The Palgrave Handbook of Corporate Social Responsibility

Preface
Acknowledgment
Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
Part I: Introduction
	Corporate Social Responsibility and the Future: Setting the Scene
		1 The Resources of the World
		2 The Development of Corporate Social Responsibility
		3 Defining Sustainability
		4 A Typology of CSR
		5 The Relationship Between CSR and Business Financial Success
		6 Expanding the Definitions
		7 A Focus on Sustainability
		8 Is Sustainability Sustainable?
		9 Conclusion
		References
Part II: General Theory
	Definitions of Corporate Social Responsibility
		1 Introduction
		2 The History of CSR
		3 The Modern Era of CSR
		4 CSR and its Critics
		5 CSR in Businesses
		6 Studies of CSR in Businesses
		7 CSR and Profitability
		8 Stakeholders and CSR in the 1980s
		9 The CSR Pyramid in the 1990s
		10 The Triple Bottom Line
		11 CSR and the Social Contract
		12 CSR - The Global Perspective
		13 CSR in the World of Global Business
		14 CSR in Government and Non-Governmental Organizations
		15 CSR - Towards Global Acceptance
		16 Summary
		17 Cross-References
		References
	Theoretical Developments in Corporate Social Responsibility
		1 Introduction
		2 Definitions
		3 Dichotomies and Divisions
		4 Philosophical Foundations
		5 Sociological Perspectives
		6 CSR and Capitalism
		7 Stakeholders
		8 CSR and Legitimacy
		9 Ethics
		10 Environmental Issues and Sustainability
		11 Communication and Reporting
		12 Supply Chain Management and Consumers
		13 Disclosure and Reporting
		14 Accountability and Compliance
		15 Implementation
		16 Research into CSR
			16.1 Research and the Academy
			16.2 Research Methods
			16.3 Research Topics
			16.4 Future Research
		17 Developments in CSR
			17.1 Broadened Remit for CSR
			17.2 Neoliberal Influences
		18 The Future
		19 Summary
		20 Cross-References
		References
	Triple Bottom Line
		1 TBL: The Naissance of a New Concept for an Old Concern
			1.1 TBL Concept
			1.2 TBL Critics
		2 Codes of Conducts as a Tool for TBL Reports: From Issuing Codes of Conduct to Reporting the TBL Performance
			2.1 Limited Resources for a Growing World
			2.2 The Environmentalist Movement in a Liberal Philosophy
			2.3 Global World, Global Problems, and Lack of Global Solutions
		3 TBL and the Business Model: The Need for a Stronger Cooperation Between Governments and Companies to Facilitate the Transiti...
		4 Future Directions: Quo Vadis, Triple Bottom Line?
			4.1 New Concepts, But New Content?
			4.2 To a Changed System and a Changed Leadership
			4.3 To a New Sustainable Business Model
			4.4 The Covid-19 Pandemic: A Chance to Rebuild the World
		5 Summary
		References
			Key Literature
	Equity and Regulation
		1 Introduction
		2 Social Contract, Equity, and CSR
			2.1 Corporate Power and Influence
			2.2 Corporate Governance
			2.3 Balancing Economic and Social Priorities
			2.4 Intergenerational Equity
			2.5 Institutional Voids and Contextual Equity
		3 Regulating CSR to Promote Stakeholder Equity
			3.1 Beyond Individualism and Business Case
			3.2 Enhanced Stakeholder Disclosure
			3.3 Stakeholder Participation
			3.4 Accountability and Enforcement
		4 Summary
		References
			Cases
	Corporate Responsibility Reporting and Storytelling
		1 Introduction
		2 History of Corporate Reporting
		3 Impressions Management and Corporate Reporting
		4 Impressions Management and Rhetoric in Corporate Reporting
		5 Storytelling and Impressions Management
		6 The Case of JPM
		7 Results
		8 Discussion
		9 Summary
		10 Cross-References
		References
			Key References
	Brundtland and After
		1 Introduction
		2 The Brundtland Commission: Sustainable Development Through Multilateralism
		3 Multilateral Mindsets and Sustainable Development
		4 Transitioning Aspirations into Multilateral Action
		5 Progressing Sustainable Development Agendas Post-Brundtland
		6 Global Forums Progressing Sustainable Development Outcomes
		7 1992 Rio Earth Summit
		8 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development: Johannesburg
		9 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) and ``The Future We Want´´
		10 The 2015 UN Sustainable Development Summit
		11 Approaches and Activities of the HLPF
		12 2019 SDG Summit: Accelerated Action Agenda
		13 Conclusion
		14 Cross-References
		References
	Human Rights
		1 Introduction
		2 The International Human Rights Structure
			2.1 Charter-Based Bodies under the United Nations
			2.2 Submission of Universal Periodic Review (UPR)
			2.3 United Nations Human Rights Treaty Bodies
		3 Bangladesh Practice
			3.1 Constitution and International Human Rights Instruments in Bangladesh
			3.2 International Law under the Constitution of Bangladesh
			3.3 Provisions Relating to Customary International Law in the National Constitution
			3.4 Constitutional Provision Concerning Treaties Adoption and Ratification
		4 Role of Higher Judiciary in Enforcing International Human Rights Law at a National Level
		5 Indian Practice
			5.1 Constitutional Provisions for the Protection of Human Rights
			5.2 Role of Judiciary to Protect Human Rights
			5.3 Indian Position in International Human Rights Discourse
			5.4 Institutional Mechanism for the Protection of Human Rights
				5.4.1 The Protection of Human Rights Act 1993
				5.4.2 National Human Rights Commission
				5.4.3 State Human Rights Commission
				5.4.4 Human Rights Courts
				5.4.5 The Citizenship Amendment Act 2019 (CAA): New Trends for Violation of Human Rights in India
		6 Concluding Remarks
		References
			Legislations
			Treaties
			Cases
Part III: Environmental Aspects
	Climate Change
		1 Key Arguments and Current Thoughts in the Field
		2 Historical Development
		3 Environmental Commitment and Disclosure of Organizations
		4 Climate Change Communication
		5 Summary
		6 Cross-References
		References
	Water Resources
		1 Introduction
		2 State of the Art
			2.1 The Water Cycle
			2.2 Wastewater Treatment
			2.3 Water Pollution
				2.3.1 Combined Sewer Overflow
				2.3.2 Infiltration of Chemicals and Nutrients
				2.3.3 Industrial Wastewater Discharge
			2.4 Waste as Water-Polluter: An Overlooked Issue
		3 Global Issues Concerning Water Resource Management
			3.1 OECD Water Governance Indicator Framework
			3.2 Conflict over Water
			3.3 Environmental and Social Damages from Overexploitation
			3.4 Running Out of Water: Desalination?
		4 Sustainable Water Resource Management
		5 Summary
		6 Cross-References
		References
	The Emergence and Role of Nongovernmental Organizations
		1 Introduction: Emergence of the International NGO Sector
		2 Definition and Typology of International NGOs
		3 Ideological Foundation of Charity and Philanthropy
		4 External and Internal Determinants of NGO Sector Growth
		5 Country Report: Defining the NGO Sector in the USA
			5.1 US Government-NGO Relations
			5.2 Scope of the US NGO Sector
			5.3 US NGO Financial Environment
			5.4 US NGO Umbrella Organization
		6 Country Report: Defining the NGO Sector in the UK
			6.1 UK Government: NGO Relations
			6.2 Scope of the UK NGO Sector
			6.3 UK NGO Financial Environment
			6.4 UK NGOs in the European Union Context
			6.5 UK NGO Umbrella Organization
		7 Country Report: Defining the NGO Sector in Japan
			7.1 Japan Government-NGO Relations
			7.2 Scope of the Japan NGO Sector
			7.3 Japan NGO Financial Environment
			7.4 Japan NGO Umbrella Organization
		8 Summary
		References
	Recycling
		1 Introduction
		2 Theory
			2.1 Unlocking
		3 Plastic
			3.1 Institutional Response
			3.2 Firm Response
			3.3 Social Response
			3.4 Technology
			3.5 Soft PVC
				3.5.1 Waste Treatment of Soft PVC
				3.5.2 Future Perspective on Soft PVC
		4 Electronic Waste and Recycling
			4.1 Technology System
				4.1.1 Waste Picking
				4.1.2 Take-Back Programs
				4.1.3 Firm Response
				4.1.4 Institutional Response
				4.1.5 Social Response
		5 Textile Recycling
			5.1 Technology System
			5.2 Firm Response
			5.3 Institutional Response
			5.4 Social Response
		6 Alternatives
		7 Conclusion
		8 Cross-References
		References
	Wastewater Disposal Techniques
		1 Introduction
		2 Wastewater Treatment Outline
		3 Requirement of Wastewater Treatment
		4 Attributes of Wastewater
		5 Wastewater Treatment Stages
		6 Chlorination
		7 Wastewater Treatment Activities, Processes, and Procedures
			7.1 Different Forms of Wastewater
		8 Natural Wastewater Disposal Techniques
		9 Wastewater Treatment Methods
		10 The Conventional Methods
			10.1 Activated Sludge
			10.2 Trickling Filter Methods
			10.3 Rotating Biological Contactor Method
		11 Bioreactor Membrane Method
		12 Type of Nonconventional Methods
		13 Waste Stabilization Ponds
		14 Construction of Wetlands
		15 Oxidation of Ditches Method
			15.1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Method
		16 Soil Aquifer Treatment Method
		17 Disposal of Fecal Sludge and Treatment
		18 Wastewater Recycles in Agriculture
		19 Industrial Wastewater Treatment Method
		20 Modern Methods Used in Wastewater Treatment
		21 Obstacles in Wastewater Management
		22 Summary
		23 Cross-References
		References
	Sustainable Plastic and Corporate Social Responsibility
		1 Introduction
		2 The Invention of Plastic
		3 Corporate Social Responsibility and Plastic
		4 Uses of Sustainable Polymers
		5 Problems with Using Plastic
		6 Microplastics in the Environment
		7 The Circular Economy
		8 Reusing and Recycling
		9 Future Perspective and Outlooks
		10 Alternatives Available
		11 Corporate Social Responsibility Revisited
		12 Conclusions
		13 Summary
		14 Cross-References
		References
	Technological Approaches to Sustainability
		1 Introduction
		2 A Brief Definition of Technology
		3 What Makes a Technology Sustainable?
			3.1 Electric Energy Sources
				3.1.1 Non-sustainable Electric Energy
					(i) Coal-Fired Power
					(ii) Oil and Gas-Fired Power
					(iii) Nuclear Power
				3.1.2 Sustainable Electric Energy
					(i) Solar Power
					(ii) Wind Power
					(iii) Biogas Power
					(iv) Hydrogen Fuel Cells
			3.2 Other Energy Sources
				3.2.1 Non-sustainable Energy
					(i) Lead-Acid Batteries
					(ii) Gasoline
					(iii) Ethanol
					(iv) Biodiesel
				3.2.2 Sustainable Energy
					(i) Pumped Hydro
			3.3 Energy Usage (Lighting, Heat, and Transportation)
				3.3.1 Non-sustainable Energy Usage
					(i) Incandescent Lights
					(ii) Internal Combustion Car
					(iii) Battery-Electric Vehicles
				3.3.2 Sustainable Energy Usage
					(i) LED Lights
					(ii) Solar Water Heaters
			3.4 Waste Management
				3.4.1 Non-sustainable Waste Management
					(i) Landfill Disposal
				3.4.2 Sustainable Waste Management
					(i) Recycling
					(ii) Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage
			3.5 Sustainable Construction Technologies
		4 The Economic Perspective on Technology for Sustainability
		5 Sustainability Technology and Public Policy
		6 Summary
		7 Cross-References
		References
Part IV: Social Aspects
	Governance of Migration and Sustainability
		1 Introduction
		2 Conquering the World Through Mobility, Ingenuity, Destruction and Adaptation and The Need to Develop Sustainable Ways of Coe...
		3 The Promise of Globalization
		4 Concluding Reflection on Where to Go from Here?
		References
	Sustainable Development Goal 8: Achieving Decent Work - An Illusion
		1 Background
		2 SDG, What It Is and How Different It Is from MDG?
		3 Goal 8 of SDG: Decent Work and Economic Growth
			3.1 The Concept of Decent Work
		4 Agenda 2030 for SDG 8
			4.1 The Importance of SDG 8
			4.2 Where the World Is Now?
		5 What Is Informal Employment and Informal Sector
		6 Does MSME Create Jobs?
		7 What Kind of Jobs MSME Create?
		8 What Is the Possibility of Job Creation by Large Firms?
		9 Solutions Ahead
		10 What Are the Possible Future Developments?
		11 Summary
		12 Cross-References
		References
	Work-Life Balance and Well-Being at Work
		1 Introduction
		2 Work-Life Balance and Work Life
		3 Work-Life Conflict
		4 Methodology
		5 Results
			5.1 Work-Family Conflicts that Affect Work-Life Balance
				5.1.1 Long Working Hours
				5.1.2 Poor Family Relationship
				5.1.3 Lack of Time
		6 Health and Well-Being Initiatives to Promote Work-Life Balance Satisfaction
			6.1 Flexible Working Arrangements
			6.2 Work-Life Balance and Well-Being Coordinator
			6.3 Healthy Meals and Dietitian
			6.4 EAP Program
			6.5 Education and Training
			6.6 Day Care Services
			6.7 Fun at Work
			6.8 Healthy Working Conditions
			6.9 Company Group Health Plan
			6.10 Gym Membership and Exercise Classes
			6.11 Meditation Room
			6.12 Water Cooler in Offices
			6.13 Team Working
			6.14 Reduction of Working Hours
			6.15 Appreciation and Respect
			6.16 Fairness at Work
			6.17 Vacation Leave
		7 Employer Implementation of Family-Friendly Practices to Promote a Psychologically Healthy Workplace
			7.1 Fun and Family Activities
			7.2 Time Management
			7.3 Work-Life Conflict Counselling
			7.4 Improved Trust and Confidentiality
			7.5 After School Programs for Employees´ Children
			7.6 Good Work Relationships
			7.7 Peer Support
			7.8 Quiet Break Time
			7.9 Bring your Child to Work Day
			7.10 Respect and Fairness at Work
			7.11 Flexible Working Arrangements
		8 Discussion and Conclusion
		References
	Social Capital, Community Engagement, and Corporate Social Responsibility
		1 Extended Stakeholder Model, Community Engagement, and CSR
		2 Community Embeddings of CSR
		3 Constructive Synergy Networks with Social Capital and CSR
		4 Community and Corporates: Win-Win for All
		5 Summary
		References
	Employee Volunteering
		1 Introduction
		2 Employee Volunteering Definitions: Different Terminologies with Slightly Different Meanings
		3 Global Trends in Employee Volunteering
		4 Effective Implementation of Employee Volunteering
			4.1 Employers´ and Employees´ Motives in Conducting Employee Volunteering
			4.2 Managing Employee Volunteering Effectively
			4.3 Types of Employee Volunteering Activities
			4.4 Benefits of Employee Volunteering
		5 A Snapshot of EV Implementation in Indonesia
			5.1 Respondents´ Profile
			5.2 Practices and Employers´ Investment on Employee Volunteering
			5.3 Measuring Employee Volunteering Outputs, Outcomes, and Impacts
			5.4 The Benefits of Employee Volunteering to Employers and Society
			5.5 Challenges and Key Success Factors in Conducting Employee Volunteering
		6 Discussions
		7 Summary
		8 Cross-References
		References
	Socially Responsible Retailing
		1 Introduction
		2 Development of CSR in the Retail Sector
		3 Literature Review and Theoretical Perspectives in Retail Context
			3.1 Legitimacy Theory
			3.2 Carroll´s CSR Pyramid
			3.3 Sustainable Development Model
			3.4 Stakeholder Pressures in the Retail Sector
		4 CSR Reporting in the Retailing
		5 CSR Issues in the UK Retail Sector
			5.1 Environmental Performance
			5.2 Community Investment
			5.3 Health and Safety and Workplace Disclosures in CSR Reports
			5.4 Customer Expectations
			5.5 Community Expectations
		6 Summary
		7 Cross-References
		References
			Key References
	Gender and Corporate Social Responsibility
		1 Introduction
		2 Feminist Discourses and Women in Working Life
		3 CSR and Women
		4 Summary
		References
			Internet Sources
	Developing Trends
		1 Introduction
		2 Corporate Social Responsibility and Neoliberal Economics
		3 Institutional Arguments for Corporate Social Responsibility
		4 Corporate Social Responsibility Between Ethics and Economics
		5 Toward an Institutional Concept of Corporate Social Responsibility: Defining the ``Good Citizen Corporation´´
		6 Developing Trends of Sustainability After the 2020 Corona Crisis: Extension of Corporate Social Responsibility to All Dimens...
		7 Summary
		8 Cross-References
		References
	The State of Social Media Research in CSR Communication
		1 Introduction
		2 The Importance of CSR Communication Through Social Media
		3 Main Themes in CSR Communication Literature Through Social Media
			3.1 Theme 1. Stakeholder Engagement and Interactivity on Social Media
			3.2 Theme 2. Best Practices on Social Media Platforms: Facebook and Twitter
			3.3 Theme 3. Tactics for CSR Message Effectiveness
			3.4 Theme 4. Transparency, Reputation, and Privacy
		4 Opportunities and Challenges for CSR Communication on Social Media
		5 Summary
		6 Cross-References
		References
	Sustainability and Accountability in Higher Education Institutions
		1 Introduction
		2 The Social Responsibility of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs)
		3 Redesign HEIs for the Future in Support of Sustainable Development
		4 Accountability in HEIs in Favor of Sustainability
		5 Summary and Cross-references
		References
Part V: Economic Aspects
	Foreign Direct Investment and Development in Developing Host Economies
		1 Introduction
		2 Benefits and Costs of DTTs
		3 DTTs and FDI
		4 Network Effect of Tax Treaties
		5 DTTs and Taxing Rights
		6 The Impact of Double Tax Treaties on Welfare
		7 DTTs, FDI, and Welfare Development
		8 Summary
		References
	Social Business: A New Chapter of Hybrid Business Toward Sustainable Development
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
			1.2 Bottom of the Pyramid (BOP)
			1.3 Social Entrepreneurship (SE)
			1.4 Inclusive Business
			1.5 Impact Investing
			1.6 Circular Economy
		2 Social Business: Meaning and Definition
		3 Inception of Social Business
		4 Why Social Business?
		5 Social Business in Action: Practical Lessons from Grameen Experiences
			5.1 Grameen Danone
			5.2 Grameen Veolia
		6 Designing a Successful Social Business
			6.1 Targeting the Focus Area to Serve
			6.2 Developing a Successful Business Model
			6.3 Constantly Learning and Adjusting
			6.4 Building Well-Organized and Sustainable Procedures
			6.5 Assessing and Supervising Impact
		7 Social Business Across the World
			7.1 Campo Vivo (Colombia)
			7.2 Hope Development Initiative (Uganda)
			7.3 Instituto Muda (Brazil)
			7.4 NextGen (Tunisia)
			7.5 Cashpor (India)
			7.6 Rizona (Kosovo)
			7.7 Green Bio Energy (Uganda)
			7.8 St. George Organic Herb Farm (Albania)
			7.9 Human Harbor Inc. (Japan)
			7.10 Ashoka (Germany)
		8 Opportunities and Strengths of Social Business
		9 Drawbacks and Challenges of Social Business
		10 Social Business and Sustainable Development
		11 Conclusion
		12 Summary
		References
			Key References
	Modern Slavery Disclosures in a Voluntary Regime
		1 Introduction
		2 Firm´s Incentives to Disclose Modern Slavery Information
			2.1 Economic Perspective of Modern Slavery Disclosure
			2.2 The Political Costs of Modern Slavery Disclosure
			2.3 Firm Size as Proxy for Political Cost in Modern Slavery Issues
			2.4 Industry Type and Modern Slavery Disclosures
		3 Research Design
			3.1 Data Sources
			3.2 Predictor Variables
			3.3 Content Analysis and Modern Slavery Index
			3.4 Software for Content Analysis of the Modern Slavery Disclosure Index
		4 Results and Discussion
			4.1 Correlations Among Variables
			4.2 Regression Analysis
		5 Conclusion
		References
	The Legal Basis of CSR
		1 Introduction
		2 Part 1
			2.1 A. Ethics, Morality, and Corporate Obligation
			2.2 Public Policy and Public Interest
			2.3 Voluntary and Community Work and a Company
		3 Part 2
			3.1 A. The Protection Provided to Stakeholders by the Legal System of England
			3.2 Liability and Responsibility
		4 Summary
		5 Cross-References
		Appendix 1: Legislation Protecting Rights of a Customer/Consumer
		Appendix 2: Legislation Protecting Rights of an Employee
		Appendix 3: Legislation Protecting Right of a Local Community and Protecting Environment
		Appendix 4: Legislation Protecting Rights of a Shareholders/Investors and Creditor
		Appendix 5: Legislation Protecting Rights of the Government, Local Government, and Governing Body
		References
			Primary Source
			A. Cases
			B. ECHR Case Law
			C. Statute
			D. Regulations and Delegated Legislations
			E. EU Laws
			Secondary Sources
			Hansard/Parliament Report
			UN/EU/ Government Publications and Reports
			Constitutions of Associations
			Books
			Journal Articles/Academic Papers/Gray Papers/Websites
	Integrated Reporting
		1 Introduction
		2 What is an Integrated Report?
		3 The Evolution of 
		4 Advantages of 
			4.1 Enhanced Accountability to and Engagement with Stakeholders
			4.2 Clear Framing and Articulation of Value Creation Model and Sustainability Strategy
			4.3 Development of Systems Thinking and Collaboration
			4.4 Embedding Sustainability into Decision-Making
			4.5 Aligning Strategy with Value Integrators and Value Creation: A Long-Term Perspective
		5 Disadvantages of 
			5.1 Assurance Issues
			5.2 Confidentiality of Information
			5.3 Increased Costs: Redesign of Reporting Structures
			5.4 Senior Executive Support
		6 Integrated Reporting Adoption
			6.1 External Determinants of  Adoption
			6.2 Internal Determinants of  Adoption
			6.3 Integrated Reporting in Higher Education
		7  Current Thoughts and Future Directions
			7.1 Integrated Thinking
			7.2 Multitude of Standard Setters
			7.3 Future Directions of 
		8 Summary
		9 Reading Resources
		10 Cross-References
		Appendix 1
		References
	Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Multinational Companies (MNCs), Small-to-Medium Enterprises (SMEs), and Small Busines...
		1 Introduction
		2 CSR in SMEs
			2.1 Characteristics, Strengths, and Weaknesses of SMEs
			2.2 Drivers of CSR in SMEs
			2.3 Challenges of SMEs in CSR Implementation
		3 CSR in MNCs
			3.1 Characteristics, Strengths, and Weaknesses of MNCs
			3.2 Drivers of CSR in MNCs
			3.3 Challenges of MNCs in CSR Implementation
		4 Relationships Between SMEs and MNCs
		5 Theoretical Perspectives on CSR in Terms of SMEs and MNCs
			5.1 Carroll´s (1979) CSR Pyramid
			5.2 Wood´s (1991) Corporate Social Performance Model
			5.3 Freeman´s (1984) Stakeholder Theory
			5.4 Waddock et al. (2002) Total Responsibility Management Framework
			5.5 Windsor´s (2006) CSR Model
			5.6 Hemingway and Maclagan´s (2004) Framework for Analyzing CSR
		6 Comparison of SMEs and MNCs in Terms of CSR Strategies
			6.1 Environmental Management
			6.2 Employment
			6.3 Communication of CSR
			6.4 Supply Chains
			6.5 Community Volunteering
			6.6 Local Community
		7 Summary
		8 Cross-References
		References
			Key References
	Gold Standard: Socially Responsible Investment Analysis
		1 Introduction
		2 Gold: The Beginning Socially Responsible Investment Analysis
		3 Gold: The Middle Socially Responsible Investment Analysis
		4 Gold: The Ending Socially Responsible Investment Analysis
		5 Summary
		6 Cross-References
		References
	How to Reap the CSR Fruits: The Crucial Role Played by Customers
		1 A New Paradigm for Doing Business: The CSR Era
		2 The Increasing Relevance of a Consumer-Based Perspective
		3 Early Research: Segmentation-Based Profiling of Consumers
		4 Behavioral Models: Between Rationality and Habits
		5 The Forefront of Research on Responsible Consumers
		6 Summary
		References
Part VI: Regions and Segments
	The UN Global Compact: An Overview of the Promise and Pitfalls
		1 Introduction
		2 History and Overview of the Global Compact
		3 The Promise: Why the Global Compact is Widely Acclaimed
		4 The Pitfalls of the Global Compact
		5 The Global Compact and the COVID-19 Pandemic
		6 Summary
		7 Cross-References
		References
	Regulation of CSR from International, European, and Spanish Viewpoints
		1 Introduction
		2 Global Compact Such an International Reference
		3 Nature of CSR: From Discretionary to Mandatory
			3.1 Governmental Context: Encouragement and Regulation
			3.2 Social Context and CSR Implementation Process
			3.3 International Context and the Ultimate Purpose of CSR
			3.4 Political Context from the Local Versus International Viewpoints
		4 CSR Regulation from an International Viewpoint
			4.1 CSR Regulation from the EU Directives Viewpoint
			4.2 CSR Regulation from the Viewpoint of Spanish Directives and Law
		5 Summary
		6 Cross-References
		Annex
		References
			Legislation
	The Evolution of Institutional Environments in the Development of Corporate Social Responsibility in Selected ASEAN Countries
		1 Introduction
		2 Development of CSR in Malaysia
		3 Development of CSR in Indonesia
		4 Development of CSR in Singapore
		5 Development of CSR in Thailand
		6 Conclusion
		7 Cross-References
		References
	Regional Review: Developed Countries
		1 Introduction
		2 CSR and the Rise and Fall of Neoliberalism and Globalization
		3 CSR in North America and Europe
		4 Summary
		5 Cross-References
		References
	Regional Review: Latin America
		1 Introduction
		2 Foundations
		3 Reflexive Practices About CSR in LAC
		4 Some of the Environmental Problems in LA
		5 Priority Concerns in Latin America: Evidence from Bibliography Review
		6 CSR in the Region: Environmental Issues
		7 Can We Talk About a Common Agenda?
		8 Cross-References
		Appendix 1 Frequent words in the Spanish texts
		Appendix 2 Frequency of words in the Portuguese texts
		Appendix 3 Frequent words in the English texts
		References
	Regional Review: Africa
		1 Introduction
		2 Methods and Analysis
		3 Evaluation of Definitions
		4 Classic and New Debates About CSR in Africa
		5 Managerial and Academic Perspectives of CSR in Africa
		6 Highlights of CSR Policies and Programs of Selected Companies in Africa
		7 Role of Civil Society in CSR Awareness and Advancement
		8 Contextualizing CSR in Africa
		9 Conclusions, Research Implications, and Suggestions for Further Research
		10 Future CSR Agenda and Direction in Sub-Saharan Africa
		References
	Corporate Social Responsibility in China
		1 Introduction
		2 Overview of CSR Development in China
		3 Four Stages of CSR Development in China
			3.1 Starting Stage (2001-2004)
			3.2  Hovering Stage (2005-2007)
			3.3  Spurting Stage (2008-2012)
			3.4  Improving Stage (2013-2018)
				3.4.1 Rabies Vaccine Incident
				3.4.2 Jack Ma´s International Leadership
				3.4.3 Guide 3.0 and Six Roles of CSR
		4 Contributions of Nonprofit Organizations
			4.1 Institute of Public and Environmental Affairs (IPE)
			4.2 Alashan SEE Ecological Association
			4.3 China Social Responsibility 100 Forum
		5 Overseas Fulfillment of Social Responsibilities of Chinese Enterprises
		6 Summary
		7 Cross-References
		References
	Corporate Social Responsibility in India
		1 Introduction
		2 Applicability of CSR
		3 Allowable Expenditures Toward CSR
		4 Implementing of CSR Activities
		5 CSR: Indian Corporates Overview
		6 Why Does It Matter?
		7 Indian Corporate Adopting CSR
			7.1 Corporate Philanthropy
			7.2 CSR: Global Overview
		8 Governance of CSR in India
			8.1 The Relevance of Section 135 Companies Act 2013
			8.2 Recent Amendments to Section 135 of Companies Act 2013 (The Companies (Amendment) Act 2019)
			8.3 Calculation of ``Net Profits´´ Under Section 198
			8.4 Companies (CSR Policy) Rules 2014
		9 CSR: A Boon for Society or a Burden for Corporate
			9.1 CSR in India: The Way Forward
		10 Conclusion
		References
	CSR in the USA and UK Versus CSR in Europe and Asia
		1 Introduction
		2 Qualifications
		3 Growth Versus Sustainability
		4 Growth
		5 Sustainability
		6 The Importance of History
		7 Two Narratives, Two Agendas
		8 Narratives or Ideology?
		9 Legal Systems
		10 Summary
		11 Cross-References
		References
Part VII: Sustainability
	Resource Depletion
		1 Introduction
		2 Depleting Resources
		3 Geopolitical Considerations
		4 Extent of Remaining Resources
		5 Reacting to Resource Depletion
		6 Manufacturing Firms and Resource Depletion
		7 Strategies for Dealing with Resource Depletion
		8 Stockpiling
		9 Technological Solutions
		10 The Market and Its Inefficiencies
		11 A Prognosis
		12 Summary
		References
			Key References
	Geopolitics of Natural Resources
		1 Introduction
		2 What Is Geopolitics?
		3 The Chapter´s Approach
		4 The Drive Towards Adventures
		5 Power Relations and Rivalry
		6 The Quest for Global Resources
		7 Globalization - The New Imperialism?
		8 Globalization and the Search for Natural Resources
		9 Natural Resources and Conflicts
		10 The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility
		11 Addressing the Issues of Geopolitics
		12 Summary
		13 Cross-References
		References
	Artificial Intelligence and Social Responsibility
		1 Overview
			1.1 Basic Issues
			1.2 Important Concepts and Their Relations
			1.3 A Note on Literature Review
		2 Major Historical and Contemporary Issues Surrounding the Relation of AI and SR
			2.1 AI and Its Fundamental SR
			2.2 AI and General Principle of SR
			2.3 AI and Particular Types of SR
			2.4 A Note on Social Implications of Introducing AI
		3 Summary
		4 Cross-References
		References
			Key References
	Sustainability and Consumer Behaviour: Towards a Cohered Emergent Theory
		1 Introduction
		2 Corporate Sustainability, Performance and Consumers´ Reaction
		3 Consumer Attitudes Towards Consumption
		4 Challenges of Sustainable Development
		5 Cohered Corporate Sustainability Development
			5.1 CAS Module
			5.2 Planned Learning Module
			5.3 Emergent Learning Module
			5.4 Deferred Learning Module
		6 Conclusion
		References
	Tobacco CSR, Sustainability Reporting, and the Marketing Paradox
		1 Introduction
		2 CSR and Sustainability Reporting Frameworks
		3 Tobacco Industry and Regulation
			3.1 The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
			3.2 Regulations in Emerging Markets
		4 Self-Reported Tobacco Industry CSR and Sustainability Performance
			4.1 Developed Versus Emerging Markets
		5 Critical Evaluation of the Tobacco Industry´s CSR and Sustainability Initiatives
		6 E-Cigarettes, HTPs (Heated Tobacco Products), and the Tobacco End Game
			6.1 Corporate Image Rebranding and Repositioning
			6.2 Access to Advertising Channels, the Youth Market and Cross-Selling Opportunities
		7 Tobacco Marketing in Emerging Markets
			7.1 Product
			7.2 Place
			7.3 Price
			7.4 Advertising and Promotion
		8 Tobacco Marketing in Developed Markets
			8.1 Product
			8.2 Place
			8.3 Price
			8.4 Advertising and Promotion
		9 Summary
			9.1 Implications for Other Harmful Products
		10 Cross-References
		References
	The Sustainable Development Agenda
		1 Introduction
		2 The Role of Sustainable Tourism and Sustainable Economic Development
		3 ``Overtourism´´: Blessing or Disaster for Sustainability?
		4 The Role of Local Community as Key Players in Sustainable Tourism
		5 Stakeholder Interaction and Special Attention for Indigenous People
		6 Governance and Manpower
		7 Sustaining Tourism While Sustaining Mother Earth
		8 Virtual Tourism: The Helping Instruments
		9 Summary
		10 Cross-References
		References
	Innovation and Sustainability
		1 Introduction
		2 (Traditional) Innovation
			2.1 Multiple-Disciplinary Perspectives
				2.1.1 Economic and Business Perspectives
				2.1.2 Organizational Perspective
			2.2 Origin of (Traditional) Innovation
			2.3 Innovation Diffusion
		3 Eco-innovation
		4 Social Innovation
		5 Sustainable Innovation
		6 Summary and Concluding Remarks
		7 Cross-References
		References
	Sustainable Marketing
		1 Overview
		2 The Evolution of the Concept
		3 The Notion of Sustainability Marketing: Conceptualization and Definition
		4 Different Facets of Sustainable Marketing
			4.1 Environmental Dimension
			4.2 Social Dimension
			4.3 Economic Dimension
		5 Synthesizing the Existing Knowledge
			5.1 Lack of Studies that Focused on All Facets
			5.2 Theory Used
			5.3 Profiling the Green Consumers
			5.4 Innovation in Sustainable Marketing
			5.5 Focus Toward Quality of Life (QOL)
			5.6 Dominance of Psychological Variables in Shaping Sustainable Consumer Behavior
			5.7 Sustainability Marketing - Is It a Panacea?
		6 Problems and Prospects of Sustainability Marketing
		7 Conclusion
		References
			Key References
	Corporate Human Rights Responsibility in Times of Increasing Socio-cultural and Political Isolationism
		1 Introduction
		2 Multinationals in the Context of Increasing Globalization and Socio-cultural and Political Isolationism
		3 The Theoretical Framework for Corporate Human Rights Responsibility
		4 Moving Beyond Mono-culturalism: Cases of Successful Corporate Human Rights Responsibility Practices
		5 Principles for Corporate Human Rights Responsibility
		6 Summary
		7 Conclusion
		References
			Key References
	Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting: Evolution, Institutionalization, and Current State
		1 Introduction
		2 What Is CSR and CSR Reporting?
		3 Origins of CSR Reporting
		4 The Evolution and Institutionalization of CSR Reporting
			4.1 Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)
			4.2 The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises
			4.3 SA 8000 Social Accountability International Labor Standard
			4.4 Copenhagen Charter
			4.5 UN Global Compact
			4.6 European Union CSR Reporting Initiatives and EMAS
			4.7 Global Reporting Initiative (GRI)
			4.8 The ISO 26000:2010 Guidance on Social Responsibility and ISO Standards
			4.9 AA1000SES (AA1000 Stakeholder Engagement Standard)
		5 CSR Reporting in Academia
		6 Future Prospects
		7 Summary
		8 Cross-References
		References
Index