The Palgrave Handbook Of National Security

Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
1 National Security: Theories, Actors, Issues
Part I Theories
2 Understanding National Security: The Promises and Pitfalls of International Relations Theory
	The National Security Landscape: Changing Definitions, Themes and Processes
		Statehood, Securitisation and National Security
		National Interests
		Sovereignty and International Law
		Power, Influence and International Order
		Making National Security Policy in an Age of Globalisation and Shifting Power: Balancing Risk and Resilience
	Theories of International Relations and National Security Choices
		Realist Approaches
		Liberal Approaches
		Constructivist Approaches
	From Theory to Practice: Case Studies on Major National Security Issues
		The Global War on Terror
		Climate Change
		Shifts in Global Order: The Rise of China and the Relative Decline of the United States
	Conclusions
3 National Security and Public Policy: Exceptionalism Versus Accountability
	What Is Public Policy?
	A Brief History of Public Policy
	Public Policy in Liberal Democracies
	National Security and Public Policy in Liberal Democracy
		Methodological Challenges of National Security Evaluation
	Exceptionalized Policy-Making in Liberal Democracies
	Scrutiny, Accountability and Exceptionalism
	Exempting National Security from Public Policy Imperatives
	The Expanding Remit of National Security Policy
	National Security and the Shadow of Illiberalism
	Conclusions
4 Ethics and National Security: A Case for Reasons in Decision-Making
	Introduction
	The Problem: Ethics and National Security
	On Ethics, National Security and Liberal Democracies
		Ethics
		Nations and States16
		Security
	An Open Question: Pluralism Versus Anything Goes33
	A Dynamic Space
	Where To? A Guide for Ethical Decision Making in National Security
Part II Actors
5 Nothing to Fear but Fear Itself: The National Security Policy of the United States
	Free Security
	What Are We Afraid Of? Issues and Debates in Twenty-First-Century U.S. National Security
		Traditional Threats: Peer Competitors
		Nontraditional Threats: Terrorism, Rogue, and Failed States
		Technological Threats: Nuclear, Cyber!, Killer Robots
	Nuclear Weapons States, 1988 and 2018
		Imagined Threats: Unknown Unknowns
	Structure and Insecurity
	Conclusions
6 Chinese National Security: New Agendas and Emerging Challenges
	The End of the Cold War and Emerging Security Challenges
	National Security: Emerging Challenges
		Reconceptualizing Security: New Structures
	Conclusion
7 Russia’s National Security Posture
	The Roots of Russian Conduct
	Understanding Russian National Security Policy
		Constructivist Approaches
		Neoliberal Approaches
		Realist Approaches
	Power and Weakness: Enablers and Constraints
		Military Power
		Information Operations and Hybrid Warfare Capabilities
		Energy: Encouraging Vulnerable Over-Dependencies
		Institutional Underdevelopment, Sub-regional Weakness, and Political Vulnerability
	Conclusions
8 Between Aspiration and Reality: Evolution of Japanese National Security Policy
	Background: Basic Elements of Japan’s National Security Policy
	A Framework Challenged: Japan’s Security Policy in Post-Cold War and Post-9/11 Years
	Japan Transformed? Changes Made Under the Second Abe Cabinet (December 2012–Present)
	Conclusion: A Glass Ceiling for Japan’s National Security Policy
9 India’s National Security Challenges and the State Response
	A Gradual Evolution in Indian National Security Policy
		India’s Relationship with Pakistan
		Sino-Indian Tensions
		Left Wing Extremism
		State Responses to LWE
		Insurgency in the Northeast
		Indian Responses to Insurgencies in the Northeast
		Terrorism in Punjab
		Terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir
	Conclusion
10 Turkey: The Security Policy of a ‘Lonely’ State
	Introduction: With a Neighbourhood like Turkey’s, Who Needs Enemies?
	Turkey, Existentially: Who Are Turks and What Is Turkey?1
	The Inter-War Years: Security Policy Foundations16
	The Security Policy of the Pre-AKP Republic: The Cold War Years
	Turkish Security Policy, the End of the Cold War and the Rise of the AKP
	The Kurdish Issue, Again
	The KRG
	Conclusion: Turkey’s Loneliness
11 Securing Iran in the Internet age
	Security in the Founding Moments of the Islamic Republic
	Key Events and Issues
	Iranian Regime Security and the Internet: A Double-Edged Sword
	Conclusions
12 Brazil: In Search of a Security Space
	Introduction
	From Independence to Globalization: The Pathway Toward Autonomy
	Re-democratization: From Great Power to Middle Power
	An Exhausted Democracy: Back to Pre-autonomy Days?
	Conclusion
Part III Issues
13 Nuclear Weapons and National Security: From the Cold War to the “Second Nuclear Age” and Beyond
	The Evolution of Nuclear Politics: Between MAD and “Nuclear Abstinence”
		Nuclear Weapons and the Cold War: Toward MAD
		Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty: An Imperfect Nuclear Abstinence?
	The Post-Cold War Nuclear Interregnum and the “Second Nuclear Age”
	Nuclear Postures of Major Powers
		United States
		Russia
		China
	Nuclear Flashpoints
		Nuclear Instability on the Korean Peninsula
		The South Asian Nuclear Triangle
		Testing Transatlantic Cohesion: Russian Adventurism in Ukraine and the Baltics
	Conclusions
14 Maritime Security: Problems and Prospects for National Security Policymakers
	Introduction
	Situating ‘Maritime Security’
		Protecting National (Maritime) Security—The Navies
	Contemporary National Security Threats: The Maritime Sphere
		National Security and Non-Traditional Maritime Security Threats
		Safeguarding National Security: Addressing Non-Traditional Maritime Security Threats
		Defending National Security? the Rise of Non-State Actors
	Conclusion
15 Intelligence and National Security: The National Security Problematique
	Approaches to the Intelligence Cycle
		Direction
		Planning
		Collection and Collation
		Analysis and Processing
	Evaluation
	Dissemination
	Intelligence Gaps and Failures
	Politicisation of Intelligence
	Conclusion
16 Machine Learning, Mass Surveillance, and National Security: Data, Efficacy, and Meaningful Human Control
	Introduction
	Machine Learning for Mass Surveillance
		Facial Recognition / Smart Surveillance Cameras
		Voice Recognition
		Attack Prediction
		Financial Fraud
		Propaganda on Social Media
	Societal Implications of the Training Data
		The Source
		Dual Use
		Legitimacy
		Security
		Labeling
		Biases of the Past
		Disparate Impact
	The Effectiveness of ML for Mass Surveillance
		Not Enough Data
		Precision vs Recall
		Past vs. Future
	Meaningful Human Control over ML for Mass Surveillance
		Veto Power
		Explainability
		Moral Machines
	Conclusion
17 Information as an Evolving National Security Concern
	Introduction
	Terrorist Exploitation of Social Media
	Foreign Influence Operations
	Oligopologisation of Epistemic Power
	National Security and State Responsibility: What is at Stake?
Index