The Palgrave Handbook of Global Rehabilitation in Criminal Justice

Acknowledgements
Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
Prospect
	Rehabilitation
	Structure and Content of the Book
	References
Law, Economic Crisis, and Diversity: An Overview of Rehabilitation in Argentina
	The Broad Constitutional Context
	The Law and Rehabilitation
	The 2017 Reform and Its Consequences
	The Results of the Economic Crisis
	Diversity and the Law
	Rehabilitation and Restorative Justice
	Conclusion: Future Possibilities
	Notes
	References
Rehabilitation and Beyond in Settler Colonial Australia: Current and Future Directions in Policy and Practice
	Settler Colonialism and the Criminal Legal System in Australia
	The Law and Policy Context of Rehabilitationin NSW
	Future Directions in Rehabilitation Policy and Practice: Abolitionism and First Nations Justice Approaches
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
Exploring Expectations and Realities of Rehabilitation in the Canadian Context
	Corrections and Rehabilitation in Canada—An Overview
	Canadian Penality in a Global Context
	Imprisonment and Rehabilitation
	Rehabilitation Post-Prison: The Role of Government
	Post-Prison Supports and the Role of Community
	Gender and Rehabilitation
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
History and Transformations of the Model of Rehabilitation in the Criminal Justice System in Chile
	A Brief Historical and Contextual Background to the Arrival of the Rehabilitative Ideal in the Chilean Criminal Justice System
	The Concept of Rehabilitation4 Within the Chilean Normative Structure
	The Penal Population and a State of Fragile Stability
	The Model of Rehabilitation and Social Reintegration Delivered by Gendarmería
	How the Model Works in the Three Systems, Closed, Open, and Post-Penitentiary
	The Concession System of Prisons
	Future Directions in Policy and Practice
	Notes
	References
Rehabilitation in a Risk Society: ‘The Case of China’
	A Historical Snapshot of Rehabilitation in China
	The Status Quo of Rehabilitation—The Legal and Operational Contexts
	Discursive Underpinnings and Future Directions
	Notes
	References
Penitentiary System in Colombia
	Recent History of the Colombian Penitentiary and Prison System
	Colombian Penitentiary System Structure
	Structural and Functional Problems of the Penitentiary System in Colombia: Human Rights Compliance
	Social Support Network
	Evaluation Processes
	Penitentiary Programmes
	Notes
	References
Rehabilitation Practices in the Adult Criminal Justice System in England and Wales
	A Short Introductory History of Rehabilitation Mechanisms
	Theoretical Underpinnings to Models of Rehabilitation
	Current Mechanisms and Their Policy and Political Context
	Rehabilitation and Diversity
	Research Findings and Effectiveness
	Future Directions in Policy and Practice
	References
Blending Culture, Religion, and the Yellow Ribbon Program: Rehabilitation in Fiji
	Customary Justice in Fiji
	Demographics and Diversity: New Challenges for the Fiji Corrections Service
	The Intake Process
	The Fijian Incarcerable Experience
	Upskilling and the Yellow Ribbon Project
	Embedding Community into Effective Rehabilitation
	Conclusion: An Inappropriate Cultural Focus and the Need for Change
	Notes
	References
Rehabilitative Aims and Values in Finnish (and Nordic) Criminal Justice
	From Treatment to ‘Humane Neoclassicism’
	New Trends—New Solutions
	Normative Framework: Aims and Values in Finnish Sentencing and Enforcement
	Programmes and Enforcement Practices
	Open Prisons and the Normality Principle
	Prisons as a Last Resort: Community Service and Electronic Monitoring as Substitutes to Imprisonment
	Concluding Remarks
	Notes
	References
France: Executive Managerialism, Frantic Law Reform, but Desistance Culture
	Historical Mechanisms
	Current Mechanisms and Their Policy and Political Contexts
	Punitive Front Door but Releasing Back Door
	Treatment Techniques: A Patchwork
	Rehabilitation and Diversity
	Theoretical Underpinnings to Models of Rehabilitation
	Research Findings and Effectiveness
	Conclusion: Future Directions in Policy and Practice
	References
Rehabilitation in Ghana: Assessing Prison Conditions and Effectiveness of Interventions for Incarcerated Adults
	Traditional Notions of Punishment and Rehabilitation
	Prisons and Rehabilitation
	Rehabilitation Programmes in Prisons
	Prison Rehabilitation Programmes: A Closer Look
	Current Rehabilitation and Reform Initiatives
	Conclusion
	References
Approaches to Rehabilitation in Hong Kong
	Rehabilitation in the Hong Kong Criminal Justice System
	Social Work Model of Probation
	The Delivery of Rehabilitation in the Context of Prison
	The Future of Rehabilitation as a Prime Goal in Hong Kong
	References
From Need-Based to Control-Based Rehabilitation: The Hungarian Case
	A Short Introductory History of Rehabilitation Mechanisms
	Current Mechanisms and Their Policy, Political and Statistical Context
	Specific Programmes and Methods
	Rehabilitation and Diversity
	Theoretical Underpinnings to Models of Rehabilitation
	Research Findings and Effectiveness
	Future Directions in Policy and Practice
	References
A Critical Commentary on Rehabilitation of Offenders in India
	The Rehabilitation of Adults
	The Rehabilitation of Juveniles
	Conclusion: Future Challenges for Rehabilitation in India
	Notes
	References
Beyond the Treatment Paradigm: Expanding the Rehabilitative Imagination in Ireland
	Policies, Programmes and Contexts
	Conclusion
	References
Serving a Sentence in Italy: Old and New Challenges
	A Brief Historical Outline of the Rehabilitation System in Italy
	Rehabilitation Mechanisms: Context and Statistics
	Available Tools for the Rehabilitation of Sentenced People
	Rehabilitation of Sentenced Foreigners
	Empirical Results of the Italian Rehabilitation System
	Future Perspectives: New Rehabilitation Paradigms
	Notes
	References
Community-Based Rehabilitation in Japan: Some Unique Characteristics of the Japanese System and Recent Developments
	Historical Perspective of Community-Based Rehabilitation Services in Japan
	The Current System for Community-Based Rehabilitation
	Organisational Structure of the Rehabilitation Services
	Data on Probation and Parole
	Evidence-Based Treatment Programmes and Support Measures
	Conclusion: Challenges and Future Prospects
	References
Criminal Rehabilitation in Kenya: Opportunities and Pitfalls
	Characteristics of the Prison Population
	Pitfalls in Criminal Rehabilitation Programme in Kenya
	Conclusion and Recommendations
	References
Framing and Reframing the Rehabilitation in Criminal Justice in Latvia
	The Historical Context of Rehabilitation in Latvia
	Origins and History of Rehabilitation Mechanisms in Latvia
	The Restart of Rehabilitation
	Alternatives for Deprivation of Liberty and a New Probation Service
	Models of Rehabilitation in Latvia: Putting Principles into Practice
	Development and Reframing the Rehabilitation (2009–2022)
	Research and Rehabilitation Practices
	Conclusions: Current Scope and Future Directions
	Notes
	References
Criminal Justice Rehabilitation in Macao, China
	Introductory History and Current Mechanisms of Correction and Rehabilitation in Macao
	Rehabilitation Programmes in Macao
	Theoretical Underpinnings to Models of Rehabilitation
	Research Findings of Correction and Rehabilitation in Macao
		Current Research in Macao
	Future Directions in Policy and Practice of Macao’s Rehabilitation
	Note
	References
The Legal Flaws and Material Implementation Gaps of Mexico’s Rehabilitation Paradigm
	From readaptación to reinserción. The Unfinished Path to a Paradigm Shift
	Indigenous Women and ‘Drug Traffickers’: Accumulated Discrimination in a Rehabilitation Void
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
Rehabilitation Within the Criminal-Legal System in Missouri
	United States Criminal-Legal System—A Snapshot
	Negative Impacts of Incarceration and Need for Rehabilitation
	Rehabilitation and Preventing Recidivism
	Intercept One
	Intercepts Two/Three
	Intercept Four
	Intercept Five
	Future Directions
	Notes
	References
Resocialisation and Reintegration in the Netherlands: Political Narrative Versus Reality
	Current Mechanisms and Their Policy and Political Context
	Rehabilitation and Diversity
	Theoretical Underpinnings to Models of Rehabilitation
	Research Findings and Effectiveness
	Future Directions in Policy and Practice
	Notes
	References
Rehabilitation, Restoration and Reintegration in Aotearoa New Zealand
	The Penal System in Aotearoa New Zealand
	History of Rehabilitation in Aotearoa New Zealand
	Rehabilitation Programmes—The Dominance of Risk, Needs and Responsivity
	Critical Issues to Current Approaches to Rehabilitation in Aotearoa New Zealand
	Indigenisation of Rehabilitative Processes
	Potential Future Directions in Rehabilitation in Aotearoa New Zealand
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
An Overview of Rehabilitation Mechanisms in Nigeria’s Criminal Justice System
	A Brief Introductory History of Rehabilitation Mechanisms in Nigeria’s Criminal Justice System
	Current Mechanisms of Rehabilitation and Their Policy in Nigeria’s Criminal Justice System
	Rehabilitation and Diversity
	Theoretical Underpinnings to Models of Rehabilitation
	Research Findings: Effectiveness of Rehabilitation Mechanisms
	Future Directions in Policy and Practice
	Conclusion
	References
Penal Welfarism and Rehabilitation in Norway: Ambitions, Strengths and Challenges
	A Brief History of Rehabilitation Discourse in Norway
	Two Logics of Rehabilitation?
	Rehabilitation in Contemporary Norwegian Penal Practice
	Conclusion: Key Challenges and Future Research
	Notes
	References
Rehabilitation in Romania—The First 100 Years
	A Brief History of the Rehabilitation Concept in Romania
	Legal Framework
	Effectiveness of the New Penal Code
	Specific Programmes and Methods
	Rehabilitation and Diversity
	Concluding Remarks
	Notes
	References
Rehabilitation of Offenders in the Scottish Criminal Justice System
	Historical Offending Context in Scotland
		What Does the Criminal Justice System Look Like in Scotland?
	Theories of Offending for Scotland
	Criminal Justice Agencies in Scotland
	Punishment—Moving to Rehabilitation
	Rehabilitative Effort in Scotland: Working or Not?
	Future Directions
	Note
	References
Offender Rehabilitation Approaches in South Africa: An Evidence-Based Analysis
	Understanding the Concept of Rehabilitation
	The ‘Offender Rehabilitation Approach’ in South Africa: Need and Risk Assessment Principles
	The Rehabilitation Principle
	Evaluating the Implementation of the Offender Rehabilitation Approach in South Africa
	The Impact of Prison Overcrowding on the Rehabilitation of Offenders
	Conclusion
	References
Rehabilitation in Spain: Between Legal Intentions and Institutional Limitations
	Brief Context: Setting the Legal and Administrative Scene
	A Note on the Landscape of Punishment in Spain
	Prison, Parole and Rehabilitation
	Rehabilitation in the Community
	A Brief Note on Criminal Records and Their Impact on the Social Reintegration of Individuals Who Have Offended
	Evidence of Effectiveness
	To Conclude
	Notes
	References
Criminal Justice Rehabilitation in Sweden: Towards an Integrative Model
	Current Policy and Debate in Sweden
	The Risk-Needs-Responsivity Model
	The Swedish Prison and Probation Service (SPPS)
	Assessment and Case Management Planning
	Psychological Treatment Programmes
	Education and Vocational Training
	Health and Medical Care
	Probation and RNR
	Electronic Monitoring
	Cooperation for Crime Prevention
	Future Directions—Towards on Integrated Model
	RNR as the Main Paradigm
	Biopsychosocial Models
	High-Quality Research to Ensure Resources
	References
Rehabilitation in Taiwan
	History of Taiwanese Criminal Justice Rehabilitation
	The Birth of the Adult Probation and Parole Service in the 1980s
	The Rise of Governmental Purchased Rehabilitation Services in 2000s
	Who Works in Rehabilitation in Taiwan?
	Probation/Parole and Professional Development
	Probation and Parole Programs Before 2000
	Bifurcated Criminal Policy Reform in 2000
	Special Policies for Sexual Assault Offender Treatment Since 2005
	Implementation of Social Labor in the Community in 2009
	More Demands on Community Supervision and Medical Treatment for Violent, Psychiatric, and Drug/Alcohol Addicted Individuals Since 2010
	New Developments in Rehabilitation 2010: Introducing Offender’s Family Support, Victim Services, and Restorative Justice
	Models of Rehabilitation and Its Meanings
	Effectiveness of Rehabilitation
	Re-Offending and Violation of Parole
	Completion of Harm-Reduction Community Treatment and Labor Orders
	Conclusion: Future Challenges in Policy and Practice
	Notes
	References
Rehabilitation and the Adult Correctional Population in Texas
	Rehabilitation in Theory and Context
	Probation and Rehabilitation Programs in Community Supervision
	Rehabilitation Programs: Prison and Parole
	Measuring Rehabilitation Success
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
Key Practices in Thai Prisons: Rehabilitation
	Introduction
	History of Rehabilitation in Thailand
	Current Mechanisms, Policy and Statistical Contexts
	Specific Programmes and Methods
	Theoretical Underpinnings to Rehabilitation
	Research Findings and Effectiveness
	Future Directions in Policy and Practice
	Notes
	References
Probation and the Prevention of Recidivism in Tunisia: Still Uncertain Beginnings
	Brief History
	A First Probation Office Experience in Sousse
	The Justice Reform Support Programme and the Extension of Probation
	The Installation of the First Probation Offices
	Intervention Models and Theoretical Foundations
	Definition of Tunisian Probation
	Structuring the Monitoring Process
	The Contributions of Research
	A Weak Legislative Framework
	An Extension of Probation Offices but a Chronic Lack of Resources
	The Necessary Acculturation of Judges
	The Future?
	References
The Unfinished Symphony: Progress and Setbacks Towards a Rehabilitation Policy in Uruguay
	The Drive to a Rehabilitation Perspective in the Framework of Prison Reform
	Programmes Developed During the Prison Reform
	Quality Information and Evaluation as Substantive Requirements of Public Policy
	The Relevance of Prison Staff for Advancing the Perspective of Rehabilitation
	Current Mechanisms and Their Policy and Political Contexts
	Future Directions in Policy and Practice
	Notes
	References
Reentry and Reintegration in Virginia, U.S.
	Recidivism in Virginia at a Glance
	Virginia’s High Rates of Custodial Supervision
	Virginia’s Custodial Programming and Practices
	Methods for Assessing VADOC Programs
	Available Virginia Carceral Programs and Their Evidence-Base
	Summary of Existing Carceral and Community Reentry Programs
	Understanding Desistance and Rehabilitation
	Alternate Frameworks of Desistance and Rehabilitation
	Recommendations for Virginia
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
Retrospect: Looking Back—Looking Forward
	Forms of Historical Rehabilitation in Criminal Justice
	The Present State of Play
	Looking Forward
	Restorative Justice
	Envoi
	References
Index