The Palgrave Handbook of Toleration

Preface
	References
Contents
About the Editor
Contributors
1 The Trouble with Toleration
	Introduction: The Language of Toleration
	Summary and Future Directions
	References
2 Toleration: Concept and Conceptions
	Introduction
	The Concept of Toleration and Its Paradoxes
	Four Conceptions of Toleration
	Summary and Future Directions
	Cross-References
	References
3 Defining Toleration
	Introduction
	Related Concepts
		A. Indifference, Simple Noninterference, Resignation
		B. A Principle of Toleration
		C. Pluralism, Multiculturalism, Diversity
		D. Permissiveness, Relativism, Pessimism
		E. Neutrality
		F. Tolerance
	The Conditions of Toleration
		1. Agent (``an agent tolerates when she ´´).
		2. Intentional (``an agent tolerates when she intentionally ´´)
		3. Value (``an agent tolerates when she intentionally and on principle ´´).
		4. Noninterference (``an agent tolerates when she intentionally and on principle refrains from interfering ´´)
		5. Opposition (``an agent tolerates when she intentionally and on principle refrains from interfering with an opposed ´´).
		6. Object (``an agent tolerates when she intentionally and on principle refrains from interfering with an opposed other (or th...
		7. Believed Power (``an agent tolerates when she intentionally and on principle refrains from interfering with an opposed othe...
	Summary and Future Directions
	References
4 What Toleration Is Not
	Introduction
	Thin and Thick Concepts
	Mapping What Toleration Is Not
	The Formal Components of Toleration
	None of the Cognate Concepts Satisfy the Formal Conditions of Toleration
	What´s Left of Toleration?
	References
5 Toleration
	Introductory Notes
	The Origin of the Doctrine of Toleration
	Toleration: Concept, Reasons, and Related Concepts
		The Concept
		Reasons
		Intolerable, Intolerance
	Conceptions of Toleration
		The Social Virtue of Toleration
		The Liberal Model of Toleration
		Toleration as Recognition
	Toleration and Cultural Conflicts
		Social Standards: Vertical and Horizontal Issues of Toleration
		A Vertical Issue: Muslims´ Place of Worship
		Hate Speech
	Summary and Future Directions
	References
6 Paradoxes of Toleration
	Introduction
	The Paradox of Moral Toleration
	The Paradox of Self-Destruction
	The Paradox of Drawing the Limits
	The Paradox of the Tolerant Racist
	Summary and Future Directions
	References
7 The Epistemic Justification for Tolerance
	Introduction
	A Taxonomy of Epistemic Arguments for Tolerance
	Mill´s Argument
	Rauch´s Argument from the Success of Liberal Science
	Objections
	Summary and Future Directions
	References
8 Political Toleration Explained
	Introduction
	The Neutrality Challenge
	Toleration Without Objection
	Toleration as a General Political Practice
		Indifference
		Forbearance Tolerance
		Respect
	The Neutrality Challenge Revisited
	Three Further Challenges to Political Toleration
		Understanding State Objection
		Locating State Power
		The ``Symmetry Thesis´´
	Conclusion
	References
9 Toleration, Respect for Persons, and the Free Speech Right to Do Moral Wrong
	Introduction
	Political Toleration and Viewpoint-Based Restrictions on Extremist Speech
	Heyman and Quong on Extremist Viewpoints and the Limits of Toleration
		Heyman´s Argument
		Quong´s Argument
	Viewpoint Neutrality, Political Toleration, and the Free Speech Right to Do Moral Wrong
	Respect for Persons as Thinking Agents: A Libertarian Status-Based Theory of Rights
	Do Persons Have a Basic Right to Recognition or Dignity?
	The Silencing Effects of Extremist Speech
	Summary and Future Directions
	References
10 Toleration and Political Change
	Introduction
	Toleration as an Obstacle to Political Change
	Toleration as Creating Space for Political Change
	Toleration as a Spur to Political Change
	Summary and Future Directions
	References
11 Toleration and the Law
	Introduction
	Toleration and Tolerance in the Law
		Conceptualizations of Toleration/Tolerance by Apex Courts
	Toleration and Neutrality in the Law
		Categories of Legal Toleration
		Pragmatic Justifications for Legal Toleration
		Implications of Legal Toleration
	Toleration and Respect in the Law
		Alternative Constitutional Understandings of Toleration and Respect
		Toleration, Respect, and Religious Exemptions
	Summary and Future Directions
	References
12 Toleration and Domination
	Introduction
	Wendy Brown and Internalized Domination: Tolerance as a Discourse of De-politicization
	Nondomination as Involvement in the Sphere of Reasons: Resisting Domination Through Neo-Kantian Respect Toleration
	Reconsidering Toleration and Nondomination: Securing Tolerance as Active Nondomination
	Summary and Future Directions
	References
13 State Responses to Incongruence: Toleration and Transformation
	Introduction
	Tolerating Incongruence? Three Responses
	Are Transformative Liberal Interferences Intolerant?
	State Speech and Toleration
	Conclusion
	References
		Court Cases
14 Toleration and State Neutrality: The Case of Symbolic FGM
	Introduction
	Impossible Toleration?
	The Case: Female Circumcision
	Reasons for Objecting and for Accepting
	Female Circumcision and Its (Surprising?) Cognate Practices
	Should Liberal States Tolerate Female Circumcision?
	Summary and Future Directions
	References
15 Toleration of Moral Offense
	Introduction
	Offenses
	Moral Offenses
	Professional Offenses and Moral Offenses
	Toleration and Respect
	Basic and Earned Respect for Persons
	Self-respect as a Reason Not to Tolerate Moral Offenses
	Respect for Others as a Reason to Tolerate Moral Offenses
	Concluding Remarks
	References
16 Moralism and Anti-Moralism in Theories of Toleration
	Introduction
	Moralism and Anti-Moralism
	Basic Approaches to Tolerance
	Modes of Moralism in Theories of Toleration
		Intolerance of the Intolerant
		Excluding the Intolerant from Politics
		Changing the Meaning of Toleration
		Subordinating Free Speech to Respect: A Case Study
	Theories of Toleration that Accuse Other Theories of Moralism
		Idealism Versus Realism
		The Critique of Changing the Meaning of Toleration
		Is Negative Toleration Irrational?
	Summary and Future Directions
	References
17 Toleration and Neutrality
	Introduction
	John Rawls and the Idea of State Neutrality
	Neutrality and Toleration
	Types of Neutrality
		Neutrality and Distributive Justice
		Neutrality and Public Policy
		Balint and Patten on Neutrality
	Justifying Neutrality
	The Limits of Neutrality
	Summary and Future Directions
	References
18 Political Toleration as Substantive Neutrality
	Introduction
	Toleration and Moral Judgment
	Political Toleration as Substantive Neutrality
	Conclusion
	References
19 Conscientious Exemptions: Between Toleration, Neutrality, and Respect
	Introduction
	The Descriptive Aspect of Toleration - and Its Nonexistent Normative Aspect
	Granting Conscientious Exemptions as an Expression of Toleration
	Granting Conscientious Exemptions as Toleration: Reply to Possible Objections
		Confusing Between Toleration and Its Justifications
		Mistakenly Perceiving Toleration as a Justification
		When the Legislature Speaks - What Does it Say?
	Granting Conscientious Exemptions and Neutrality
		Can there Be a Neutral State?
		Can the State Be Neutral when it Grants Conscientious Exemptions?
		Neutrality and Judicial Integrity
		Neutrality and Toleration
	Summary and Future Directions
	References
20 Toleration and Its Possibilities: Relativism, Skepticism, and Pluralism
	Introduction
	Relativism and Skepticism I
	The Conditions of Toleration
	Toleration and the ``Good´´
		``Affirmation´´ of a ``Good´´
		``Orientation´´ Towards ``Goods´´
	Relativism and Skepticism II
		Skepticism
		Relativism
	Toleration, Skepticism, and Relativism
	Pluralism as an Empirical Reality
	Pluralism, Relativism, and Skepticism
	Pluralism as a Normative Ideal
	``Value Pluralism´´ and Relativism
	``Value Pluralism´´ and Toleration
	Relativism and Toleration
	Relativists and Intolerance
	Skepticism and Toleration
	Skeptics Versus Relativists
	``Indifference´´ and Toleration
	Toleration as a ``Disposition´´
	Toleration as a ``Disposition´´: Relativism, Skepticism, and Pluralism
	Conclusion
	Summary and Future Directions
	References
21 Toleration, Reasonableness, and Power
	Introduction
	Toleration: Concept and Conceptions
	Respect, Respect Toleration, and Justification
	Power and Non-domination
	True Toleration and Non-domination?
	Reasonableness?
	Discursive Equality?
	Summary and Future Directions
	References
22 Toleration and Reasonableness
	Introduction
	Human Fallibility, Religion, and Politics in Locke´s Thought
		Epistemic Division and Public Reason in John Rawls
		A More Than Tolerant Public Debate
	Summary and Future Directions
	References
23 International Toleration
	Introduction
	Categorical Differences and Nonliberal Political Communities
	Peace, Political Autonomy, and Self-determination
	Pluralism, Sovereignty, and Political Realism
	International Toleration and Liberal Foreign Policy
	Summary
	Future Directions
	Conclusion
	References
24 Toleration and Tolerance in a Global Context
	Introduction
	Confucianism
	Islam
	``Hinduism´´
	Buddhism
	Summary and Future Directions
	References
25 Two Models of Toleration
	Introduction
	Rawls on the Lessons of the Reformation
	The Group Autonomy Model and the Ottoman Millet System
	Individual Rights and Autonomy
	Comprehensive Versus Political Liberalism
	The Issue of Nonliberal Minorities
	Summary and Future Directions
	References
26 Modus Vivendi Toleration
	Introduction
	Modus Vivendi
	A Modus Vivendi Perspective on Toleration
		The Traditional Conception of Toleration
		Accommodative Toleration
	Liberal Democracies as Arrangements of Modus Vivendi Toleration
		Modus Vivendi Liberalism and the Limits of Toleration
		A Modus Vivendi Perspective on the Crisis of Liberal Democracies
	Summary and Future Directions of Research
	References
27 Multiculturalism and Toleration
	Introduction
	Multiculturalism and Toleration as Different Ways of Responding to Diversity
	Multiculturalism and Toleration as Positive and Negative Attitudes to Difference
	Multiculturalism and Toleration as Modes of Accommodation
	Toleration and Multiculturalism as Descriptive Concepts and Normative Ideals
	Justifications for Toleration and for Multiculturalism
	The Multiculturalism Challenge to Liberal Toleration
	Responding to the Multiculturalism Challenge
	Multiculturalism and Toleration at Different Levels
	Summary and Future Directions
	References
28 Recognition and Toleration
	Introduction
	How ``Recognition´´ Became Associated with the Politics of ``Difference´´
	Is Toleration an Outmoded Response to Contemporary Pluralism?
	What Is ``Recognition´´ and Is It Centrally Concerned with ``Cultural´´ Differences?
	Recognition, Abstraction, and Domination
	Domination and the Public Expression of Difference
	Recognition Versus Toleration Revisited
	Summary and Future Directions
	Future Directions for Research
	References
29 Toleration and Dignity
	Introduction
	Dignity
	Toleration for the Sake of Dignity
	Indignity, Disrespect, and the Intolerable
	Summary and Future Directions
	References
30 Toleration and Respect
	Introduction
	Conditions of Toleration
	State and Individual Toleration
	Multiculturalism
	The Liberal Tradition and ``Respect´´
	``Features´´ Versus ``Persons´´
	Galeotti and Respect
	Niqab and Burqa
	The Niqab, Burqa, and ``Equal Respect´´
	Blasphemy
	Rival ``Respects´´
	Blasphemy and Free Speech
	``Mutual Exclusivity´´
	``Respect´´ as a Contested Term
	Whose Intolerance?
	``Universalization´´
	``Nonuniversalization´´
	``The Question´´
	``Clear and Present Danger´´
	Conclusion
	Summary and Future Directions
	References
31 Toleration and Justice
	Introduction
	Toleration and Justice: The Liberal Paradigm and its Critics
		Rawls on Toleration and Justice
		Forst: Toleration, Justice, and Reason
	Toleration, Justice, and the Political Inclusion of the Other
	Summary and Future Directions
	References
32 The Logic of Intolerance
	Introduction
	The Logic of Distrust
	Threats
	Justifications of Toleration
	Converting to Toleration
	Conclusion
	References
33 Intolerance and Populism
	Introduction: A New Playground
	Understanding Populism and Intolerance
		Populism
		Toleration and Intolerance
	Populist Intolerance and How to Fight It
		Hospitality and the Classical Passive Toleration
		Active Toleration in the Service of Inclusion
	Conclusion
		Summarizing the Results
		Possible Future Avenues for Research
	References
34 Fear and Toleration
	Introduction
	The Causes and Consequences of Fear and In-group/Out-group Biases
		The Neurosciences of Fear and Other Basic Emotions
		Fear, Enmity, and Us/Theming
	Liberal Democracy, Toleration, and Civility
		Liberal Democracy
		Toleration as a Duty of Civility
		Recognition Respect and Second-Personal Agents
	Fear, Empathy, and Toleration
	Decreasing Fearfulness and Intolerance
		Addressing Socioeconomic Inequalities That Generate Fear and Distress
		Ensuring the Viability of Civility and Public Reasoning
		Democratizing Knowledge of Fear and Intolerance
		Contact Theory: Collaborative Problem-Solving and Nonviolent Interaction
		Increasing Opportunities for Helping
	Summary
	References
35 Toleration, ``Mindsight´´ and the Epistemic Virtues
	Introduction
	The Paradox, and Limits, of Toleration
	Tolerant Parents
	Toleration Among Groups
	Epistemic Virtue and the Case of Tolerating Hate Speech
	An Autonomy-Based Response
	Conclusion
	References
36 Tough on Tolerance: The Vice of Virtue
	Introduction
	Our Original Analysis: Why Tolerance Is Not a Virtue
	Refining the Analysis
	Two Ways Out of Another Paradox
	Kant on Justice, Virtue, Respect, and Tolerance
	Summary
	References
37 Toleration and Close Personal Relationships
	Introduction
	Close Personal Relationships
	Toleration
	Toleration in Close Personal Relationships
	Summary and Future Directions
	References
38 Hospitality and Toleration
	Introduction
	The Continuum of Toleration and Hospitality
	Brute Tolerance, Brute Hospitality, and Moral Choice
	Mere Toleration, The Modus Vivendi, and Liberal Toleration
	Two Ways to Move from Toleration to Hospitality
		A Moral Argument Based in Existential Need and Compassion
		A Political Argument Based in a Cosmopolitan Political Ideal
	Summary and Future Directions: The Task of Practical Wisdom and Enlightenment
	References
39 Toleration and Compassion: A Conceptual Comparison
	Introduction
	Toleration and Compassion: Definition
	Reasons for Toleration and Compassion
	Toleration and Compassion, Acts and Omissions
	Toleration, Compassion, and Power
	Are Toleration and Compassion Moral Virtues?
	Summary and Future Directions
	References
40 Toleration and Religion
	Introduction
	Conditions of Toleration
	Toleration and Religion
	Medieval Persecution
	Protestant Persecution
	The Moral Challenge of Toleration
	Toleration and Pragmatism
	Reformation ``Success´´
	The Limits of Toleration
	``Things Indifferent´´
	The Ascendancy of Toleration
	The Possibility of Political Toleration
	The Desirability of Toleration
	The Continuing Relevance of Toleration
	Conclusion
	Summary and Future Directions
	References
41 Toleration and Religious Discrimination
	Introduction
	Toleration, Neutrality, and Religious Accommodation
	Religion, Discrimination, and Collective Exemptions
	Justifying Collective Exemptions
	Objections to Collective Exemptions
	Weighing Burdens
		Basic Interests
		Material Burdens
		Communicative Injuries
		Domination
		Severity and the ``Baseline Puzzle´´
	Summary and Future Directions
	References
42 Religious Toleration and Social Contract Theories of Justice
	Introduction
	The Challenges of Definition
	Rethinking Religion
	The Possibility of Religious Toleration
	Contractarian Traditions
	Lockean Nature and Toleration Traditions
	Summary and Future Directions
	References
43 Toleration and the Protestant Tradition
	Introduction
	The Reformation and the Fact of Pluralism
	From Castellio to Locke. A More Promising Protestant Tradition?
	Toleration and Nineteenth-Century Models of Religious Thought
	Summary and Future Directions
	References
44 Atheist Toleration
	Introduction
	Negative Atheism
	Positive Atheism
	Revolution Against Religion
	Atheism Today
	Summary and Future Directions
	References
45 Toleration and the Right to Freedom of Religion in Education
	Introduction
	Why Should We Be Tolerant?
	The Paradox of Tolerance
	Toleration and Human Rights
		Should the State Allow Students in Public School to Be Excused from Specific Parts of the Instruction that Are Contrary to The...
		Should the Members of Some Religious Sects Be Exempted from Laws Regarding the Mandatory Education of Children?
		Should Wearing Islamic Headscarves in Public School Be Tolerated?
	Summary and Future Directions
	References
46 Education and Toleration
	Introduction
	Toleration in Educational Contexts
		Toleration as a Democratic Virtue and Aim of Education
	Empirical Tolerance Research and the Possibility of Education for Tolerance
		Education for Tolerance as Education of the Emotions
		Education for Tolerance and Epistemic Virtues
	Justifying Education for Democratic Tolerance
	Conclusion
	References
47 Toleration, Liberal Education, and the Accommodation of Diversity
	Introduction
	Promoting Classical Toleration in Liberal Education
	Is Classical Toleration Viable?
	Promoting Modern Toleration in Liberal Education
	Modern Toleration and Assimilative Pressure
	Pedagogical Toleration: Combining Classical and Modern Toleration in Liberal Education
	References
48 Toleration Before Toleration
	Introduction
	Faith and Persecution in Imperial Rome
	Reform and Heresy
	Academic Dispute
	Medieval Christianity and Non-Christians
	From Practice to Theory
	Skepticism
	Functionalism
	Nationalism
	Dialogue
	Mysticism
	Summary and Future Directions
	References
49 Early Modern Arguments for Toleration
	Introduction
	Toleration: Conceptual, Political, and Historical Dimensions
	Toleration in Seventeenth-Century England
		Antitolerationist Arguments
	Case Study: The Career of William Penn
	Summary and Future Directions
	References
50 Thomas Hobbes and the Conditionality of Toleration
	The Conditionality of Toleration
	The Contingency of Toleration on Enlightenment
	References
51 John Locke and Religious Toleration
	Introduction
	Locke and His Times
	John Locke and Anthony Ashley Cooper
	Locke and the Revolution of 1688
	A Letter Concerning Toleration
	Three ``Considerations´´ for Toleration
		The ``Consent Argument´´
		The ``Truth Argument´´
		Limitations of the ``Truth Argument´´
		The ``Rationality Argument´´
	Rationality Argument I
	Rationality Argument II
	Rationality Argument III
	Locke´s Skepticism
	Skepticism Argument I
	Skepticism Argument II
	``True Interests,´´ ``Use and Necessity,´´ and ``Corruption and Pravity´´
	Locke, Proast, and Religious Diversity
	The ``Skepticism´´ and ``Rationality´´ Arguments
	Interpretive Issues
	Locke´s Pragmatic Argument for Toleration
	Locke and the ``Moral Challenge´´ of Toleration
	Locke and the Limits of Toleration
	``Atheists´´ and ``Catholics´´
	Dividing Locke from God
	``Things Indifferent´´
	Conclusion
	Summary and Future Directions
	References
52 ``Stop Being So Judgmental!´´: A Spinozist Model of Personal Tolerance
	Introduction
	Tolerance as a Personal Virtue
	Spinoza on Intolerance
		Being Judgmental
		Intolerance and Disagreement
	Spinoza on Becoming Less Judgmental
		Suspension: The Official Account
		Suspension as Ambivalence or Persistent Vacillation
		Restricting the Scope of One´s Judgments
	Spinoza on Tolerating Disagreement
		Non-contemptuous Engagement and Suspending Reactive Attitudes
		Sincere Engagement
		Toleration, Trust, and the State
	Conclusion
	References
53 Toleration and Liberty of Conscience
	Two Models of Toleration and Liberty of Conscience
	Toleration, Neutrality, and Religious Equality
	Three Challenges
	Summary and Future Directions
	References
54 Tolerating Racism and Hate Speech: A Critique of C.E. Baker´s ``Almost´´ Absolutism
	Introduction
	The Liberal Free Speech Principle
	The Liberty Model
	The Autonomy Argument
	The Promotional Approach
		Rejection of Content Neutrality
		Accepting Some Form of Perfectionism
		Balancing
		Denying Legitimacy
		Excluding Incitement and Profound Offense from the Free Speech Principle
	Conclusion
	References
55 Toleration of Free Speech: Imposing Limits on Elected Officials
	Introduction
		Preface
		Looking to the Future
		Proud Boys
	COVID and Its Impact on Tolerance-Intolerance
	Free Speech
	Tolerance-Intolerance in the Context of Free Speech
	Speech of National Leaders
	Two Different Political Regimes
	The United States and Israel Today
	Social Media
	Qualified Immunity
	Enough Is Enough
	Summary and Future Directions
	References
Index