The Panama Canal (International Straits of the World)

Contents......Page 6
List of Figures and Maps......Page 10
Foreword......Page 12
Acknowledgments......Page 14
A. Straits in Comparative Perspective......Page 16
B. The Three Circumstances of a Strait: Environments, Flows, and Territoriality......Page 24
C. Conclusion......Page 30
PART ONE THE ENVIRONMENT OF A STRAIT......Page 32
A. Introduction......Page 34
B. How a Strait Became an Isthmus 16 Million Years Ago......Page 35
C. How an Isthmus Became an Artificial Strait One Hundred Years Ago......Page 40
D. Why an Artificial Strait Will Reach Maximum Sustainable Capacity Between 2009 and 2012 Unless Enhanced......Page 53
E. Conclusion......Page 58
PART TWO FLOWS THROUGH THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 60
B. The Royal Road and Cruces Trail 1540–1740......Page 62
C. The Panama Railroad 1852–1869......Page 66
D. The Panama Canal 1914–date......Page 69
E. Conclusion......Page 78
PART THREE TERRITORIALITY OVER FLOWS THROUGH THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 80
A. Maritime-Commercial and Territorial-Administrative Societies......Page 82
B. The Two Panamas Under the Viceroyalty of Peru Until 1717......Page 89
C. The Two Panamas Under the Viceroyalty of New Granada Until Panamanian Independence in 1821......Page 93
D. The Two Panamas Under Great Colombia (1819–1831)......Page 95
E. Conclusion......Page 97
A. Territorial Enlargement, Political Regimes, andInteroceanic Transportation......Page 100
B. Territoriality and Territorial Enlargement......Page 106
C. Conclusion......Page 116
A. Introduction......Page 118
B. Expansion of the Powers of the Federal Government Over Transportation During the ‘1st republic’ (1780s–1820s)......Page 121
C. Expansion of the Powers of the Federal Government Over Transportation During the ‘1st democracy’ (1830s–1870s)......Page 124
D. Expansion of the Powers of the Federal Government Over Other Buffer Zones......Page 133
E. The 1888 Supreme Court Decision in California v. Central Pacific Railroad Company......Page 134
F. Conclusion......Page 138
A. American Territoriality Over Interoceanic Transportation During the ‘1st democracy’ (1830s–1870s)......Page 140
B. The Two Panamas Under the Centralized Republic of New Granada (1831–1858)......Page 151
C. The Two Panamas Under the Federalist Grenadine Confederation (1858–1863) and United States of Colombia (1863–1886)......Page 162
D. Conclusion......Page 164
A. American Territoriality OverInteroceanic Transportation......Page 166
B. The Two Panamas Under the Republic of Colombia (1886–1903)......Page 176
C. The Two Panamas Under the Republic of Panama......Page 183
D. Conclusion......Page 184
A. Introduction......Page 186
B. The Extraterritorial Expansion of the Powers of theFederal Government Over Islands, Straits, and Sea LanesDuring the ‘2nd republic’ (1870s–1930s)......Page 188
C. Conclusion......Page 201
A. American Extraterritoriality through the 1903Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty......Page 204
B. The Panama Canal and Canal Zone......Page 205
C. The Two Panamas During an Era of Political Opposition Among the Elite 1900s to 1930s......Page 216
D. Conclusion......Page 231
A. American Territoriality Over InteroceanicTransportation Under the ‘2nd democracy’ (1930s–1970s)......Page 234
B. The Two Panamas During an Era of Social Rivalry between Non-Elite and Elite from the 1930s to the 1960s......Page 236
C. The Two Panamas Under the National Guard Until 1981......Page 254
D. American Territoriality and the 1977 Panama Canal Treaties......Page 258
E. Conclusion......Page 262
A. American Territoriality Over InteroceanicTransportation During the ‘3rd republic’ (1980–?)......Page 266
B. The Two Panamas Under the Panamanian Defense Forces Until 1989......Page 268
C. The Two Panamas after the Abolishment of the Panamanian Defense Forces......Page 271
D. Conclusion......Page 285
A. Changes in Panama’s Environment and Competition from Other Routes......Page 288
B. Panamanian Societies and American Policy Regimes......Page 291
C. Conclusion......Page 299
Appendix......Page 300
Index......Page 304