical “Knight’s Move” Relationship......Page 210
The Group (n)/Period (m) and Group (n + 2)/ Period (m + 1) Linkages......Page 211
Knight’s Move Links among Compound Melting Points......Page 213
Laing’s Knight’s Move Legacy......Page 214
The K-M Silver(I) — Thallium(I) Similarities......Page 215
A Thallium Detour......Page 216
Knight’s Move Relationships among “Double Pairs”......Page 217
Are Metal Melting Points Irrelevant to K-M?......Page 218
Copper(I)–Indium(I) and Indium(III)–Bismuth(III) Double T-M Links......Page 219
Zinc–Tin(II) and Tin(IV)–Polonium(IV) Double T-M Links......Page 220
Melting Points of Some Copper(I)–Indium(I) and Indium(III)–Bismuth(III) Halides......Page 221
The Knight’s Move Relationship and the “Inert Pair” Effect......Page 222
“Inert Pair” as a Relativistic Effect......Page 223
Commentary......Page 224
References......Page 225
Chapter 11 Isodiagonality......Page 228
Isodiagonality......Page 229
Explanations for Isodiagonality......Page 231
Isodiagonality of Lithium and Magnesium......Page 234
General Resemblance of Lithium to Group 2 Elements......Page 235
Does Li–Mg Isodiagonality Extend to Scandium?. . . and Beyond?......Page 236
Isodiagonality of Beryllium and Aluminum......Page 237
Does Be–Al Isodiagonality Extend to Germanium?. . . or to Titanium?......Page 239
Isodiagonality of Boron and Silicon......Page 240
Isodiagonality of Nitrogen and Sulfur......Page 242
Isodiagonality of Vanadium and Molybdenum......Page 243
Does V–Mo Isodiagonality Extend to Rhenium?......Page 244
Evidence-Based Isodiagonality......Page 245
Commentary......Page 246
References......Page 247
Chapter 12 Lanthanoids, Group 3, and Their Connections......Page 250
Yttrium......Page 251
Scandium......Page 252
The 4f Elements......Page 253
The Lanthanoids......Page 254
Properties of the Elements......Page 255
The Lanthanoid Contraction......Page 257
Post-Lanthanoid Effect of the Atom and Ion Contraction......Page 258
Other Lanthanoid Oxidation States......Page 259
Restructuring the Lanthanoids......Page 260
The Stacked Lanthanoid Arrangement......Page 261
Dendrogram Restructuring......Page 263
External Lanthanoid Relationships......Page 264
Similarities of Cerium(IV) with Zirconium(IV) and Hafnium(IV)......Page 265
References......Page 266
Chapter 13 Actinoid and Post-Actinoid Elements......Page 270
Actinide Hypothesis......Page 271
Oxidation States of the Actinoids......Page 275
The Early Actinoid Relationships with Transition Metals......Page 277
Similarities of Thorium(IV), Cerium(IV), and Hafnium(IV)......Page 279
Similarities of the Later Actinoids with the Lanthanoids......Page 280
Similarity of Nobelium(II) and Group 2 Elements......Page 281
Post-Actinoid Elements......Page 282
The 6d Elements......Page 283
And Beyond . . .......Page 284
Commentary......Page 285
References......Page 286
Chapter 14 Pseudo-Elements......Page 290
The Ammonium Ion as a Pseudo-Alkali Metal Ion......Page 292
Ammonium as a Species......Page 294
Pseudo-Halogens......Page 295
Cyanide Ion as a Pseudo-Halide Ion......Page 296
The Tetracarbonylcobaltate(−I) Ion......Page 297
Combo Elements......Page 298
Boron–Nitrogen Analogs of Carbon Compounds......Page 299
Superatoms......Page 301
Commentary......Page 302
References......Page 303
Index......Page 306