The Palgrave International Handbook of Mixed Racial and Ethnic Classification

Acknowledgements\nContents\nNotes on Contributors\nList of Figures\nList of Tables\n1: Introduction: Measuring Mixedness Around the World\n	Measuring (Mixed) Race and Ethnicity\n	The Power of Measurement and the Census\n	What Does Mixed Race/Multiraciality and Mixed Ethnicity Mean?\n	How Mixedness Can Be Measured\n	Conclusion\n	References\n2: Race and Ethnicity Classification in British Colonial and Early Commonwealth Censuses\n	Introduction\n	The British Colonial Census Classifications\n		Colonies of European Settlement\n		The Tropical Plantation Colonies\n		British Asian Possessions\n		African Colonies\n	Conclusion\n	References\nPart I: The Americas\n	3: Introduction: North and South America\n		Comparative Analyses of Ethnicity/Race Data Collection in North and South American Censuses\n		The Broader Historical Picture\n		The Americas and the Caribbean: Measuring ‘Mixedness’ in The Most Recent Census Round\n			Conceptual Basis and Terminology\n			Categorization and Question Format\n				Canada, USA, and Bermuda\n				South America\n				Central America\n				Caribbean\n		Overview of the Contents of the North America and South America Section\n		References\n	4: The Canadian Census and Mixed Race: Tracking Mixed Race Through Ancestry, Visible Minority Status, and Métis Population Groups in Canada\n		Introduction\n		A Brief History of the Canadian Census\n		Ethnic Origins in the Canadian Census\n		What Is ‘Ethnicity’? What Is ‘Mixed Race’?\n		The ‘Visible Minority’ Category in Canada\n		Indigenous Peoples in the Census\n		Ethnicity Data and the Rise of the ‘Métis’ Category\n		‘Canadian’ as Ethnic Origin in the Canadian Census\n		Implications for Studying Mixed Race in Canada\n		Considerations for Future Censuses\n		References\n	5: Methods of Measuring Multiracial Americans\n		A Brief History of the American Census\n		How Do We Measure and Analyse Multiraciality?\n		How Do Multiracial People Identify Themselves?\n		What Factors Affect the Way Multiracial People Identify?\n		How Do Context and the Perceptions of Others Affect the Self-Identifications of Multiracial People?\n		References\n	6: Mixed Race in Brazil: Classification, Quantification, and Identification\n		Introduction: The Brazilian Racial Order\n			The Colonial Foundation\n			The Nineteenth Century: The Whitening Ideology\n		The Twentieth Century: The Racial Democracy Ideology\n			Maintaining the Racial Democracy Ideology\n			Interrogating the Racial Democracy Ideology\n		Dismantling the Racial Democracy Ideology\n		The 1990 Census: Encountering the Racial State\n		The 2000 Census: Reforming the Racial State\n		The Twenty-First Century: Affirmative Action and Racial Quotas\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	7: Mexico: Creating Mixed Ethnicity Citizens for the Mestizo Nation\n		Introduction\n		A Brief History of Mexico’s Population and Its Long Post-colonial Nation-Building Project\n			The Colonial Period (1521–1821)\n			The Independence and Nation-Building Period (1821–1910)\n			The Revolution and ‘Institutionalized Revolution’ Period (1910–2000)\n		Counting Population Groups\n		Measuring Race and Ethnicity in Mexican Censuses\n			The Modern Censuses\n			Measuring Ethnicity Through Indigenous Language Ability\n			Measuring Non-Linguistic Proxies for Ethnicity\n		Recent Developments in Measuring Identity and Mixedness: Self-Ascription of Ethnicity and Pigmentation\n			New Dimensions of Cultural Identity: Self-Ascribed Indigenousness and Afromexicanidad\n			Coming Full Circle, from Ethnicity to Race; Revealing Pigmentocracies\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	8: Boundless Heterogeneity: ‘Callaloo’ Complexity and the Measurement of Mixedness in Trinidad and Tobago\n		Introduction\n		Conceptualizing and Measuring Mixedness: Trinidad and Tobago and the Caribbean Region\n		Heterogeneity Mediating Measurement: The Case of the Dougla\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	9: Mixed race in Argentina: Concealing Mixture in the ‘White’ Nation\n		Introduction\n		Colonial Period\n		The Nation-Building Process\n		Explicit Racial Classifications: The Case of Buenos Aires\n		Implicit Racial Classifications: Channelling Racial Diversity\n		(Not) Measuring Mixed Race in the Present\n		References\n			Sources\n	10: Colombia: The Meaning and Measuring of Mixedness\n		Introduction\n		Historical Background\n		Multicultural Reform and the Census\n		Genomics and Mixedness\n		Conclusion\n		References\nPart II: Europe and the UK\n	11: Introduction: Europe and the United Kingdom\n		Ethnicity Data Collection and Mixedness in the 2010/2011 Census Round\n		The Evidence on Rates of Mixed Marriages and Unions Across European Countries\n		Overview of the Contents of the UK and Europe Section\n		References\n	12: The Path to Official Recognition of ‘Mixedness’ in the United Kingdom\n		Introduction\n		The Contribution of Migration to Population Mixing in Britain\n		Hybridity Comes of Age: The Era of Official Categorization in Government Commissioned Surveys and Census Tests and Trials\n		Official Recognition of the ‘Mixed’ Group in UK Censuses\n		The Census ‘Mixed’ Options: Issues of Utility\n		The Future of the Mixed/Multiple Category Set\n		References\n	13: Measuring Mixedness in Ireland: Constructing Sameness and Difference\n		Introduction\n		History of Classification of Race/Ethnicity in Ireland\n		Unintended Consequences of the Construction, Ascription, and Reproduction of Categories of Race and Mixed Race\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	14: The Identification of Mixed People in France: National Myth and Recognition of Family Migration Paths\n		Introduction\n		A Métis Statistical Blindness\n		From the Republican National Assimilation Myth to the Study of Migrants and Their Descendants in France\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	15: Controversial Approaches to Measuring Mixed-Race in Belgium: The (In)Visibility of the Mixed-Race Population\n		Introduction\n		The Métis: A Colonial Problem\n			The ‘Mulatto Problem’: Unclear Legal Status, Difficult Counts, and Liminal Social Position\n			The Evacuation of Mixed-Race Children from the Colonies: The Example of Save\n			The Recognition of Colonial Mixed-Race Children\n		Nationality and Its Reforms: Rights, Gender, and Counting\n			Gender and Nationality Rights\n			Two Coexisting Approaches to Origin\n		Looking for Origins to Tackle Discrimination\n		Concluding Remarks\n		References\n	16: The Weight of German History: Racial Blindness and Identification of People with a Migration Background\n		Introduction\n		The German Mischling: The Taboo of Racial Mixedness Anchored in Germany’s Dark History\n		The Necessity of a New Unified German Nation to Recognize Migration\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	17: Mixed, Merged, and Split Ethnic Identities in the Russian Federation\n		Introduction\n		Ethnic Designations in Official Documents and Mixed Marriage Research\n		The 2002 Census as an Ethno-political Event\n		Russian Academic Tradition in Ethnicity Studies\n		Ethnic Categorizations in Prior Population Censuses\n		Drafting the Nationalities List for the 2002 Census\n		On Sub-categories\n		Census Innovations in Ethnic Categorization and Categorizing ‘Others’\n		‘Mixed’ Categories in Census\n		References\n	18: Mixedness as a Non-Existent Category in Slovenia\n		Introduction\n		Historical Background\n		Slovenia After 1991\n		Being Mixed in Slovenia\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	19: Mixed Identities in Italy: A Country in Denial\n		Introduction\n		‘Blood’ as a Proxy for Race? The Role of Jus Sanguinis in Italy Since the Origin of the State\n		The Empire and the ‘Mixed Race’ Category\n		‘Black Venuses’ and ‘Caffè Latte’ Coloured Children\n		Post-colonial Italy: A Country in Denial\n		Conclusions: Anti-Racist Practices Without Race\n		References\n	20: (Not) Measuring Mixedness in the Netherlands\n		Introduction\n		Colonial Implications of Racial Classifications and ‘Mixedness’\n			The Caribbean\n			‘The Dutch East Indies’\n		The Metropole\n			From Religion to Nationality\n			From ‘Allochthone’ to ‘Migration Background’\n			From Dual to Single Nationality18\n		Concluding Remarks\n		References\n	21: Mixed Race and Ethnicity in Sweden: A Sociological Analysis\n		Introduction\n		Towards Multiethnic Sweden: The Historical Background of Immigration\n		Exceptions to the Rule: Minority Groups and Nordic Migrants\n		Mapping Definitions: Immigrants, Census Categories, and Critiques\n		Conclusion\n		References\nPart III: Africa, the Middle East, and Central Asia and the Caucasus\n	22: Introduction: Africa, the Middle East, and Central Asia and the Caucasus\n		Measuring Mixedness in Africa\n		Measuring Mixedness in the Middle East\n		Measuring Mixedness in Central Asia and the Caucasus\n		Overview of the Section on Africa, the Middle East, and Central Asia and the Caucasus\n		References\n	23: The Classification of South Africa’s Mixed-Heritage Peoples 1910–2011: A Century of Conflation, Contradiction, Containment, and Contention\n		Introduction\n			The Legacy of Colonization and Imperial Conquest\n			Race-based Legislation and the Application of Racial Classification Before and During Apartheid\n			The Racialization of Census Taking Before, During, and After Apartheid\n		The Classification of Population Groups in the Post-Apartheid Era\n		The Classification of ‘Mixed-Race’ South Africans in the Twenty-First Century\n		References\n	24: The Immeasurability of Racial and Mixed Identity in Mauritius\n		Introduction\n		Landlocked? Histories of Race and Mixed Identities in Mauritius\n		Current Approaches and Thoughts on Identity\n		Thinking More Deeply About Identity in Mauritius\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	25: Neither/Nor: The Complex Attachments of Zimbabwe’s Coloureds\n		Introduction\n		Historical Context\n		The Enumeration of the Coloured or Mixed Race Population in Censuses\n		Post-colonial Mixed Identities: Who Is Coloured?\n		Who Is Zimbabwean?\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	26: Measuring Mixedness in Zambia: Creating and Erasing Coloureds in Zambia’s Colonial and Post-colonial Census, 1921 to 2010\n		Introduction\n		The Social Constructions of Race and Ethnicity\n		Northern Rhodesia’s Racialized Social Landscape\n		Counting and Classifying Eurafricans/Coloureds in the Colonial Census\n		A Sanctioned Act of Erasure\n		Classifying Eurafricans: State-Sanctioned Benevolent Interventions\n		Victims of Benevolence\n		Challenges of Counting Coloureds in Historical Records\n		An Unsavoury Witness\n		African Indigeneity and Non-indigeneity: Terra Nullius\n		Miscegenation and Becoming Coloureds: 1927 to the 1950s\n		Coloureds in Zambia’s Census: 1969 and 1980\n		Tribal Ethnicities and Tribal Dimensions: Zambia’s 1990, 2000, and 2010 Censuses\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	27: Racial and Ethnic Mobilization and Classification in Kenya\n		Race and Ethnicity in Colonial Kenya\n		Sexuality, Black Peril, and Fear of Miscegenation\n		The Asian Question, Kipande System, and Racial Profiling\n		Measuring Race in Colonial and Post-colonial Kenya\n			The Organization of the Census\n			Colonial Era Census Taking\n			Race/Ethnicity Classification in Post-colonial Kenya\n		References\n	28: Making the Invisible Visible: Experiences of Mixedness for Binational People in Morocco\n		Introduction\n		The Development of an Arab-Islamic National Identity\n		A Colour-Blind Approach in National Classification Systems\n		Social Perceptions of Mixedness and Its Impacts for People of Binational Origin\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	29: Measuring Mixedness: A Case Study of the Kyrgyz Republic\n		Introduction\n		A Brief History of the Classification of Race/Ethnicity/Nationality\n			Conceptualization of Ethnicity/Nationality/Mixedness During Soviet Times\n		Institutionalization: Pre-Soviet and Soviet Censuses, Official Documents, and Academic Research on Measuring Mixedness and Ethnicity/Nationality\n			Tsarist and Soviet Censuses\n			Mixedness: Interethnic/National Marriages\n			Official Documents, Certificates, and Passports\n		Independence: Census 1999, 2009, Official Documents, and Contemporary Discourses\n			Contemporary Discourses and Approaches for Improvement in Measuring Mixedness\n		Conclusion\n		References\nPart IV: Asia and the Pacific\n	30: Introduction: The Asia Pacific Region\n		Measuring Mixedness in Asia\n		Measuring Mixedness in the Pacific\n		Overview of the Contents of the Asia Pacific Section\n		References\n	31: Where You Feel You Belong: Classifying Ethnicity and Mixedness in New Zealand\n		Introduction\n		Historical Fractions and Colonialism\n		Moving from Race to Ethnicity\n		Complications and Practicalities in Measurement\n		Looking Forward: Lessons from Measuring Mixed Ethnic Identities in New Zealand\n		References\n	32: Measuring Mixedness in Australia\n		Introduction\n		Background\n		Capturing Race and Ethnicity in Australia: An Overview\n		The Australian Census\n			The Historical Development of the Census\n			Race and Ethnicity in the Census Today\n		Measuring Mixedness\n		Conclusions\n		References\n	33: Measuring Race, Mixed Race, and Multiracialism in Singapore\n		Introduction\n		Colonial Categories and Measurement\n		Making Multiracialism and Measuring Race\n		Identity and Categorization in Contemporary Singapore\n		Looking Forward: Measuring Race and Addressing Diversity\n		References\n	34: Multiracial in Malaysia: Categories, Classification, and Campur in Contemporary Everyday Life\n		Introduction\n		Multiracial, Mixed Race, and Campur\n		Historical Underpinnings of Contemporary Classification System\n		Contemporary Classification System\n		The Future of Racial Classification in a New Malaysia\n		References\n	35: Anglo-Indians in Colonial India: Historical Demography, Categorization, and Identity\n		Introduction\n		References\n			Primary Source References\n			Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, Oxford\n			Oriental and India Office Collections, British Library, London\n			National Archives, Kew, United Kingdom\n			National Archive of India, New Delhi\n			Private Archive of the All India Anglo-Indian Association, New Delhi\n	36: Mixed Racial and Ethnic Classification in the Philippines\n		Introduction\n		Brief History of the Classification of Race/Ethnicity in the Philippines\n		Mixed Identities in Contemporary Systems of Measurement: Developments and Challenges\n		Towards a Better System for Measuring Mixedness in the Philippines\n		References\n	37: Vaevaeina o le toloa (Counting the Toloa): Counting Mixed Ethnicity in the Pacific, 1975–2014\n		Introduction\n		Mixedness, Colonialism, and Counting in the Pacific\n		Data and Method\n		Results\n			Ethnic Enumeration in the Pacific, 1975–2014\n			Classificatory Approaches to Mixedness\n			Mixedness in Pacific Censuses\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	38: Measuring Mixed Race: ‘We the Half-Castes of Papua and New Guinea’\n		Introduction\n			A Note on Terminology\n		Not More Than One Half: The History and Classification of Mixed Race in PNG\n		‘I’m Pure Mixed Race’: Contemporary Sociopolitics in PNG\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	39: Measuring Mixedness in China: A Study in Four Parts\n		Introduction\n		Concepts and Background\n		The People’s Republic of China\n		Taiwan\n		Hong Kong\n		Macao\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	40: Belonging Across Religion, Race, and Nation in Burma-Myanmar\n		Introduction\n		‘The Comforts of Connubial Commerce’: The Golden Age of Intermarriage?\n		‘A Degraded and Demoralized Race’: Ka bya and the Spectre of Colonization\n		The Politics of Intermarriage and ‘Mixed Blood’ in the Age of Nationalization\n		References\n	41: Recognition of Multiracial and Multiethnic Japanese: Historical Trends, Classification, and Ways Forward\n		Introduction\n		The Classification of Folk Group and Nationality During the Colonial Period\n		The Nationality Divides\n		Where Should We Go from Here?\n		References\nIndex