The Palgrave Handbook of Small Arms and Conflicts in Africa

Acknowledgements
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction: The Frontiers of Small Arms Proliferation and Conflicts in Africa
	Aims of the Handbook
	Scope and Limits of the Existing Literature
		Global Dimensions
		Regional and Local Dimensions
	Methodology and Rationale
	Structure of the Handbook
	References
Part I Theory and Concepts
2 Background: Small Arms, Violent Conflicts, and Complex Emergencies in Africa—A Fatal Combination
	Introduction
	Africa’s Terrains of Conflicts, Complex Emergencies, and Insecurity
	Small Arms and Conflicts in Africa
	References
3 The Theoretical Parameters of the Proliferation and Regulation of Small Arms and Light Weapons in Africa
	Introduction
	Conceptualizing Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALWs)
	Theoretical Dimensions of Small Arms and Light Weapons Proliferations in Africa
	The Theory of Geopolitics
	State Collapse Theory
	Security Dilemma Theory
	Theory of Deviance
	Queer Ladder Theory (QLT)
	Marxist Conflict Theory
	Frustration–Aggression Theory
	Empirical Dimensions: Preconditions and precipitators of SALW Proliferation in Africa
		Political Instability
		Poor Border Management and Illicit Arms Transfers
		State Failure and Efflorescence of Ungoverned Spaces
		Stockpiling and Diversions of Arms and Ammunitions
		Illicit Arms Market
	Regional and Sub-Regional Protocols for Control of SALWs in Africa
	Conclusion
	References
4 The Political Economy of Small Arms and Light Weapons Proliferations in Africa
	Introduction
	The Politics of “Collective Amnesia”
	Overcoming Collective Amnesia in the Narratives of SALWs Proliferations
	Imperialism and the Creation of the Abnormal States Through SALWs Proliferations
	The Continental Question, Wars of Liberation and SALWs Proliferations
	Post-Cold War Africa and SALWs Proliferations: Neo-imperial Globalising Agenda?
	Conclusion: What Africans Must Do
	References
5 (En)Gendering the Small Arms Discourse: Women and the Management of Violent Conflicts in Africa
	Introduction
	Gendered Perspectives on Violent Conflict and (in)Security
	Background: Small Arms Proliferation and Conflict in Africa
	Gender and Violent Conflicts
	Gender and Small Arms Proliferation
	Towards a Gendered Palliative to Conflict Resolution and Arms Control in Africa
	Conclusion
	References
Part II Topographies and Contexts
6 The Context of Small Arms Proliferation in Africa: State Fragility and Management of Armed Violence
	Introduction
	Factors Contributing to Arms Proliferation in Africa
		Porosity of African Borders
		Corruption and Illicit Arms Economy
		Mercenaries, Warlords, Armed Groups and a Thriving War Economy
		PMSCs and the Market for Force for Arms Use in Africa
		Weak Implementation and Evaluation of Arms Trade Legislations/Operationalization of Regional Peace and Security Architecture
		Thefts, Diversions from Government Stockpiles and Local Production
	Regional and Continental Efforts Towards Arms Control and Disarmament in Africa
		Silencing the Guns by 2020: Policy Implications for Africa
	United Nations Arms Control/Disarmament Measures in Africa
	African Nuclear-Weapons-Free-Zone Treaty
	Conclusion
	References
7 Mapping of Conflicts and Small Arms and Light Weapons Proliferations in Africa
	Introduction
	Conceptual and Theoretical Framing
	The Study Area, Materials and Methods
		The Context—Mapping the Environmental Fundamentals of SALWs and Conflict
	Mapping of Conflicts and Small Arms and Light Weapons Proliferations in Africa
		Characterization of Conflicts in Africa
		Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALWs)
	What Is Peculiar About Africa’s Topography of Conflicts and Small Arms?
	Conclusion
	Appendix 1: Dynamics of conflicts and proliferation of small arms and light weapons in Africa
	References
8 External Influence, Failed States, Ungoverned Spaces and Small Arms Proliferation in Africa
	Introduction
	“Ungoverned Spaces”, SALWs and Conflicts in Africa
	Africa’s Ungoverned Spaces and the Role of Global (Western) Actors
		The Historical Role of Global Actors in “Creating” Africa’s Ungoverned Spaces
		NATO, Libya and Proliferation of SALWs
	Conclusion
	References
9 Borderland Security and Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons in Africa
	Introduction
	Conceptualizing Borderlands and Small Arms Proliferation
	The Nature and Impact of SALWs Proliferation on Borderland Security in Africa
	Border Security and Management of Small Arms in Africa: Challenges and Solutions
	Conclusion
	References
10 Urban Dynamics and the Challenge of Small Arms and Light Weapons in Africa
	Introduction
	Conceptual Clarification
		Urbanisation
		Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALWs)
	Urbanisation in Africa
	Dependent Urbanisation
	Urban Dynamics and Socio-Economic and Political Implications
	Urban Dynamics and Challenge of the Proliferation of SALWs
	Concluding Remarks
	References
11 Forests, Ungoverned Spaces and the Challenge of Small Arms and Light Weapons Proliferation in Africa
	Introduction
	Forests and Ungoverned Spaces in Africa
		Forest Management and Ungoverned Space in Nigeria
	Ungoverned Forests, Small Arms and Light Weapons Proliferation
	Security Implications of Ungoverned Forests and Illicit SALW Proliferation
	Cattle Rustling and Rural Banditry
	Herdsmen Militancy
	Kidnapping and Hostage-Taking for Ransom
	Highway Robbery
	Insurgency and Militancy
	Conclusion
	References
12 “Resource Curse” and “Resource Wars” and the Proliferation of Small Arms in Africa
	Introduction
	Paradoxical Considerations and Analysis of “Resource Curse” Phenomenon
		Dutch Disease
		Absence of Tangible Capital
		Lack of Functional Institutions
	Resource Wars
	“Resource Curse” and “Resource Wars” as Triggers of the Proliferation of SALWs in Africa
	Conclusion
	References
13 Armed Conflicts, SALWs Proliferation, and Underdevelopment in Africa
	Introduction
	Proliferation of SALWs and Economic Performance: A Conceptual Review
	Violent Conflict and War Economy
	Armed Conflicts, SALWs Proliferation and Underdevelopment in Africa
	SALWs Proliferation and the Dwarfing of the African Economy
	Conclusion
	References
14 Civil Wars, Complex Emergencies, and the Proliferation of Small Arms in Africa
	Introduction
	Civil Wars and Complex Emergencies in Post-Colonial Africa
	Sources of SALWs and Their Proliferation in Africa
	Effects of the Proliferation of SALWs in Africa
	Conclusion
	Bibliography
15 Poverty, Greed and the Proliferation of Small Arms in Africa
	Introduction
	Proliferation of SALWs in Pre (Colonial) Africa: Did Poverty and Greed Matter?
	Explaining Poverty and Greed in SALWs Proliferation: The Deprived Actor and the Rational Actor Debate
	Poverty and Greed in Africa’s Post-colonial SALWs Proliferation
	Poverty in Need of SALWs
	Greed in Need of SALWs
	Conclusion
	References
16 Personality, Arms and Crime: The Psychological Dynamics of Small Arms and Light Weapons Proliferation in Africa
	Introduction
	Background: Africa and the Psychology of Violence
	Conceptual Parameters: Small Arms and Psychology of Violence
	The Psychological Effects of Small Arms in Africa
	Conclusion
	References
17 Socialization, Culture of Violence and Small Arms and Light Weapons Proliferation in Africa
	Introduction
	Conceptual Framework—Socialisation and Culture
	Social Transformation, Social Change and Culture of Violence
	Culture of Violence and SALWs Proliferation in Nigeria
	Nature of Violent Conflicts and SALWs Proliferation in Nigeria
	The Geo-Spatial Dynamics of Small Arms Proliferation and Culture of Violence in Nigeria
	Conclusion
	References
18 Youth Bulge and Small Arms Proliferation in Africa: Guns, Generations and Violent Conflicts
	Introduction
	Conceptual and Theoretical Framing
		Conflict
		Small Arms and Light Weapons
		Youth Bulge
	Theoretical Framing
	Age, Guns and Conflicts in Africa
	Small Arms, Youth Bulge and the Causality of Conflicts in Africa
		High Rate of Unemployment
		Elite Power Struggle
		Radicalization and Extremism
		Criminality
	Age, Guns and Implications on Africa’s Development
		Erosion of Social Cohesion
		Growth of Private Security and Militarization of Society
		Civil Wars and State Collapse
		Upsurge of Internally Displace Persons and Refugees
		Disruption of Socio-Economic Activities
	Conclusion
	References
19 Gendered Construction of Conflict and Small Arms Proliferation in Africa
	Introduction
	Gendered Impact of Conflict in Africa: An Exposition
	Gendered Dimensions of Small Arms and Light Weapons in Africa
	Regional and International Policy and Legal Framework on SALWs Control and Regulation
	Conclusion
	References
20 Guns, Arms Trade and Transnational Crime in Africa
	Introduction
	Conceptual Clarification
		Transnational Crime
		Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALWs)
		Arms Trade
	Background: Arms Trade and Transnational Crime in Africa
	Impacts of Gun Trafficking and Transnational Crime in Africa
	Conclusion
	References
Part III Institutional Framework and Dynamics
21 Military, Arms Monopoly and Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons in Africa
	Introduction
	Understanding the Threshold Terminologies
	Small Arms Proliferation, Violent Conflict, “Un(Under) Governed Spaces” and State Collapse
	Nature and Incidence of SALWs Proliferation in Africa: Is the State Loosing Out?
	SALWs, Armed Violence and Organized Crime
	The State, State Collapse, Un(Under) Governed Spaces and SALWs Proliferation in Africa
	The Military and SALWs Control in Africa: Wither the State Monopoly of Arms?
	SALWs and State’s (De)Monopoly of Arms: Strategic Implications
	Conclusion
	References
22 Legislation, Institution-Building and the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons in Africa
	Introduction
	Conceptual Clarification of Terms
		Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALWs)—A Legal Perspective
	Background: Proliferation of SALWS in Nigeria—Africa’s Worse Case Scenario?
	The Increasing Trend of Proliferation of SALWs in Nigeria
	Multilateral Legal and Institutional Framework on SALWs
		The United Nations Arms Trade Treaty
		The International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons
		UN Protocol Against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms
		The United Nations Programme of Action on Small Arms and Light Weapons (UNPOA), 2001
		The ECOWAS Moratorium
		The ECOWAS Protocol Relating to the Mechanism for Conflict Prevention, Management and Resolution, Peace-Keeping and Security
		The Bamako Declaration, 2000
		The ECOWAS Convention on Small Arms and Light Weapons, Their Ammunition and Other Related Materials
	Municipal Instruments on SALWS in Nigeria
		The Firearms Act, Cap F8 LFN 2004
		The Criminal Code Act, Cap C38 LFN 2004
		The Robbery and Firearms (Special Provisions) Act, Cap R11 LFN 2004
		The Police Act, Cap P19 LFN 2004
		Defence Industries Corporation of Nigeria Act, Cap D4 LFN 2004
		Small Arms Bill
		National Institutional Mechanisms on the Control of SALWs
	Conclusion
	References
23 Police and the Control of Firearms in Africa
	Introduction
	Conceptualizing Firearms and Arms Licensing
	Background: State Policing and Arms Control in Africa
	Factors That Precipitate the Movement and Use of Unlicensed Arms in Africa
	Why Arms Licensing?
	Function of Police Arms Licensing
	Arms licensing and Control in Africa
		Global Arms Control Protocol
		Regional Arms Control
	Police Approach to Arms Licensing in Africa
		National Laws and Police Powers
	Challenges of Arms Licensing in Africa
		Lack of Capacity and Resources
		Absence of Modern Technology
		Weak Public Support
		Corruption in the Public Sector
		State-Sponsored Militias
		Weak Legal Instruments
	Conclusion: Towards Improved Arm Control and Licensing System in Africa
	References
24 Civil Society and Arms Control in Africa
	Introduction
	Proliferation of Small Arms and Its Effects in Africa
	Theoretical Perspectives on Small Arms Proliferation in Africa
	Uncivil Society and Arms Proliferation in Africa: The Flip Side of Civil Society
	The Role of Civil Society in Arms Control in Africa
	Challenges of Civil Society Involvement in the Management of Small Arms
	Conclusion
	References
25 Traditional Institutions and Firearms in Africa: The Politics and Historiography of Small Arms and Conflict Management
	Introduction
	Background: Firearms in Africa’s Historiography and Politics
	Traditional Institutions, Firearms and War Economy in Africa
	African Traditional Institutions and (Dis)Armament in Africa
	Traditional Institutions and Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons in Post-Colonial Africa
	Toward a Paradigm Shift: Traditional Rulers as Agents of Small Arms Control and Conflict Management in Africa
	The Role of Traditional Leaders in Supporting Law Enforcement Agencies to Mop up Illicit Arms in Africa
	Conclusion
	References
26 Customs, Contrabands and Arms Control in Africa
	Introduction
	Conceptual and Theoretical Review of Literature
		Customs
		Small Arms
		Arms Control
	Small Arms as a Global Phenomenon—A Profiling of Rising Trend in Africa
	Causes and Sources of Small Arms and Light Weapons Proliferations in Africa
	The Flow of Small Arms: Types, Sources, Routes and Destinations of SALWs in West Africa
	Conventions on Arms Control in Africa
	The Role of Customs in Curbing Arms Proliferation in Africa
	Efforts by African States and Government on Arms Control
	Conclusion
	References
27 Transport Networks and the Proliferation of Small Arms in Africa
	Introduction
	Conceptual Clarification
		Transport
		Transport Networks
	Types of Transportation Networks and Vulnerabilities
	Transportation Networks in Africa
		East-West Routes
		North-South Routes
		Sea Network
	How Transportation Network Aid Small Arms Proliferation in Africa
	Actions to Control Small Arms Proliferation in Africa
		The Moratorium on the Importation, Exportation and Manufacture of Small Arms and Light Weapons in West Africa
		Programme for Coordination and Assistance for Security and Development in Africa (PCASED)
		The Code of Conduct for the Implementation of the Moratorium
		National Commissions (Natcoms)
	Lapses in Transportation that Aid Proliferation of Small Arms in West Africa
	Conclusion
	References
28 Multinational Corporations, Trafficking of Small Arms and Intractable Conflicts in Africa
	Introduction
	Conceptual and Theoretical Framing of Multinationals, Conflicts, and Small Arms in Africa
		Who Are the Multinational Corporations?
		Proliferation of Small Arms
		The Nature and Substance of Conflicts
		Theoretical Framework—“Intractable Conflict” in Africa
	Trafficking of Small Arms in Africa: The Role of MNCs and Their Parent Countries
	Causes of Small Arms Proliferation and Intractable Conflicts in Africa, and the Influence of the MNCs in the Value Chain
	Consequences of Small Arms Trafficking and Conflict in Africa: The Vicarious Liability of MNCs
	Conclusion
	References
29 Private Security Companies and the Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons in Africa
	Introduction
	Conceptualization of Private Security Companies (PSC) and SALWs
	The Evolution and Efflorescence of PSCs in Africa
	Are PSCs Alternative Security Providers?
	Challenges of PSCs and Threats of Small Arms and Light Weapons to Peace in Africa
	Efforts to Curtail the Menace of SALWS Proliferation in Africa
	Conclusion
	References
30 Economics of Armed Violence in Africa: Supply and Demand Sides of Small Arms and Light Weapons Proliferation
	Introduction
	Framework of Analysis: Demand for and Supply of Small and Light Weapons in Africa
	Economics of Small Arms and Light Weapons
		Key Features of Small Arms
		Trends of Production
		International Transfers
		Demand for SALWs in Africa
		Supply of SALWs in Africa
		The Economic Trajectories and Consequences of SALWs Proliferation in Africa
		Economic Effects of SALWs on African Economic Development
	Discussion and Conclusion
	References
31 Information Communication Technology, CyberSecurity and Small Arms in Africa
	Introduction
	Conceptual Contours: ICT, Small Arms and CyberSecurity
		Information Communication Technology (ICT)
		CyberSecurity
		Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALWs)
	The Nature, Scope and Consequences of Small Arms Proliferation in Africa
	Factors that Drive the Proliferation and Use of Uncontrolled and Illicit Arms in Africa
		The Global Arms Trade Treaty (ATT)
	Small Arms: A Tool in Conflict, Development, Health and Crime
	The Role of ICT in the Proliferation of Small Arms in Africa
	ICT-Driven Counter Small Arms and CyberSecurity Policy in Africa
		CyberSecurity Strategies and the Control of Small Arms in Africa
	Crisis of Regulation of Uncontrolled Spread of Arms in Africa
	Cooperation Among Armed Forces and Security Forces in Combating the Proliferation of Small Arms in Africa
	Conclusion
	References
Part IV National Experiences
32 Central African Republic: The Contagion of Identity-Linked Sectarian Violence, Internally Displaced Populations (IDPs) and Small Arms Proliferation
	Introduction
	Literature
	State Structures, Political Leadership and Displaced Populations
		Sectarian Violence, Internally Displaced Populations (IDPs) and SALWs Proliferation
	What Is Peculiar About CAR?
	Conclusion
	References
33 Egypt: Arab Spring, Regime Crisis and the Proliferation of Small Arms
	Introduction
	Conceptual Clarifications
	Arab Spring and Regime Crisis in Egypt
	Regime Crisis and Small Arms and Light Weapons Proliferation in Egypt
	Concluding Remarks
	References
34 Ethiopia: Political Volatility and Small Arms Proliferation
	Introduction
	The Historical Legacy of Firearm Prevalence in Ethiopia and the Horn
	Small Arms Regulation in Ethiopia
	A Conceptual Note: Relation Between Availability of SALWs and the Frequency and Severity of Conflict
	Regional Overview: Porous Borders and a Single Market in the Horn
	The Pattern of Small Arms and Light Weapons Prevalence in Ethiopia Today
	Highland Ethiopia
	Pastoralist Lowlands
	Border Regions
	Who Are the Users?
	Conclusion and the Future
	References
35 Libya: The Proliferation of Small Arms Post-Ghaddafi
	Introduction
	Authoritarian Resilience, Global “Rogue Politics” and State Collapse: A Conceptual Framing of the Libyan Conundrum
	Domestic Contestations, External Threats, and the Amassment of SALWs in Libya Under Ghaddafi
	Power Vacuum, Post-Revolution, and the Effects of Proliferation SALWs in Libya
	The Impacts of SALWs Proliferation from Post-Ghaddafi’s Libya on Other Africa States
	The Impact of SALWs Proliferation from Libya on Mali
	The Impact of SALWs Proliferation from Libya on Nigeria
	Addressing the Proliferation of SALWs in Post-Ghaddafi Libya Through Implementation of International Instruments
	Conclusion
	References
36 Mali: The Ecology of Insurgency, Terrorism and Small Arms Proliferation
	Introduction
	The Ecology of Insurgency in Mali
	The Ecology of Terrorism in Mali
	Proliferation of SALWs in Mali
		The Drug and Criminal Networks
		State Policies and Horizontal Inequality
		The Fall of Muammar Qaddafi vs Local Shenanigans
	Conclusion
	References
37 Nigeria: Militancy, Insurgency and the Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapon
	Introduction
	Conceptual Clarifications
		Militancy
		Insurgency
		Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons
	Militancy in the Niger Delta and the Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons
	Boko Haram Insurgency and the Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons
	Consequences of Militancy, Insurgency and Proliferation of SALWs
	Efforts at Combating Militancy, Insurgency and the Proliferation of SALWs
	Conclusion
	References
38 Niger Republic: Small Arms and Asymmetric Warfare in a Volatile Neighborhood
	Introduction
	SALWs and Asymmetric Warfare: A Dyadic Context
	Terrorism and Counterterrorism: A Conceptual and Historical Overview
	SALWs and Asymmetric Warfare: The “Security Dilemma” in Niger Republic
	SALWs and the Externalities of Terrorism and Counterterrorism in Niger
	Conclusion
	References
39 South Africa: Xenophobia, Crime and Small Arms Proliferation
	Introduction
	South Africa’s Experience with SALWs
	Understanding Xenophobia and Crime in South Africa
	Impact of SALWs on Crime and Xenophobia
	Policy and Security Implications on SALWs and Crime
		Legislative Framework Implementation
		Responses from the South African Government to SALW Proliferation
		Community Engagement and Ownership in Preventing SALW Proliferation
		The South Africa Police Service and Managing SALW Proliferation and Preventing Crime
		Non-governmental Organisations and Their Fight Against SALW
	Conclusion
	References
40 Sierra Leone: Civil War, Democratic Collapse and Small Arms Proliferation
	Introduction
	Historical Dynamics, Failed Democratic Experiments and Civil War in Sierra Leone
	The Supply and Impact of SALWs on Sierra Leone During the Civil War
	Addressing SALWs Proliferation in Post-conflict Sierra Leone
	Conclusion
	References
41 Somalia: State Collapse and the Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons
	Introduction
	Somalia: Mapping the Historical Trajectory of State Collapse and Emerging Contested Spaces
		PostColonial Complex Social Formation and Fragmentation
		Post-Barre Descend to Anarchy
		State Collapse and the Incubation of Radical Islamist Group
	State Fragility and the Dynamics of Proliferation of SALWs
	Crosscutting Connections in Proliferation of Illicit SALWs: Local Dynamics, Regional Trends and Global Intersections
		Regional SALWs Proliferation: Porous Border, Illicit Arms Trade and “Ungoverned Spaces”
		State-Level Proliferation of SALWs: Dysfunctional Governance and Informalization of Security
		Local Dynamics in the Proliferation of SALWs: State of Anarchy and Clan-Based Conflict
	Multi-Level Mechanisms for Arms Control and Disarmament
	Conclusion
	References
42 Uganda: Protracted Conflict, Insurgency and SALWs Proliferation
	Introduction: Background to Protracted Conflicts and Insurgency in Uganda
	Protracted Conflicts, Insurgency and SALWs Proliferation in Uganda
	The Effects of Protracted Conflicts, Insurgency and SALWs Proliferation on Peace, Security and Development in Uganda
	SALWs Control and Prevention Strategies in Uganda
	Challenges of SALWs Control and Prevention in Uganda
	Conclusion
	References
Part V Regional Perspectives
43 West Africa: Regional Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons Proliferation
	Introduction
	Conceptualising the Control of SALWs: A Regional Security Perspective
	Complex Dynamics of Small Arms in West Africa
	ECOWAS Approach to Controlling SALWs in West Africa
	Challenges to Managing SALW in West Africa
	Conclusion
	References
44 Lake Chad Basin: Transnational Insurgency, Counter-Insurgency and the Proliferation of Small Arms
	Introduction: Insurgency and Counterinsurgency in the Lake Chad Basin 
	Conceptualization: Transnational Insurgency, Counterinsurgency and Proliferation of SALWs
		Transnational Insurgency
		Counterinsurgency
		Small Arms and Light Weapons
	“Thorns on the Flesh of Counterinsurgency”: The Propellants of Small Arms and Light Weapons in the Lake Chad Basin
		Farmers–Herders Conflict
		Porous Borders
		Looting from National Stockpiles
		The Repercussions of the “Arab Spring”
	Measures for Addressing the Proliferation of SALWs in the Lake Chad Basin
		Full Compliance to the ECOWAS Moratorium/Convention on Small Arms
		Border Security
		Inter-agency Cooperation
		Civil Society Advocacy
	Conclusion
	References
45 The Manor River Region: Volatility and Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons
	Introduction
	Conceptual Clarification
		Volatility
		Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALWs)
	Background on the Manor River Union
		The Origin of MRU
		The Structure and Dynamics of MRU
		The Summit or Assembly of Heads of State and Government
		Union Ministerial Council
		The Union Standing Committee/Technical Commissions
		The Union Secretariat
	Violent Conflicts in the Manor River Region
	Volatility and the Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons in the Manor River Region
	MRU’s Architecture for Small Arms Control and Conflict Resolution
	Post-conflict Reconstruction, Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR)
	Conclusion
	References
46 Southern Africa: Regional Dynamics of Conflict and the Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons
	Introduction
	Conceptualising Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALWs)
	Conflict and Proliferation of SALWs in Southern Africa
	Regional Dynamics of SALWs and Governance in Southern Africa
	Governance and Institutions for Peace and Security
	Regional Initiatives and Agreements for Combatting SALWs in Southern Africa
		SADC Firearms Protocol
	Impact of Proliferation of SALWs on and Regional Economic Cooperation and Security in Southern Africa
	Manifestation of SALWs at Community Level: Case of Machete Wars in Small Scale Mining Areas in Southern Africa
	Conclusion
	References
Index