The Palgrave Handbook of Gender, Media and Communication in the Middle East and North Africa

Acknowledgments
Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
List of Images
List of Tables
Chapter 1: Introduction to Gender, Media, and Communication in MENA
	References
Part I: Introduction: Gendered Identities and Sexualities
	Chapter 2: Loving Daughters, Devoted Sons and Kissing Protestors Online: Navigating Intimacy and Multiple Aspects of the Self Among Young Facebook Users in Egypt
		Introduction
		Ethnographic Approach
		Urban Youth and the Digital Age
		Two Facebook Accounts: Ways to Navigate Multiple Aspects of the Self
		Test Site for Intimate Desires
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 3: Making Visible the Unseen Queer: Gay Dating Apps and Ideologies of Truthmaking in an Outing Campaign in Morocco
		“I Feel Bad for Some Faggots, But I Don’t Really Care”: Sofia Talouni and the Call to Expose
		“Please, Instagram, Do Something!”: Strategies of Responding to Sofia Talouni on Social Media
		“We Are in This Together”: Conclusions and Implications of the Sofia Talouni Affair
		References
	Chapter 4: Queer Resistance and Activism in Upon the Shadow
		Introduction
		Queer Subjectivities and Family: Negotiating Home
		Negotiating Public Space and Creating Queer Alternative Sites
		Resistance and Activism
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 5: Saudi Women in the Mohammed bin Salman Era: Examining the Paradigm Shift
		Introduction
		Women’s Status in KSA: A Historical Overview
		MBS and Women
		Representation of Saudi Women in the Media
		Methodology
		Data Analysis
			Arab News
			Al Riyadh
			Okaz
		Discussion and Conclusion
		References
Part II: Introduction: Gender and Activism
	Chapter 6: Mothering the Protest: Gender Performativity as a Communication Mechanism in the Iraqi Protest Movement
		The Data Collection
		The Theoretical Framework
		The “Performance Turn” and “Gender Performativity” in Communication Studies
		Mothering Activism: Mothering Versus Motherhood
		Mother Activists: Strategizing Essentialism and Emotionalism
		What Happened in Al-Sadrain Square?
		Um Muhanned: From the Personal Grief to the Public Call for Justice
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 7: Iraq’s October Revolution: Between Structures of Patriarchy and Emotion
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Defining the Patriarchy
			7.2.1 Structuralism
			7.2.2 Intervention
			7.2.3 Paternalism
		7.3 Emotion in Social Movements
		7.4 Mobilized Expression in Public and Virtual Spaces
			7.4.1 Expression in Public Space
			7.4.2 Expression in Virtual Spaces
			7.4.3 Artistic Expression
		7.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 8: Blogging in Pre-war Syria: Female Voices from Within an Authoritarian Regime and Patriarchal Society
		The Syrian Blogosphere 2008–2011: A Male Cluster
		Blogging in English: A Female Way to Escape the Limits of a Non-inclusive Society
		Different Forms of Activism: Female Voices from Within the Authoritarian Regime and Patriarchy
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 9: Syrian Women in the Digital Sphere
		Introduction
		Syrian Women’s Activism: An Overview
		Opportunities
		Syrian Women as Media Activists
		Challenges
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 10: Following in Gezi’s Steps: Women’s Activism After the Gezi Protests
		Introduction
		Methodology
		Theoretical Framework
		Theorizing Transformations in the Women’s Movements
		Women’s Activism at Gezi
		Solidarity Among Women’s Groups
		A Year After Gezi: The Turkish Penal Code (TCK) Reforms
		Campaigning Online and Offline
		‘We Object’ (‘İtiraz Ediyoruz’)
		“Don’t Touch My Child Body” (“Çocuk Bedenime Dokunma”)
		Following Gezi’s Footsteps
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 11: Egypt’s #MeToo in the Shadow of Revolution: Digital Activism and the Demobilization of the Sexual Harassment Movement
		ICTs and Social Movements: Theoretical Considerations
		Anti-sexual Harassment Activism in Egypt, 2005–2013
			Digital Activism to Combat Sexual Harassment
		The Demobilization of the Anti-sexual Harassment Movement, 2014 and Beyond
		#MeToo Resurgence of Anti-sexual Harassment Activism, from 2018
		Conclusion
		References
Part III: Introduction: The Gender of Politics
	Chapter 12: Women and Politics in the Islamic Republic of Iran: The Role of Women’s Magazines
		Methods and Reasoning for Case Selection
		Women and Politics in Iran
		Diplomatic Challenges to the Status Quo: The Role of Iranian Women’s Magazines
		Zanan and Zanan-e Emrooz
		Demands for Women in Politics
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 13: Omani Women in the Media: Navigating Political and Social Powers
		History of Women, the Media, and Politics in Oman
		Studying Female Candidates’ Election Campaigns
		Running a Campaign as a Woman in Oman
			Case Study: Despite Cultural Backlash, Basma Leverages Social Media
		Omani Media: Between Expectations and Reality
			Case Study: Salema Is Challenged By Traditional Media
			Case Study: Sana Navigates Privately Owned Media
		Reflecting on Gender in Traditional Versus New Media
		Investigating Female Candidates’ Challenges
		The Role of Media in Creating an Enabling Environment
		Media Content Analysis
			Article Case Studies
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 14: The Intersection of Politics, Gender, and Media: Female Politicians in Popular Israeli Women’s Magazines
		Mediated Representations of Gender and Politics
		Popular Women’s Magazines at a Feminist Zeitgeist
		The Israeli Gendered Socio-Political Context
		Methodology for this Study
		Findings
		Breaking Gendered Stereotypes: Determined Political Fighters
		A Feminist Image as a Political Asset
		Softening Politics Through Stereotypical Feminine Appearance
		Discussion and Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 15: Seizing the Opportunity: Political Participation of Libyan Women and Their Partaking in Communication Platforms
		Introduction
			Putting Gender Activism in Libya in Perspective
		Women’s Public Engagement Opportunities During the Monarchy
		Women’s Public Engagement Opportunities During Gaddafi’s Regime
		Women’s Public Engagement Opportunities During the Revolution
			Women in Communication Platforms During the Revolution
		Women’s Public Engagement Opportunities After the Revolution
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 16: Facebook’s Role in Empowering Egyptian Women During COVID-19: Case of the 2020 Parliamentary Elections
		Introduction
		Conceptual and Theoretical Framework
			Social Media and Political Participation
			Facebook in Egypt
			Women Empowerment and Political Representation
		Quantitative Analysis
			Data Analysis Methods
		Discussion and Conclusion
		Appendix
		References
Part IV: Introduction to Gender-Based Violence
	Chapter 17: Digital Intimacy and Violence in Contemporary Libya
		Militarization and Digital Intimacy
		Finding a Partner
		Obtaining Familial Agreement
		Navigating Gendered Traumas
		Desiring Stability/Producing New Moralities
		References
	Chapter 18: Palestinian Women’s Digital Activism Against Gender-Based Violence: Navigating Transnational and Social Media Spaces
		Gender-Based Violence in Palestine
		Navigating Space, Effecting Change: Palestinian Women’s Online Activism Against GBV
			Alternative Space for Action
			A Transnational Geolinguistic Space
		Mirroring Structural Inequalities and Patriarchy
		The Palestinian Women’s Movement and Digital Activism in Context
		References
	Chapter 19: Uncovering Narratives: The Effects of Algerian Media and Legal System on Survivors of Domestic Violence
		Introduction
		Perceptions of Domestic Violence in Algerian Media
		Domestic Violence in MENA
		Background on Interviewees
		Reality of Domestic Violence in Algeria
		References
			Interviews
	Chapter 20: Egyptian Women’s Cyberactivism: The Ongoing Battle Against Sexual Harassment and Violence
		Gender-Based Violence and Cyberactivism in MENA
		Theoretical Framework: Collective Action and Empowerment
		Egypt, Sexual Harassment, and Gender-Based Violence
		Egypt and Cyberactivism
		Methodology and Theoretical Framework
			Data Collection
			Analysis of Case Studies
		References
	Chapter 21: “Don’t Touch Me”: Sexual Harassments, Digital Threats, and Social Resistance Toward Kuwaiti Female Journalists
		Introduction
		Background
		Violence Against and Sexual Harassment of Women
		Methodology
		Results
			Journalism as a Part-Time Job
			Intimidation, Threats, Violence, and Harassments
			Consequences of Sexual Abuse and Harassment
			Prevention and Protection
			Social Resistance
		Discussion and Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 22: Gender in Yemeni Media: Hostility and Marginalization in a Fractured Media
		Method
		A Fractured Media Landscape
			Never Free, Never Independent
			War Changed the Media
		Underrepresentation and Suppression
			Yemeni Women Journalists in the Workplace
			Women Journalists in a Broken Media
			Gender-Based Violence in the Profession
				Standing Against the Storm
		Media Insensitivity to Gender Issues
			Media Consumption and Trust
			Media, Activism, and Gender Issues
			What to Cover, How to Cover, When to Cover
		Conclusion
		References
Part V: Introduction: Gender and Expressive Cultures
	Chapter 23: Redefining the Archive: Birdsong, Tied Circles, and Woman-Space in Dunya Mikhail’s In Her Feminine Sign
		Structuring the Feminine Sign
		Baghdad: Bone City
		References
	Chapter 24: Feminism Ruptured, or Feminism Repaired? Music, Feminisms, and Gender Politics in Palestinian Subcultures
		Introduction
			Setting the Scene
		Historicising the Production of Gender in Palestine
		Performing Gender Transgressions in Underground Publics
		Neoliberal Entrepreneurialism, Individual Gendered Success, and Transnational Feminist Capitals
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 25: Moroccan Hip Hop Queens: A (Her)Story of Rap Music in Morocco
		In the Beginning
		Femcees on the Media
		Hip Hop Networks and Solidarity
		Love and Fame in the Age of Social Media
		Moroccan Femceeing
		References
			Discography
	Chapter 26: Women Artists and Contemporary Art in the Maghreb: Insights from the Works of Aicha Filali, Sana Tamzini, and Khadija Tnana
		Setting the Scene
		Art as a Response to Censorship and Repression
			“Mqartssa” (“Wrapped Up”)
			“ElMahress” (The Pestle)
		Existing Sources for Writing the History of Women Artists in the Maghreb: The Case of Tunisia
		Encountering Women Artists and Contemporary Art in the Maghreb
			Aicha Filali
			Sana Tamzini
			Khadija Tnana
		The Contributions of Women Artists to the History of Contemporary Art in the Maghreb
		References
	Chapter 27: Laughable Resistance? The Role of Humour in Middle Eastern Women’s Social Media Empowerment
		Literature Review
			Empowerment
			Comedy
		Conceptual Framework
			Feminist Postdigitalism
			Planes of Enquiry
		Findings
		Discussion
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 28: Egyptian Women’s Graffiti and the Construction of Future Imaginaries
		Background
			Constructions of Egyptian Womanhood: A History
			Graffiti and the Revolution
		Women’s Visual Culture and Revolution: Noon El-Neswa
		The Fight Against Violence to Imagine a Future Free of Violence
		Conclusion
		References
Part VI: Gender and Entrepreneurship
	Chapter 29: ICT Impact on Female Entrepreneurs in Lebanon and UAE
		ICTs and Entrepreneurship in the MENA Region
		ICTs and Women Entrepreneurs in the MENA Region
		Women Entrepreneurs in Lebanon and the United Arab Emirates
			Case of Lebanon: Lebanese Economy and ICTs
		Women in Business in Lebanon
			ICTs and Women Entrepreneurship in Lebanon
		Case of United Arab Emirates Economy and ICTs
			ICTs and Women in Business in UAE
			ICTs and Women Entrepreneurship in UAE
		Discussion and Recommendations
			Laws and Regulations
			Access to Funding
			Training and Education
			Networking and Mentorship
			Sociocultural
		References
	Chapter 30: Gender and ICT Entrepreneurship in Jordan and Kuwait
		Introduction
		ICT Entrepreneurship and Gender
		Methodology
		Entrepreneurial Mindset
			Structural Factors
			Confidence
			Open Mind
			Risk-Taking
		Discussion and Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 31: Disruptive Social Entrepreneurship from Bahrain: The Case of Esra’a Al Shafei
		Gender and Social Entrepreneurship
		Contextualizing Esra’a Al Shafei’s Entrepreneurship
		Majal.com and the Disruptive Spaces of Social Entrepreneurship
			Mideast Youth
		Innovation and Adaption: From Mideast Youth to Majal.com
			CrowdVoice
			Mideast Tunes
		Conclusion
		References
Index