The Past Web: Exploring Web Archives

Foreword: Web Archiving Comes of Age
Preface
	Book Structure
Acknowledgments
Contents
Part I The Era of Information Abundance and Memory Scarcity
	The Problem of Web Ephemera
		1 Why Does Information Disappear from the Web?
		2 Web Ephemera Jeopardises Human Knowledge
		References
	Web Archives Preserve Our Digital Collective Memory
		1 Word Wide Web Archiving
		2 A Brief History of Web Archiving
		3 Archiving Online Social and Multimedia
		4 Cloud Web-Archiving and Crowdsourcing
		5 Preserving the Web: New Media, Same Problem
		6 A Future of Open Challenges
		References
Part II Collecting Before It Vanishes
	National Web Archiving in Australia: Representing the Comprehensive
		1 Introduction
		2 Comprehensive Collecting
		3 Comprehensive Access
		4 Conclusions
		References
	Web Archiving in Singapore: The Realities of National Web Archiving
		1 Background
		2 Amendments to the Legislation
		3 Engagement with Stakeholders
		4 System Enhancements to Support the Legislative Changes
		5 Building a Comprehensive Collection of Singapore Websites
		6 Public Education on Web Archiving and Legal Deposit
		7 Conclusions
	Archiving Social Media: The Case of Twitter
		1 Introduction
		2 How to Archive Social Media?
			2.1 Web Crawling
			2.2 Web Scraping
			2.3 Accessing Application Programming Interfaces
		3 How to Access Social Media Archives?
		4 How to Preserve Social Media?
		5 Archiving Twitter at INA
		6 Conclusions
		References
	Creating Event-Centric Collections from Web Archives
		1 Introduction
		2 Definitions of Event-Centric Collections
		3 Event-Centric Collection Specification
		4 Methods to Create Event-Centric Collections
		5 Discussion and Open Research Directions
		References
Part III Access Methods to Analyse the Past Web
	Full-Text and URL Search Over Web Archives
		1 Introduction
		2 Search User Interfaces Over Web Archives
		3 Why, What and How Do Users Search?
		4 Finding Relevant Results
			4.1 From Archived Data to Search Results
			4.2 Ranking Search Results
			4.3 Web Archive Information Retrieval
			4.4 Scalability Challenges
		5 Conclusions
		References
	A Holistic View on Web Archives
		1 Introduction
		2 User-Centric View: Browsing the Past Web
			2.1 Direct Access
			2.2 Search
		3 Data-Centric View: Processing Archival Collections
			3.1 Metadata Analysis
			3.2 Web Archive Data Processing
		4 Graph-Centric View: Exploring Web Archive Content
			4.1 Data Analysis
			4.2 Open Challenges
		5 Summary
		References
	Interoperability for Accessing Versions of Web Resources with the Memento Protocol
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Answering Questions Without the Memento Protocol
			1.2 Answering These Questions with the Memento Protocol
		2 Architecture of the Memento Protocol
			2.1 How Memento Enables Interoperability
			2.2 Memento-Compliant Infrastructure and Standardised Access
		3 Tools That Leverage the Memento Protocol
			3.1 Browsing the Past Web
			3.2 Summarising Web Archive Collections
			3.3 Locating and Dating Content
		4 Research Enabled by the Memento Protocol
			4.1 Analysis of Social Media
			4.2 Age and Availability of Resources
			4.3 Analysing and Addressing Lost Context
			4.4 Improving Web Archiving
			4.5 Temporal Access to Data
			4.6 Other Work Using Memento
		5 Summary
		References
	Linking Twitter Archives with Television Archives
		1 Introduction
		2 The ``Second Screen''
		3 A Tool for Researchers
			3.1 Dataset: Twitter and Television Archives
			3.2 User Interface
			3.3 Challenges
		4 Conclusions
		References
	Image Analytics in Web Archives
		1 Introduction
		2 Advances in Computer Vision and Face Recognition
		3 Person Identification in Archived Web News
			3.1 Facial Feature Extraction
			3.2 Definition of a Person Dictionary
				3.2.1 Selection of Relevant Persons
				3.2.2 Web-Based Retrieval of Sample Images
				3.2.3 Extraction and Filtering of Feature Vectors
			3.3 Person Identification Pipeline
			3.4 Parameter Selection
		4 Exploration of Person Relations in Web Archives
		5 Applications and Potential Research Directions
		References
Part IV Researching the Past Web
	Digital Archaeology in the Web of Links: Reconstructing a Late-1990s Web Sphere
		1 Introduction
		2 “Soft” and “Hard” Web Spheres
		3 Conservative Christianity, Politics, Law and Morality: The Problem Defined
		4 The First Stage of the Method: Identifying an Initial List of Domains
		5 The Second Stage: Interrogating the Graph of Links
		6 Summary
		References
	Quantitative Approaches to the Danish Web Archive
		1 Introduction
		2 Creating Corpora
		3 Approaches
			3.1 Measuring Numbers and Sizes
			3.2 Text Analysis
			3.3 Link Analysis
			3.4 Searching the Source Code
		4 What Comes Next?
		References
	Critical Web Archive Research
		1 Introduction
		2 Is the Wayback Machine a Black Box? Lessons from North Korea
		3 What Does the Web Remember of Its Deleted Past? Lessons from Yugoslavia
		4 What Informs Web Archiving Policies? Lessons from Gaza
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Exploring Online Diasporas: London's French and Latin American Communities in the UK Web Archive
		1 Introduction
		2 Archiving and Representing Communities
		3 Researching and Analysing Diasporic Web Materials
			3.1 Example 1: Blogs in the London French Special Collection
			3.2 Example 2: Latin American Community Organisation Websites
		4 Conclusions
		References
	Platform and App Histories: Assessing Source Availability in Web Archives and App Repositories
		1 Introduction
		2 The Archived Materiality of Platforms and Apps
			2.1 Web Archives
			2.2 App Repositories
		3 Assessing the Availability of Platform and App Sources
		4 The Availability of Platform and App Sources
			4.1 Social Media Platforms in Web Archives
			4.2 App Details in Web Archives
			4.3 App Bundles in App Repositories
		5 Conclusions: Platform and App Historiography
		References
Part V Web Archives as Infrastructures to Develop Innovative Services
	The Need for Research Infrastructures for the Study of Web Archives
		1 The Need for Research Infrastructures
		2 Web Archives as Research Infrastructures
		3 Researcher Needs for Web Archive Research Infrastructure
		4 Meeting Researcher Needs: Web Archives or Research Communities?
		5 Netarkivet: A Case of Web Archive Research Infrastructure
		6 Summary
		References
	Automatic Generation of Timelines for Past-Web Events
		1 Introduction
		2 Tell me Stories: Timeline Summarisation from Web Archives
			2.1 Architecture
				2.1.1 News Retrieval
				2.1.2 Identifying Relevant Time Intervals
				2.1.3 Computing Term Weights
				2.1.4 Computing Title Scores
				2.1.5 Deduplication
			2.2 Demonstration
		3 Temporal Summarisation in Web Archives: Open Challenges and Future Work
		4 Conclusions
		References
	Political Opinions on the Past Web
		1 Introduction
		2 Data Collection: Building a Collection of Opinion Articles
		3 Data Processing Pipeline
		4 Arquivo de Opinião: Research Tool over Political Opinions
		5 Conclusions and Future Work
		References
	Oldweb.today: Browsing the Past Web with Browsers from the Past
		1 The Longevity of Web Archives
		2 Characteristics of Browsers
		3 Oldweb.today
		4 Technical Excourse: Oldweb.today and Remote Browsers
		5 Using Remote Browsers to Capture Websites
		6 Looking Back and Looking Ahead
		References
	Big Data Science Over the Past Web
		1 Introduction
		2 Frameworks for Big Data Science
		3 Longitudinal Studies on Web Archives
		4 User Interfaces for Exploratory Search in Web Archives
		5 Conclusions
		References
Part VI A Look into the Future
	The Past Web: A Look into the Future
		1 Evolution of the Web
		2 Operation of Web Archives
		3 Sustainability of Web Archives
		4 The Future of the Past Web
		5 Final Thoughts
Index