The Palgrave Handbook of Climate Resilient Societies

Preface
Acknowledgment
Contents
About the Editor
Contributors
Part I: Water
	1 Review of Resilient Urban Water Planning Policy and Practice in California
		Introduction
		Defining Resilient Water Planning Within Scope of This Chapter
		Federal Frameworks Impacting Resiliency Planning at the State Level
		Regulatory Frameworks and Policy at the California State Level
			State-Level Regulations, Resolutions, and Policies
			State-Level Guidance Documents and Assessments
			Planning Instruments
				State Plans
				Regional and Municipal Plans
		In-Practice Examples from Cities of San Francisco and San Diego
			Examples from City of San Francisco (Selected)
			Examples from City of San Diego (Selected)
		Additional Data and Informational Resources
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	2 Nature-Based Solutions for Agricultural Water Management
		Increased Demand for Agricultural Water
		NBS: A New Paradigm for Water Management
		NBS Implementation: Two Pillars
			Pillar I: Valuation of the Environment
			Pillar 2: Multi-Stakeholder Engagement as a Requirement for NBS Implementation
		NBS Case Studies: What Can Be Learned?
		Synthesis
			Success/Failure
			Ecosystem
			NBS Typology
			Stakeholder Involvement
			Financial Mechanisms
			Transdisciplinarity
			Institutional Collaboration
		Conclusions
			A Road Map for NBS Interventions; Inter- and Transdisciplinary Approaches
		Cross-References
		References
	3 The Multiple Values of Urban Waterways
		Introduction
		Valuing Urban Waterways
			Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital in Valuing Waterways
			Understanding Values in Collaborative Policymaking
			The Changing Nature of Values: Britain´s Urban Waterways
		Values of Urban Waterways
			Industrial and Commercial Water Transportation
			New Modes of Transport in Waterway Corridors
			Local Leisure and Tourism
			Health and Well-Being
			Heritage and Community
			Flood Management and Environmental Enhancement
			Regeneration and Reuse of Urban Waterway Corridors
		Conclusions: Embedding Multiple Values in Policy Decisions
		Cross-References
		References
	4 Building Resilience Through Transboundary Water Resources Management
		Introduction
		Benefits of Cooperation
		Elements of Transboundary Cooperation
		Twelve Principles of Water Governance
		Improving the Enabling Environment in Transboundary Water Management
			Policy Setting
			Legal Setting
			Institutional Setting
			Information Management and Exchange
			Financial Arrangements
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	5 Investing in Ecosystems for Water Security: The Case of the Kenya Water Towers
		Introduction: Linking Cities to Their Basins
		The Upper Tana-Nairobi Water Fund
		Financial Mechanisms
		Carbon Balance Projections
		Program Activities
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	6 Climate Risks to Urban Water Security in the Asia-Pacific Region: Emerging Responses and Lessons
		Introduction: Urban Water Crisis in Asia and the Pacific
		South Asia
			Mountain Small Towns
			Karachi, Pakistan
			Chennai, India
		East Asia
			Jakarta
			Singapore
		Port Vila, Vanuatu (Pacific Islands)
		Australia´s Response to Water Stress
		Lessons and Conclusion
		References
	7 Decentralized Water and Wastewater Systems for Resilient Societies: A Shift Towards a Green Infrastructure-Based Alternate E...
		Introduction
		Key Relevant Concepts
			Centralized (Gray) Infrastructure
			Decentralized Infrastructure
			Green Infrastructure
			Circular (Water) Economy
			Green Economy
			Green Infrastructure Economy
		State of Play for Water Sector
			The Challenge of Water
				Ownership of and Rights to Water
				Distribution of Water
				Value of Water and Pricing
				Renewability
			Global Influences/Trends
				The IoT
				Customer Expectations
				Green Finance
		Evolving New Models for Blue-Green Infrastructure
			Drivers for Green Infrastructure in the Water Sector
				The Business Case for Water Utilities
				Augmenting Supplies
				Asset Upgrades and Replacement Deferrals
				Improving Efficiencies
				New Revenue Streams
			New Models (Green Infrastructure Economy)
				Green Grafting
				Green Asset Management
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	8 Integrating Climate Change Considerations into Asset Management
		Introduction
		Glossary
		How Can Climate Change Affect Water Supply Assets?
			A Risk-Based Approach to Climate Change
			Flood-Drought Cycle
				Drought
					2019-2020 Drought and Megafires in Australia
					1999-2010 Millennium Drought
				Flood
					2011 Queensland Flood
					2019 Flood in Townsville (North Queensland)
			Impact on the Level of Service
				Water Quantity
				Water Quality
					Increased Turbidity
					Wild Fires and Bushfires
					Contaminant Concentration, Algal Blooms, and Water-Borne Disease Outbreaks
					Brackish and Saline Groundwater
		Design and Operational Considerations for Water Supply Assets
			Considerations for Individual Assets
				Water Treatment, Transmission, and Distribution Assets
					Resilience and Adaptation for Water Supply Assets
					Water Treatment, Transmission, and Distribution
				Water Storages
				Natural Assets
			A System for Managing Assets Throughout Their Life Cycle
				Scope
				Implementation
				Benefits
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	9 Pathways for Mainstreaming Resilience-Thinking into Climate Change Adaptation and Planning in the City of Cape Town
		Introduction
		Water Supply and Planning Context in the City of Cape Town
		Pathways for Mainstreaming Water Resilience in Cape Town
			Pathway 1: Promote Polycentric Governance of Shared Ecological Assets
			Pathway 2: Build Water Supply Redundancy Across Scales
			Pathway 3: Integrate Resilience-Thinking into Infrastructure Planning and Environmental Assessments
			Pathway 4: Manage Connectivity Through Targeted Public Communication
			Pathway 5: Drive New Innovation and Research
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	10 South-American Transboundary Waters: The Management of the Guarani Aquifer System and the La Plata Basin Towards the Future
		Introduction
		From Conflict to Cooperation Around Water Resources
		The La Plata River Basin
			The Development of a Regional and Institutional Framework of Water in the La Plata River Basin
			Strategic Action Plan (SAP) Origins, Definition, Critical Transboundary Issues and Actions
			Guarani Aquifer System
			The Project for Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development of GAS
			The Impacts of Intense Groundwater´s Use
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	11 Water-Sensitive Design for Climate Resilience
		Introduction
		Cape Town: At the Confluence of the Global North and the Global
			A Water History
			Wastewater Removal
		A Wicked Problem for Water-Sensitive Design
			Day Zero
			A Rich but Polluted System of Catchments
			Expanding City
			Social Justice
		Contested City; Contested Waters
			Two Rivers Urban Park (TRUP)
			Philippi Horticultural Area (PHA)
		Institutional Framework
			National Water Strategy
			Integrated Development Plan
			Spatial Planning and Land Use Management Act (SPLUMA)
			Cape Town Water Strategy
			Red Book (a Guide for Neighborhood Development)
		Cape Water: Present and Future
			Water Demand
			Water Supply
		Water-Sensitive Design (WSD)
			CRC Framework
			A Water-Sensitive Urban Design Framework for South Africa
		Contesting Paradigms
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	12 Jal Swavlamban: Water Independence
		Introduction
		Topography and Water Supply Status in Rajasthan
		Decentralized and Participatory Rural Water Management: Lessons from the Past
		Mukhyamantri Jal Swavlamban Abhiyan (Chief Minister´s Self-reliance for Water Program)
			Program Objective
			Institutional Arrangement
			Identification of Sites
			Water Harvesting Structures
			Impact Assessment
		Future of Rainwater Harvesting
		Summary
		References
	13 Potable Water Reuse in Australia
		Introduction
		Brief History of Water Reforms in Australia (Federal Level)
		National Guidelines
			Australian Drinking Water Guidelines
			Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling
				The Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling: Managing Health and Environmental Risks (Phase 2), Augmentation of Drinking Wat...
			Community Awareness
			The Future of Potable Recycling
		Potable Reuse in Queensland
			General Regulations
			Environmental Regulations
			Health Regulations
			The Case of Toowoomba
			Western Corridor Recycled Water Scheme (WCRWS)
		Western Australia
			General Regulations
			Environmental Regulations
			Health Regulations
			Groundwater Replenishment Scheme (GWRS)
		Communication as a Policy Instrument
		Lessons Learnt
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
			Additional Readings
	14 Water´s Cross-Cutting Nature in Achieving Sustainable Development Goals
		Introduction
		Integrated SDGs
		Water Food Energy Nexus
		Conclusion
		References
	15 Climate Change and Water Resources in Southern Africa: A Resilience Perspective
		Introduction
		Key Concepts and Definitions
			Weather Versus Climate
			Climate Variability
			Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect
			Mitigation and Adaptation
			Resilience and Transformation
		The Climate Future of Africa: Setting the Scene on Resilience
		Water Governance in Southern Africa: Contextual Background
			Brief History of Water Governance in Southern Africa
			Regional Water Governance Reforms in Southern Africa
		SADC´s Responses to Climate Change Challenges
			South Africa´s Transition to a Climate Resilient Society
			Zambia´s Transition to a Climate Resilient Society
		Implications of Effective Water Management for Climate Resilience Societies
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	16 Water 4.0: Enhancing Climate Resilience
		Introduction
		Glossary
		Defining Water 4.0
			Relationship Between 4.0s
			Scope and Timescales of Four Water Revolutions
			Technologies, Methods, and Solutions
				Key Technologies
				Application to Processes
				Application to Assets
				Importance of Strategic Support
				Blockchain and Drones
			Opportunities and Risks
		Application of Water 4.0 Technologies, Methods, and Solutions (Case Studies)
		How Water 4.0 Fits into an ISO 55001 Asset Management System?
			Water 4.0 Implementation Through ISO 55001 Standard
			Digital Twins Transforming Asset Management
			Alignment of Financial and Nonfinancial Functions
			Adaptability or Continuous Improvement?
			Information Security Standardization
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
Part II: Energy
	17 Sustainable Microgrids for Remote Communities: A Practical Framework for Analyzing and Designing
		Introduction
		Conceptual Framework for the Design of Sustainable Microgrids
			Module 1: Project Preparatory Analysis
			Module 2: Project Baseline Analysis
			Module 2a: Retrospective Cohort Analysis (RCA)
			Module 3: Prospective Analysis
			Module 4: Implementation and Monitoring Analysis
		Process to Design Sustainable Microgrids
		Application of the Practical Framework
			Load Classification for Remote Community Electrification
			Considering Microgrid Configurations
			System Modelling
			Discussion
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	18 Role of Energy at Climate-Resilient Societies
		Introduction
		Sustainability and Climate-Resilient Societies
			Transformation Towards Sustainable and Resilient Societies
			Obstacles Related to the Transformation Towards Sustainable and Resilient Societies
			Why Does Energy So Important for Climate-Resilient Societies?
			Facts, Which Prove the Role of Energy in Climate-Resilient Societies
		Challenges and Opportunities for Building Climate-Resilient Societies
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	19 How the Law Contributes to Protecting Energy Infrastructure from Extreme Weather Events: An Australian Case Study
		Introduction
		Energy Resources and Infrastructure in Australia
		Extreme Weather Events: Fire, Drought, Wind, and Rain
			Bushfire: Black Saturday (2009)
			Bushfire: Black Summer (2019-2020)
			Drought: Millennium Drought (1996-2010)
			Coastal Flood and Inundation: Queensland Floods (2010-2011)
			Intense Rain and Wind: System Black (2016)
		Regulating for Disaster
			Emergency Management
			Electricity Sector Regulation
			Land Use and Planning
			Adaptation to the Adverse Consequences of Climate Change
		Can Energy Infrastructure be Regulated for Extreme Weather?
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
Part III: Agriculture and Food
	20 Climate-Resilient Agricultural Development in the Global South
		Introduction
		Impacts of Climate Change on Agricultural Production in the Global South
			South Asia
			Southeast Asia
			Sub-Saharan Africa
			South and Central America
		Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agriculture
		Sustainable Development and Agri-Food Systems
		Approaches to Making Agriculture More Resilient to Climate Change and Sustainably Increasing Food Production in the Global Sou...
			Conservation Agriculture
			Sustainable Intensification
			Climate-Smart Agriculture
			Agroecology
			Stress-Tolerant Crop Varieties
			Precision Agriculture
			Diversification
		Climate-Resilient Agricultural Innovations and Agri-Food System Transition
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	21 Heterogenous Impacts of Climate on Agricultural Industries Farm Exit Patterns in the Murray-Darling Basin of Australia
		Introduction
		Impact of Climate on Agricultural Productivity
		Farm Exit Literature
		Method
		Data
		Results
			Livestock
			Dairy
			Broadacre
			Horticulture
			Robustness Check
		Discussion
		Conclusion
		References
	22 Future Food Systems
		Introduction
		Challenges and Drivers
			Challenges: Environmental Impacts of Food Systems
			Drivers
		Consequences
		A Vision for the Future
		Transformation and Transition Pathways
		Transforming Terrestrial and Aquatic Food Systems to Become Part of the Solution
		Innovation and Sustainable Technologies
		Governance and Territorial Food Systems
		Conclusions
		References
	23 Building Up Resilience and Sustainability
		Introduction
		South Australian Murray-Darling Basin
		Water Scarcity, Drought, and Adaptive Management
		A Retrospect of the Millennium Drought
			Irrigation Allocation Reductions
			Socioeconomic Impacts
			On-Farm and off-Farm Responses to Drought in SA
			Government Support
		Adaptive Management Options to Mitigate Drought Impacts
			Modeling Estimates Potential Impacts from Extreme Dry Conditions
			Adaption Options and their Effectiveness
		Irrigation Water Use, Infrastructure, and Water Market
			Overview of Water Resources and Use in SA
			Irrigation Water Use in SA MDB Crops
			Irrigation Water Distribution and Cost
			Water Market, Water Trading, and Price
		Future Challenges, Opportunities, and Prospects
		Concluding Remarks
		Cross-References
		References
	24 Protecting Food Security, and Increasing Nutrition as Well as Food System Resilience Through Climate Change Adaptation in G...
		Introduction
		Food Security and System Challenges in Greater Miami
		Climate Change Adaptation Action
		Protecting Food Security and Nutrition Resilience
			Vision
			Mission
		Increasing Food System Resilience
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	25 Evaluation of Sustainable Rice Farming Systems in the Mekong River Delta
		Introduction
		Traditional and Recent Agricultural Policy in Vietnam
			Climate Change Impacts on MRD Agriculture and Policy Objectives
			Salinity Intrusion and Its Impacts
		Salinity Intrusion Mitigation and Transformation Options
			Infrastructure Development to Mitigate Salinity Intrusion
			Water Quality and Environmental Pollution Impacts
		Sustainable Transformation Options to Address MRD Water Problems
			Cropping System Change A: Rice-Shrimp Cropping
			Cropping System Change B: Organic Rice Production
		The Farm Survey
			Survey Design, Testing, and Data Collection
			Survey Analysis and Results
			Logit Model Analysis
		Conclusion and Policy Implications
		References
	26 The Importance of Adopting and Mainstreaming Climate-Smart Diets for Sustained Resilience
		Introduction
		The Global Water Trade
		Food Production and the Water Footprint
		Climate Change and the Water Trade
		What Makes a Climate-Smart Diet?
		The Global View
		The Country-Specific View
		The Limitations of Water Footprints
		Encouraging a Climate-Smart Diet to Enhance Water Resilience
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	27 Food Security Amidst Crime: Harm of Illegal Fishing and Fish Fraud on Sustainable Oceans
		Introduction
		Fish Crimes and Food Security: The Harm of Illegal Fishing and Fish Fraud
		Sustainable Fisheries Is in the Label
			Australian Food Labeling Regulations: A Case Study
		The Future of Sustainable, Crime Repellant Fisheries
			Harmonizing Regulations
			Technology to Prevent Crime
			The Role of the Consumer in Demanding Local, Sustainable Seafood
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
Part IV: Built Environment and Infrastructure
	28 Building Circular Economy Cities
		Introduction
		The Linear Economy
		Challenges to the Linear Economy
			Climate Change
			Rapid Population Growth and Urbanization
			Intensification of Agriculture
			Increased Demand for Water
			Rising Energy Use
			Economic Growth
			Solid Waste
			Air Pollution
			Infrastructure Expansion
		The Circular Economy
			Decoupling Economic Growth from Resource Use
			The Role of Cities in Developing the Circular Economy
				Encouraging Better Product Design
				Facilitating Better Consumption Choices
				Improving Waste Management
				Creating a Market for Waste to Resources
			Guidance on Developing the Circular Economy in Cities
			Fiscal and Non-fiscal Tools to Develop the Circular Economy in Cities
		Fiscal Tools
			Environmental Taxes
			Subsidies and Grants
			Tradable Permits
			Payment for Ecosystem Services
		Non-fiscal Tools
			Regulations
			Green Public Procurement
			Raising Industry Awareness and Capacity
			Eco-labels and Certification
			Environmental Recognition Awards
			Public Education
			School Education
		Conclusions
		References
	29 Indoor Overheating, Climate Resilience, and Adaptation of Care Settings
		Introduction
		Challenges and Governance of Overheating Mitigation in Care Settings
			Heat-Related Health Risks in Care Settings
			Magnitude of Indoor Overheating Risk in Care Homes in the Current and Future Climate
				Current Climate
				Future Climate
			Building Fabric Characteristics as Determinants of Indoor Overheating Risks in Care Settings
			Current Care Provision Governance Barriers to Climate Resilience
		Climate Change Adaptation Pathways for Care Settings
			Climate Resilient Building Design and Retrofit
			Policy, Governance and Human Factors Towards the Climate Change Adaptation of Care Settings
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	30 Green Infrastructure and Climate Resilience
		Introduction
			Urban Development and Climate Change Impact
			Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation
		Green Infrastructure
			Introduction to Green Infrastructure
			Area for Green Infrastructure Implementation
			Green Infrastructure Equipment
				Solutions that Reduce the Drainage Coefficient
				Solutions for Local Rainwater Storage
		Adaptive Methodology to Reduce Rainwater Runoff and to Increase the Quality of Climate in Urban Areas
			Short Description of the Methodology
			Building the Mathematical Model
			The Types of Green Infrastructure Equipment Studied
			The Optimal Choice of Equipment
		Sustaining the Efficiency of the Methodology
			Case Study: Description
			Type of Solutions Proposed for the Study Area
				Scenario 1: Green Infrastructure Solutions
				Scenario 2
				Scenario 3
				Scenario 4
			Results
		Applying the Methodology in any Urban Area
		Summary/Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	31 Climate-Resilient Urban Life Through Sustainable Development
		Introduction
		A Synoptic for Sustainable Development Goals and Sustainable Cities
			The Concept of Sustainable Development
			The Goal of Sustainable Cities and Communities Among 17 Sustainable Development Goals
		The Impacts of Climate Change in the Frame Urban Resilience
			Key Facts About the Climate Change Through Sustainable Development Goal 13: Climate Action
			Threats of Climate Change on Urban Life
		Sustainable Cities and Climate-Resilient Urban Life
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	32 Wellington City
		Introduction
		Earthquakes
			The Impacts
			The Kaikoura Earthquake
			Issues Arising from the Kaikoura Earthquake
			Insurance and Building Features
			Confusing Legislation
			Where to Next?
		The Three Waters
			The National Picture
			The Wellington Context
				The Situation in 2021
				Other Issues
					Earthquake Risks
			Freshwater
				Supply-Demand Issues
				Freshwater Leaks
				Planning for the Future
			Waste/Sewage
				Wastewater Leaks
					Moa Point
					Mt Albert Sewer Tunnel
					Urban Streams
			What Needs to Happen Next?
		Housing
			Availability of Housing
			Quality of Housing
			Leaky Buildings/Construction
			Resilient Construction
			New Zealand Housing Set to Exceed Carbon Budget
		Waste
		Energy
		Transport
			Covid-19
			Debt Repayments
		Climate Change Resilience
			Sea-Level Rise
				The National Policy Statement (NPS) on Coastal Policy, 2010
				Insurance
				Slips, Stormwater, and Flooding
			Wellington City Council´s Resilience Strategy
				Improving Wellington´s Resilience
			Te Atakura: First to Zero/Climate Change Strategy
				Transport
				Building Energy and Urban Form: Zero Carbon Places to Live, Work, and Play
				Keystone Project: Planning for Growth
				Advocacy: Supporting Others to Act
				Wellington City Council´s Own Plan
					Leading by Example
				Other Programs
			Reform of the Resource Management Act (2004)
		Summary/Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	33 Ecological Resilience and the Built Environment
		Introduction: Why the Study of Resilience Matters?
		What Is Resilience?
		Ecological Resilience and the Built Environment
		The Application of Ecological Resilience to the Study of Built Environments: Three Hypotheses
			Hypothesis 1: The Adaptive Cycle and Cyclical Changes in the Built Environment
			Hypothesis 2: Changes at Multiple Scales - From Panarchy to Urban Panarchy
			Hypothesis 3: Heterogeneity and Discontinuities in the Built Environment
		Analysis of Built Environments Using the Hypothesis of Ecological Resilience
			Case Study 1: Auckland, New Zealand
			Case Study 2: San Miguel de Tucumn, Argentina
		Case Study 3: Christchurch, New Zealand
		Findings Within and Across Case Studies
		Conclusion
		References
	34 Looking Ahead: The Utility and Application of Climate Projections for Resiliency Planning
		Introduction: The Stationarity Myth
		Qualitative Guidance for Future Planning
		Quantitative Guidance for Future Planning
		Methods, Models and Tools for Future Climate Projections
			Uncertainty Due to Natural Variability
			Understanding Scientific Uncertainty
			Capturing Socio-Economic and Human Uncertainty
			Understanding Regional and Local Uncertainty
		Looking Forward
		Cross-References
		References
	35 Integrating Climate Change into Land Use and Urban Planning
		Introduction: Land Use Planning and Resilience
		The Challenge: Barriers for the Integration of Climate Change Risk into Local Planning
		Case Study: Mainstreaming Climate Risks into Land Use Planning for Resilience in Costa Rica
			What Is Costa Rica Adapting To?
				Natural Climate Variability
				Climate Extremes
				Climate Change in Costa Rica
			Adaptation Governance in Costa Rica
				Legal Framework
				Policy Framework
			Mainstreaming Opportunities to Improve the Resilience of Territories
				Local (cantonal) Level
				Regional Level
		Conclusions
		References
	36 Transitioning to Adaptive and Resilient Infrastructure in Latin America and the Caribbean
		Introduction
			Negative Aspects of Infrastructure
			Infrastructure as Enabler of Development
		Towards Resilient Infrastructure Systems
			Threats and Disruption to Infrastructure in LAC
				Sudden Shocks
				Slow Onset Events
			Climate Change Threats
			The Case for Resilience
			Describing Resilience
			Benefits of Resilience
			Estimating and Managing Risk
			Uncertainties in Risk Management
			Toward a Robust Resilient-Based Approach for Infrastructure Planning
			Implementation Levels for a Resilient-Based and Systematic Perspective
		Conclusions
		References
	37 Nature-Based Solutions in Latin American Cities
		Introduction
			A Framework for Understanding Current Challenges and Opportunities of NbS in Latin America
		Methods
			Context
				Bogot
				Lima
			Data Collection
				Interviews
				Participant Selection and Recruitment
				Data Analysis
				Selection of NbS Approaches
		Results
			Characteristics of NbS
			Limitations for NbS
			Requirements for Successful NbS
			Potential Negative Effects
		Discussion
			Characteristics of NbS in LAC
			Limitations for Implementing NbS
				Weak Governance
				Limited Public Interest
				Lack of Funding
			Requirements for NbS
				Education and Communication Programs
				Decision-Making Committees
				Implementation of Public Policies
				Public Participation
			Potential Negative Effects
				Lack of Technical Capacity and Limited Understanding of NbS
				Gentrification and Forced Displacement
		Conclusion
		References
	38 All London Green Grid as Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Resilience
		Introduction
		Nature-Based Solutions and Urban Resilience
			Definition of Urban Resilience
			Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Resilience
		Development of ALGG Under the London Plan
			Nature-Based Solutions Within the Spatial Development Strategies
			Governance Shift from ELGG to ALGG
			Structure and Functions of ALGG
		Case Studies of the ALGG Projects for Urban Resilience
			Bankside Urban Forest in Southwark Bankside, the London Borough of Southwark
			The Rubens Living Wall Project in Victoria, City of Westminster
			The Beam Parklands Project, the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham
		Challenges and Opportunities for Nature-Based Solutions
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
Part V: Transport
	39 Keeping Airports Open in Times of Climatic Extremes: Planning for Climate-Resilient Airports
		Introduction
		Airport Characteristics
		Airport Planning
		Dealing with Climatic Extremes
		Resilience to Climate Change
			Flood Protection
			Dealing with Weather Extremes
			Achieving Good Water Quality
			Climate Proof Airport Planning
			Greening Airport Operations
		Towards Climate Resilient Airports in Practice
			Water Sensitive Airports in Australia
			Flood Risk Management at Airports in the USA
			Climate Change Study for Changi Airport
			Water Saving Airport for Mexico City
			Small Island States
			Emergency Airport Concept
		Discussion and Conclusions
		References
	40 A System Inter-dependent Approach in Addressing Climate Change in Ports
		Introduction
		Methodology by Elimination Using Resilience Matrix
		Case Study: Port of Durban
			Background
			Methodology Application
				Step 1: Climate Narrative for the Port of Durban
					Sea Level
					Water Table
					Temperature
					Rainfall
					Wave
					Wind
					Salinity
					Humidity
					Summary: Port of Durban Climate Narrative
				Step 2: Develop a Scenario Matrix for Assessment
				Step 3: Selection of Experts and Conduct Interviews Using the Delphi Technique and Analyze the Results
					Delphi Technique
					Selection of Experts
					Results and Data Interpretation
						First Round
						Second Round
						Third Round
						Fourth and Final Round
						Summary of Standard Deviation
				Step 4: Identify High-Risk Climate Scenarios, Eliminate Low Risk Climate Scenarios, and Conduct Behavioral Analysis
					Experts Behaviors Analysis:
			Climate Risk Comparison Between Global Trends and DDOP
				Global Trends
				Port of Durban Final Risk Matrix
				Step 5: Develop Resilience Matrix to Highlight Opportunities for Increasing Resilience of High-Risk Scenarios (Prepare - Adjus...
					Tables
				Step 6: Identify Scenarios Presenting Moderate to High Vulnerability
				Step 7: Develop Adaptations Framework
					Policy
					Management
						Management Response to Black Swan Events
					Technology
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	41 Transit-Oriented Developments and Stratified Public Space Networks
		Introduction
		Literature Review
			Tod
			Streets and Public Spaces
			Green Spaces
		Methodology
		Case Studies
			Bedok Neighborhood TOD
			Paya Lebar Quarter TOD
			Yishun Neighborhood TOD
		Analysis
			Accessibility and Connectivity
			Diversity of Amenities and Uses
			Spatial Quality, Identity, and Place-Making
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	42 No Climate-Resilient Society Without a Resilient Transport System
		Introduction
		Toward a Theoretical Framework: The Transport-Climate-Public Health Nexus
			Impacts of Transport Systems on the Climate
			Impacts of the Climate on Transport Systems
			Impacts of the Climate on Public Health
			Impacts of Transport Systems on Public Health
			Impact of Public Health on Transport Systems
		Resilient Transport Systems
			Visions of Transport Systems in Climate-Resilient Societies
			Obstacles for Developing Low-Carbon, Healthy, and Resilient Transport Systems
			Transformative Resilience for Transportation
		Considerations for a Paradigm Shift
			People-Centered Mobility: The Human Needs Perspective
			Pricing of Externalities
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
Part VI: Human Health
	43 Water Pollution and Climate Change
		Introduction
		Atmospheric Transport of Pollutants
		Behavior of Water Pollutants Under Climate Change Conditions
		Effects of Climate Change in Water Quality
		Effects of Climate Change on Human Health
		Social Impact
		Impact of Water Pollution on Human Health
		Discussion
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	44 Climate Change and Mental Health
		Introduction
		Mental Health
			Models of Mental Health
			Mental Health Diversity
			Stress as a Universally Accepted Concept
			Stress Causing Events
			Anxiety, Depression, Stress, and Treatment
		Climate Change and Mental Health
			Current Treatment or Help
		Conclusion
		References
Part VII: Society
	45 Placemaking: An Urban Resilience Perspective
		Introduction
		Resilience Concepts and Placemaking
		Stronger Together
		Adding Resilience as Public Policy: 100 Resilient Strategies
		Funding, Theory of Change, and Place Branding
		Placemaking, Sense of Place, and Storytelling
		The Summary: Including Resilience in Place Making
		References
	46 Migration as Adaptation
		Introduction
		Research Methods
		Findings
			Key Finding 1: Historicity and Regional Peculiarities Inform Migration Pathways
			Key Finding 2: Existing Patterns and Channels Direct Migration Internally and Lead to the Emergence of Certain Hotspots
			Key Finding 3: The Type of Environmental Change Is Relevant for Occurrence and Form of Migration
			Key Finding 4: Demographic and Socioeconomic Attributes Diversely Influence Migration Incentives
			Key Finding 5: Various, Contextual Assets Determine the Feasibility of Migration as Adaptation
			Key Finding 6: Migration Can Both Enhance and Lower the Vulnerability to Climatic Events
			Key Finding 7: Place Attachment Encourages Livelihoods to Stay Rather than to Migrate
			Key Finding 8: Climate Is Just One Migration Determinant Among Many That Renders Migration Both More and Less Likely
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	47 The Emergence of Relationality in Governance of Climate Change Adaptation
		Introduction: Governance of Climate Adaptation - Current Thinking
		Relationality
			The Relational Shift?
			Relational Responsibility
			Processes of Transformative Dialogue and Relational Responsibility
			Critics of Relational Responsibility
			Social Learning and Relationality
		Expression of Relationality in Governance of Climate Adaptation
			Polycentric Governance
			Middle-Out Governance
			Collaborative Governance
			Transformational Change Governance
			Experimental Governance
		Synthesis: A Relational Governance Model
		Emergence of Relational Approaches to Adaptation Governance in NSW, Australia
			Enabling Regional Adaptation (ERA): Relationality Through Middle-Out Governance
			Western Sydney Diabetes Prevention Alliance (WSD): Relationality Through Collaborative Governance
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	48 The Role of Migrant Communities in Building Climate Resilience in Urban Environments
		Introduction
		The Role of Built and Social Environments as Enabling and Disabling Conditions for Migrant Communities´ Climate Resilience
		Factors Contributing to Urban Migrant Communities´ Vulnerability to Risks and Disasters
		Disaster Risk Communication: Language, Cultural, and Generational Barriers
		Social Capital as Factor Contributing to both Resilience and Vulnerability
		Conclusions
		References
	49 Big Data Governance, Technology, and  Implementation in Climate-Resilient Societies
		Introduction
		Digital World Meets Urban Planet
		The Rise of Big Data
		Integral Role of Data Governance in Big Data Environments
		Big Data Technology
		Integrated Strategies for Implementing Big Data Solutions
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	50 Alli Kawsay: Epistemology and Political Practice in the Territories, a Possibility from the Andean Pluriverse for Ecologica...
		Introduction
		Global Scenario, Anthropocene Deterioration: True Lies?
		Everyday Practices: Options to Be Again Taken Up
		Derechos de la Naturaleza: Rights of Nature Since the Political Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador to the Original Law
		The Need for Indigenous Law at the Level of All Peoples
		Conclusion
		References
	51 Graduate Education on Climate Change and Sustainable Development in Mexico
		Introduction
		The Regional State of the Art on Natural and Human Resources
			The South of Mexico
			About Economic Development
			About Knowledge and Education
			New Public Policy Challenges
		Methodology
			Methodological Steps
		Results and Discussion
			Offer and Content of Graduate Programs
			Word Frequency
			Cluster Analysis
			Offer and Content of Programs Following the Groups of States of the National Ranking of Science and Technology
			Climate Change Related Programs
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		51.0 Appendix I
			Appendix II
		References
	52 Comparative Interrogation of Climate-Resilient Communities in South Asia
		Introduction
		South Asia: Discursive Shifts in Climate Policy and Practice
		Mapping Climate Resilience in South Asian Policy Frameworks
			Climate Resilience in Indian Policy Frames
			Climate Resilience in Bangladesh Policy Frames
		Operationalizing Climate Resilience: Policy-Practice Divergence
		Conclusion: Finding the Shared Common Good Outside Statist Contours
		Cross-References
		References
	53 Avoiding climate Apartheid: Climate Justice as a Necessary Condition for Equitable Transformational Adaptation
		Introduction
		The Evolution of Climate Change Policy and (in)Action
			A Climate of Compartmentalization: Tracing Adaptation Within the Politics of Climate Change
		Incremental Adjustment and Mainstreaming: Insufficient for the Adaptation Challenge
			Mainstreaming as Incrementalism
			Incrementalism as Maladaptation?
		Transformational Adaptation
			Mainstreaming as a Pathway to Transformational Adaptation?
			Climate Change and Human Rights
		Conclusion
		References
	54 Resilience Is Not a One-Step Process
		Introduction
		Resilience Is Not a One-Step Process. Trends in Resilience and Post-recovery Management
		Suggested Cycle of Post-disaster Recovery to Encourage Multihazard Perspectives
			Encourage Multihazard Studies to Understand the Possible Hazards That Could Impact the Urban Areas
			Prioritize the Interdisciplinary Research in Natural Hazards
			Promoting the Community Resilience Reinforcing the Local-Level Volunteering and the Three Stages of Resilience
		Study Cases from the Global South. The Landscapes of Disaster Are the New Normal
			A New Old Story: Chile´s Recovery Post-disaster After the 8.8 Earthquake of 2010
			Wetland´s Landscapes and Disasters in the Global South: Chile and South Africa
		Summary/Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	55 Can a Society Be Resilient
		Introduction
			Global Threats
			Regional Threats
			Local Threats
		Nature of Society
			What Is Society?
			What Is Community?
			Further Perspectives
				Civil Society
				Ecological Perspective
				Political Perspective
				Technological Perspective
				Post-Industrial Perspective
				Society and the State
			Climate Resilience and Global Threats
			Climate Resilience and Regional/Sectoral Threats
		Responses of Governments
			Climate Resilience and Local Threats
			Key Steps to Building a Climate-Resilient Society
				Capacity to Cope
				Response and Reorganization
				Adaptation, Learning, and Transformation
		Summary/Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	56 Building Social Capital in Low-Income Communities for Resilience
		Introduction
		Social Capital: Some Basics
		Social Capital: Contributing Factors
		Community Climate Resilience
			Vulnerability and Adaptive Capacity: Facets of Resilience
			Social-Ecological System Perspectives in Resilience
		Social Capital and Community Resilience
			The Perspective from Disaster Studies
			Environmental Governance
			Climate Change Adaptation
		Lessons Learned to Support Social Capital for Community Resilience
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	57 After the Nation-State
		Introduction
		The Modern Nation-State and Beyond
		The Consequences of Postmodernity, the Risk Society, and Uncertainty
		The New Governance System
		The Conceptual Foundations of the Societal Governance
			Power and Authority
			Public and Private Spheres and Spaces
			Cities and Relational Spaces and Places
			Institutions and Institutionality
			Social and Political Rationality
			Management and Administration
			Political System
		The Decision-Making
		Events Synchronization and Complex Systems Networks and Resilience
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	58 Fight Against Organized Crime and Resilience to Climate Change
		Introduction
		Mafias and Earthquakes: The Post-earthquake Reconstruction Affair
		Gray Area, Corruption, and Vulnerability to Disasters
		The Fight Against Corruption and Mitigation of Damage from Natural Disasters
		The Models of Interaction Between COGS and the Political-Institutional Context
			Corruption: Determinants and Evolution of the Phenomenon
			Dangerous Link Between Corruption and Organized Crime
			The Operating Methods of Mafias: From the Violent Method to the Corruptive-Collusive Method
		The Clan as the Prevailing Regulator of the Socioeconomic Interests of the Territory: The Case of the Casalesi Clan
			The Prince and the Dancing Ballot
			Jambo
			Eco4
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	59 Approaches to Climate Resilience
		Introduction
		A Cross-Disciplinary Framework for Analyzing Climate Resilience Discourses
		Climate Security
		Sustainable Development
		Climate Change-Induced Migration/Mobility
		Urban Climate Resilience
		Conclusion: Basic Discourses of Climate Resilience
		Cross-References
		References
	60 Equitably Sharing Benefits Arising from Utilization of Genetic Resources
		Introduction
		Benefits from Genetic Resources
		But, What About the Burden to People to Support Climate Resilience?
		Resilience and Genetic Resources: Food Production and Food Consumption
		Risks from Adverse Effects of Climate Change
		Equity in Sharing Benefits from Genetic Resources
		Equitable Benefits for Communities from Climate Resilience
		Equity in Climate Resilience, How to Contribute
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	61 Lessons from Climate Change Adaptation Actions in Bangladesh
		Introduction
			Climate Change, Uncertainty, and Transformation in Bangladesh
			Drivers for Climate Change in Bangladesh
			Climate Change Impacts on Bangladesh
		Adapting to Climate Change
			Understanding of Adaptation Context
			Disaster Risk Reduction and Adaptation to Global Change
			Roles and Responsibilities of Government and Other Agencies
		Framework for Adaptation
			Adaptation Governance in Bangladesh
			Role of Governments and Stakeholders
			Adaptation Investment in Past and Future
			Individual-, Community-, and Institutional-Level Capacity Building for Adaptation
		Case Studies of Adaptation Practices in Bangladesh
			Climate Change Adaption Projects in Bangladesh
			Climate Change Adaptation Practices by the Local Community
		Developing Adaptation Plans, Policies, and Actions
			Sector-Based Adaptive Responses in Bangladesh
				Land Use
				Agriculture and Food Security
				Housing and Building
				Public Health
				Water Supply and Sanitation
			Integration to National Adaptation Planning Processes
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	62 Consent in a Changing Climate
		Introduction
		The Idea of Consent
		Applying Consent in Climate Governance
			Free, Prior and Informed Consent
			Government Consents and Permits
			Social License to Operate
			Democratic Practices
		Bypassing Consent
		Conclusion
		References
	63 Greening the Economy for the Sustainability Transition: An International Legal Perspective
		Introduction
		From Green Growth to Green Economy
		The Role of Law and Governance
		Green Economy in International Law
		Current Legal Attempts at the International Level
		Conclusion
		References
	64 Community Resilience: A Perspective from Latin America and the Caribbean
		Looking into Community Resilience and Climate Change in Latin America and the Caribbean
		Definitions of Community Resilience the LAC Region
		Enabling and Limiting Factors of Community Resilience
			Governance
			Collective Action
			Culture and Knowledge Management
			Diversification
			Limiting Factors
		Community Resilience Metrics
		Community Resilience: Linking Research and Practice
		References
	65 Building a Better Ark: The Potential of Engaging Cultural Thought Leaders and Addressing Power Differential in Authentic, C...
		Introduction
		Theory and Practice
			Cultural Groups and Thought Leaders
			Institutionalized Worldviews:
			Sharing Voice and Power in Stakeholder Engagement
			Stakeholder Engagement #1: MAPOne Sonoma
			Stakeholder Engagement #2: Rising Waters:
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	66 Promoting Societal Resilience to Cascading Risk and Concurrencies
		Introduction: Do Pandemics and Climate Change Have Something in Common?
		Climate Change, Networks, and Complex Systems
		Cascading Risk and Concurrencies
			Learning from Power Outages and Blackouts
		The Role of Multi-sector Partnership for Supporting Societal Resilience to Cascading Risk and Concurrencies
		Remote and Urban: Are Remote Areas More Resilient?
		The Time Gap? A Call for Promoting Societal Resilience to Cascading Risk and Concurrencies
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	67 Building Climate-Resilient Societies: Reconciling Complexity in Environmental Policy
		Introduction
		Reconciling with Complexity
			Policy
		Rittel and Webber: Wicked Problems
		Wicked Problems in Relation to Climate Change
			Rationality
			The Environment
			Problem Identification, Definition, and Formulation
				Just Start
		Stakeholder Values
			Pluralism
				Why Examine Values?
				Who Are the Stakeholders?
			Objectives of Interviews
			Stakeholder Interview Process
				Interview Design
			Complexity: A Case Study
		Analytical Tools
			Case Studies
			Risks and Vulnerabilities
			Power Asymmetries
			Equity and Legitimacy
		Conclusion
		References
	68 Long-Term Resilience to Climate Change Risks in French Polynesian Community
		Introduction
		Resilience Concept and Issues
			The Resilience Concept in Risk Management
			The Concept Issues
		Long-Term Approach: A Risk and Resilience Observatory
			What Is the Purpose of a Risk and Resilience Observatory?
			Steps in the Development of a Prototype Risk and Resilience Observatory
		Local Applications: A French Polynesian Case Study
			Issues in French Polynesia
			Increase Risk and Resilience Knowledge: Inventory and Typology of Risks in Tahiti
			Data Collection and Geovisualization Modeling
				Territorial Resilience to the Risk of Flooding in Tahiti
				Potential of Aerial Geo-Referenced Data to Supply a Resilience Observatory in Tahiti and Mo´orea
			Engaging Stakeholders: Developing a Culture of Resilience in the Face of Hurricane Risk
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	69 Hope and Courage in a Harsh Climate: From Denial and Despair to Resilience and Transformation
		Introduction
		Beyond Denial and Despair: Facing a Harsh Climate Future with Eyes Wide Open
		Defiant Hope and Radical Courage
		Strengthening and Sustaining Psychological and Emotional Resilience
		Remembering Magnificence: The Urgency and Power of Collective Action
		Caring for Country: Indigenous and First Nations Learning About Survival, Resilience, and Resistance
		Cooling the Fevered City: Technological Innovation as Our Last Best Hope?
		Sisyphus in Flames: Resilience, Resistance, and Rebellion
		Mercy to All Beings: Faith-Based Reflections on Thankfulness, Love, and Care
		This World Is But a Dewdrop Worldand yetBuddhist Learning About Suffering, Impermanence, and Compassion
		Living Ecologically: Understanding and Respecting Complexity and Interdependence
		How the Light Gets in: Imagining and Creating Just and Resilient Zero-Carbon Worlds
		Conclusion: Contemplating and Honoring the Beauty of the Earth
		Cross-References
		References
	70 Urban Climate Resilience and Its Link to Global Sustainability Agendas
		Introduction
		Urban Areas in Global Agendas
		Case Studies of Urban Resilience
			Buenos Aires, Argentina
			Cape Town, South Africa
			Gothenburg, Sweden
			Kisumu, Kenya
			Malmö, Sweden
			Sheffield, UK
			Shimla, India
		Discussion and Conclusions
		References
Part VIII: Disaster
	71 Creating Wildfire-Resilient Communities
		Introduction
		Change-Related Wildfire Risk Factors
			Climate Change
			Technological Changes Influencing Large-Scale Wildfire Risk
			Societal Changes
		Case Study of the Changing Large-Scale Wildfire Risk Landscape and the Implications for Community Resilience: California 2017-...
		Crafting and Implementing a Large-Scale Wildfire Resilience Strategy to Address the Changing Risk Landscape
			Development Process
			Strategy Implementation Plan and Sustainability Approach
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	72 Protecting Health and Livelihoods in an Era of Climatic Extremes: Coastal Habitats in the Final Decade of SDG Action
		Introduction
			Importance of Quality Health and Sustainable Livelihoods to Socioeconomic Development
			The Influence of Climate Change on the Incidence of Extreme Environmental Events
			Contemporary Society and Wicked Problems
			Importance of Coastal Areas
			The Final Decade of Action to Deliver the SDGs
		Methodology
			Research Design
			Case Study
			Methodological Approach
			Data Interpretation
		Results and Discussions
			Improving Coastal/Marine Education and Research for Enhanced Resilience
			Island Communities and Climate-Induced Extreme Events
			Addressing Background Factors in the Successful Conserving of Coastal Habitats
			Coastal Communities in Pandemic Times: Addressing the Effects of COVID-19 Crisis
			Prioritizing Actions for Coastal Management
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	73 Nature-Based Solutions to Promote Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction Along the Coastal Belt of Bangladesh
		Introduction
		Coastal Belt of Bangladesh
		Coastal Land Forms of Bangladesh
		Impact of Climate Change on Coastal Belt of Bangladesh
		Study Approach and Methodology
		Result and Discussion
			Physioclimate of Kalapara Upazila
			Land Use and Land Use Change in the Study Area
			Nature-Based Ecosystem in the Study Area
		Disaster Risk Reduction and Nature-Based Ecosystem
		Nature-Based Ecosystem and Food Security
		Conclusion
		References
	74 The Climate-(Ir)resilient Society of the Indian Sundarbans
		Introduction: Overview of the Sundarbans Area in India
			History of Human Settlement in the Sundarbans Area
		Decreasing Resilience in the Sundarbans: Rising Hazards
			Past Climate Outcomes and Climate Change in the Area
			Future Hazards: Projections of Spatially Disaggregated Climate Change Models
			External Developments on the Sundarbans
		Decreasing Resilience in the Indian Sundarbans: Rising Exposure
			Increasing Population Exposed to Disasters
			Increasing Value of Physical Assets
			Increasing Agricultural Activity and Output
			Increasing Investment and Development of Tourism Facilities
			Developments in the Natural Enthronement of the Sundarbans
		Decreasing Resilience in the Indian Sundarbans: High Levels of Vulnerability
			Poverty, Dependency, and Scheduled Castes or Tribes
			Safety Nets and Disaster Warning and Mitigation
		Review of Major Disasters in the Sundarbans over the Past Two Decades
			Severe Tropical Cyclone Aila (May 2009)
			Very Severe Tropical Cyclone Bulbul (November 2019)
			Super Cyclone Amphan (May 2020)
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	75 Enhancing Climate Resilience in the Pacific
		Introduction
		Understanding the Context
		Developing Sustainable Partnerships
		Collecting and Documenting TK
		Storing TK
		Monitoring TK
		Enhancing Communication and Product Use
			Products for Communicating Weather and Climate Concepts
			Forecast and Warning Products
		Effectiveness of the Approach
		Conclusion and Recommendations
		References
	76 Issues in Developing and Implementing an Active Hazard Framework for Coastal Climate Resiliency Planning
		Introduction
		The Active Hazard and Passive Resource Frameworks
		Current Knowledge on Climate Change and Coastal Impacts
		Key US Policies Supporting a Passive Resource Framework in Coastal Regions
			Insuring and Compensating Against Coastal Damage
			Incentivizing Coastal Home Ownership
		Impediments to Creating Active Hazard Coastal Policy Frameworks in the United States
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
Part IX: Business and Economy
	77 Ocean Climate Policy
		Introduction
		Climate Change and Its Consequences
		Adaptation
			Living Resources
			Tourism and Recreation
			Coasts: The Front Lines of Adaptation
			Minerals and Mining
				Mitigation
			Energy
			Marine Transportation
			Living Resources
			Opening the Polar Seas
			Other Ocean Industries
				Innovations
					Blue Technology
			Ecosystem Restoration
		Responding to the Challenges of Climate Change for the Blue Economy
			A Rapidly Moving Target Confronted by Slow-Moving Institutions
			Measuring the Economy of the Digital Ocean
			Maximize Mitigation to Minimize Aggregation
		Conclusions
		References
	78 Climate and Reputation Risks in an Asian Century
		Introduction
		Reputation Riskwhat Is It?
		The Reputation Dividend
			What Makes a Reputation?
		What Is Reputation Risk?
		Reflective - Learning from Experiences
			National Identity
			A Smart Nation
			Economic Trifecta
			Adaptation
				Rises in Temperature
				Rising Sea Levels
				Intense Rainfall Leads to Food and Water Insecurity
				Food Security
				Climatic Events - Flooding, Land Spouts, and Monsoons
				Air Quality
				Disease
				Economic Recession
		Singapore´s Futures
			Infectious Diseases Protocols
			Regulation and Its Enforcement
			Care for Its Citizens
			Organized Leadership
			Impact of Technology
		Growth of Cities and Improving Quality of Life
			Global Infrastructure Needs Are Growing
			Smart-City Technologies Are Helping to Solve City Problems
			Public-Private Partnerships Essential for Infrastructure Requirements
			The Competitive Advantage of 5G in Delivering Mobility as a Service
			Mapping Out the New Mobility Ecosystem
			Role of the Public Sector in Shaping New Mobility
			Gatekeeper: Local Partner for Pilots
			Beacon: Signaling with Strategic Funding
			Convenor
			A Public-Interest First Approach
			Unintended Consequences
			Start with Values: Equity, Sustainability, and Efficiency
			Government Procurement and Contracting Model Attempts to Further Equity Goals
			Efficiency
			Role of the Public Sector in Implementing Mobility as a Service (MaaS)
				Criteria
				Guidance 1: Leading with Data
				Singapore and Autonomous Vehicle Pilots (https://www.sanjoseca.gov/Home/Components/News/News/574/5104)
				Partnering for Equity
		Case Study 2: Micromobility Pilot (https://www.sanjoseca.gov/Home/Components/News/News/574/5104)
		Governance Delivers Simplicity in Complexity
			The DNA of Governance
			Wicked Problems and Polycentricism
			Robust - New Risk Basics
			Sticky Problems
		Investor Pressures
			Reinventing Leadership for Changing Workplace Values and Culture
			Know Your LEADS
				L.E.A.D.S
				2 Globally Responsible Leadership Questions
				When to Use L.E.A.D.S
			Multidisciplinary
			How to Build Alignment?
			Cyber-Governance
			Reinventing Our Enterprise Architecture for Enhanced Governance
		Pivot to an Asian Century
		Conclusion
		References
	79 Key Aspects Supporting Resilient Economic Systems
		Introduction
		Resilience at Multiple Levels of an Economic System
			Resilient Organizations
				Introduction
				Key Aspects of Organizational Resilience
			Resilient Supply Chains
				Introduction
				Key Aspects of Supply Chain Resilience
			Resilience Supported by Interconnected Economic Systems in Societies
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	80 Meaning and Purpose in Sustainability Transitions
		Introduction
		Toward a Practical Philosophy of Change
			Beyond Fairness
			More-than-Human Development
			The Citizen-Worker in the Anthropocene
		The Value of Meaningfulness
			Developing an Ecological Sensibility
		Organizing for Sustainable Transitions
			Sustainability/Resiliency
			Taking Responsibility for Complexity
			Harnessing the Problem
		Meaning Labs for Complexity Work
			Using Meanings and Values in Sustainability Transitions
			Generating Narratives and Purposes
			Learning Using Dualities Thinking
			Imagining with Fractal Design
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	81 Transformational Adaptation of Communities Through Systems Development
		Introduction
			Understanding Transformational Adaptation
			Conceptual Framework to Assess Transformational Adaptation
			Characteristics of Transformational Community-Based Adaptation
		On the Frontlines: Transformational Adaptation at Community Levels
			Overview
			Background of Nepal and Timor-Leste
			Assessing Characteristics of Transformational Adaptation
				Systemic Change
				Catalyze Broader Change
				Operate at Scale
				Inclusion
				Sustainability
		Discussion
		Conclusion and Recommendations
		References
	82 The Impact of Carbon Disclosure on the Market Value of Financial Industry Companies: A Review of the Current Status
		Introduction and Motivation
			Motivation
			Relevance of Topic
			Research Questions
		Carbon Disclosure and Decision-Making in the Financial Industry
			Introduction to the Financial Industry
			Literature Review
			Carbon Scoping Methodology
		Research Methodology
		Structured Data Analysis
			Panel Regression Analysis
		Results from Unstructured Data Analysis
		Conclusion
		References
Part X: Financing Climate Resilience
	83 Using Market-Based Instruments to Enhance Climate Resilience
		Introduction
		What Is Climate Resilience?
		Market-Based Instruments: Why Use Them?
		Types and Applications of Market-Based Instruments
		Who Pays?
			MBI Complexity
		Incorporating Resilience Principles into Market-Based Instruments
		Designing Market-Based Environmental Policy Instruments to Enhance Resilience
			Principle 1: Value Reserves, Buffers, and Redundant Capacity
			Principle 2: Enhance Diversity Rather than Oversimplifying Complex Systems
			Principle 3: Implement MBIs at the Appropriate Scale
			Principle 4: Ensure Key System Variables Are Monitored and Essential Information Is Shared
			Principle 5: Support the Building of Trust, Leadership, and Collaboration
			Principle 6: Consider Feedbacks, Indirect Impacts, and Perverse Incentives
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	84 Adaptation Finance: A Review of Financial Instruments to Facilitate Climate Resilience
		Introduction
		What Is Adaptation Finance?
		Costs and Benefits of Resilience
		What Can Finance Potentially Add to Adaptation?
		Types of Instruments
			Risk Transfer
				Index Insurance Products
				Insurance-Linked Securities
				Pay-for-Success Contracts
			Partial Liquidation
				Green and Climate Resilience Bonds
				Asset-Backed Securities
				Conservation Finance and Payments for Ecosystem Services
					Biodiversity Offset Markets
					Debt for Nature or Debt for Climate Swaps
			Intensified Stewardship
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	85 Adoption of the Task Force for Climate Financial Disclosures (TCFD) in Malaysia
		Introduction
		Background
		Data and Methods
			TCFD Elements
			Carbon Metrics
		Discussion
		Conclusion
		85.0 Specific TCFD Requirements
		References
	86 Financing to Achieve the Sustainable Development Goals
		Introduction
		Institutional Investment
		Banking
		International Agreements
		Influencing Financial Systems
		Economies and Transitions
		Financial Markets
			Information Disclosure Practices
			Assurance Standards
			Market Integrity
			Market Liquidity
			Market Risk
		Sustainability and Financial Markets
			Development of Sustainability Focused Alternative Markets
			Case Study: Water Markets in Australia
		Financial Systems and Partnership
		Conclusion
		References
	87 Taxation of Global Commons as a Tool to Reduce Economic Inequalities and Strengthen the Resilience of Tax Systems
		Introduction
		The Anti-pandemic Stimulus Packages: A Unique Opportunity to Mitigate Climate Change
		Human Well-Being and the Mitigation of Climate Change
		Prophecies About Taxation in the Third Millennium
		A Fiscal Revolution to Reduce Inequalities and Strengthen the Resilience of Tax Systems
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
Index