The Palgrave Encyclopedia Of Peace And Conflict Studies

Preface
List of Topics
About the Editors
About the Section Editors
Contributors
A
	Aboriginal Conflict Management
	Abuse
	Accompaniment
	Accord
	Acknowledgement
	Actor-Centered Peacebuilding
	Adaptation
	Adaptive Capacity
	Adivasi/Indigenous Politics
	Adjudication
	Aesthetics
	Afghanistan
	Africa
	Agency
	Agreements
	Aid
	al-Shabaab
	Alternative Commemorations
	Alternative Dispute Resolution
		Synonyms
		Description
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Analysis of Multiparty Multi-issue Disputes
	Anti-colonial Struggles
	Arbitration
	Argentina
	Aristotle
	Armed conflict
	Armed Conflicts in Africa and Indigenous Conflict Resolution
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Theoretical Framework
		Armed Conflicts in Africa
		Causes of Conflicts in Africa
			Availability of Arms
			Ethnicity
			Exclusion and Inequality
			Natural Resource Wealth
		The Consequences of Armed Conflicts in Africa
		Western Model of Conflict Resolution in Africa
		Indigenous Conflict Resolution in Africa
		Ubuntu System and Peacebuilding in South Africa
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Armed Rebellion
	Arms Control
	Art
	Art = Culture
	Art = Peace
	Art and Reconciliation
		Synonyms
		Definition/Description
		Introduction
		Concepts
		Practice
		Dilemmas
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Artificial Intelligence
	Artpeace
	Artpeace: Validating Political Power or Imagining Emancipation
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Discernible Dynamics of Peace and Art
		A Historical Sketch of an Aesthetics of Peace
			Early Examples: The Imperial, Nationalist, and Conservative phase
			Toward a More Enlighted Engagement: Cosmopolitan Discovery and Awakening
			Into the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Revolution, Resistance, and Rethinking
			Broadening Approaches
		Implications of Stages 1-6 for Practices Associated with Peacemaking
		Toward a Creative and Just Synthesis
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Arts-Based Research
	Asian Approaches to Peace
		Synonyms
		Description
		Introduction
		Westphalian Peace
		Liberal Interventionism
		Decline of Liberal Peace and the Rise of Asia
		Developmental Peace
		Peacekeeping
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Assessment of Peace Operations
		Synonyms
		Description
		Introduction
		Considerations in Peace Operation Success
			Multiple Operations
			Multiple Missions
			Stakeholders in Peace Operations
			Time Frame
			Baseline
		Assessing Peace Operations in Practice
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Assistance
	Asymmetrical Warfare
		Definition
		Introduction
		Different Forms of Asymmetry
		Key Challenges Posed by Asymmetrical Warfare
		Cross-References
		References
	Augustine
	Autonomy
	Autophotography
	Auto-photography
		Synonyms
		Definition/Description
		Introduction
		Auto-photography: Participatory Research Method with a Photographic Element
		History of Participatory Photography
		Variations of Auto-photography
		Ethical Considerations
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
B
	Balance of Power
	Balkan as a Concept
		Synonyms
		Introduction
		The Name
		The Metaphor
		Balkan: The Historical Legacy
		Cross-References
		References
	Balkan Linguistic Union
	Balkan Studies
	Balkanism
	Balkanization
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Birth: Coining `Balkanization´
		Recontextualization: `Balkanization´ Everywhere
		Balkanism: `Balkanization´ Deconstructed and Reclaimed
		Summary and Future Work
		Cross-References
		References
			Further Readings
	Barbarism
	Bargaining (see Negotiation)
	BDS
	Big Data
	Bosnian Genocide
		Definition
		Introduction
		The Historical and Political Facts of the Bosnian Genocide
		The Bosnia Genocide in a Historical Context
		The Serbian State and the Genocide in BiH
		Postwar Genocide Denial and Triumphalism
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Bottom-Up Peace
	Brazil
	BRICS
C
	Calendars
	Cameroon and the Anglophone Crisis
		Synonyms
		Description
		Introduction
		The Colonial Roots of Anglophone Cameroon Conflict
		The Reemergence of the Anglophonic Consciousness After Independence
		Contemporary Manifestations of the Anglophone Conflict
		Role of Social Media in the Anglophone Conflict
		Response by International Community
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Capitalist Peace
	Carl von Clausewitz
	Ceasefire
	Census Politics in Deeply Divided Societies
		Definition
		Introduction
		Historical Background
		Key Issues
			Censuses and Identity Construction
			Rights and Power Sharing
			Questions of Recognition
			International Aspects
			Role in State-Building
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Chile
	China
	Cicero
	Civic Values
	Civil Resistance
	Civil Resistance (see Nonviolence)
	Civil Resistance for Peace and Conflict Management, Role of
		Description
		Introduction
		Conceptualizing Civil Resistance
		The ABC-Framework
			Avoidance Resistance
			Breaking Resistance
			Constructive Resistance
		Concluding Discussion
		Cross-References
		References
	Civil Society
	Civil Society and Peacebuilding: Critical Review
		Definition
		Introduction
		Conceptual Notes: Civil Society and Peacebuilding
		Role of Civil Society in Peacebuilding
		Critique of Civil Society Role in Peacebuilding
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Civil Society and State Violence in South America
		Synonyms
		Definition
		South America and State Violence: The Military Dictatorships from the 1960s to 1980s
			Military Dictatorship in Brazil
			Military Dictatorship in Argentina
			Military Dictatorship in Chile
		Civil Society and the Legacies of State-Sponsored Violence
			The Search for Justice and Truth in Face of Human Right Violations
			Normalization of Violence by State Apparatus: Effects on Public Security and Prison System
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Civil Society Inclusion in Peace Mediation
		Definition
		Concepts and Background
			Civil Society
			Inclusion
		Current Debates and Research on Civil Society Inclusion
		Future Directions
		Cross-References
		References
	Civil Society Organizations (CSOs)
	Civil War
	Civil Wars in Sudan and South Sudan
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Understanding Conflict: Social Contract Framework
		The Case of Two Sudans: Why Recurrent Civil Wars?
			The Sudan: Unitary and Autocratic Arabo-Islamic Hegemony System
				The Occurrence and Cost of Civil Wars
				The Colonial Legacy: The Missed Opportunity for Federal System
				The Post-Independence Sudan: Accentuating Unitary Arabo-Islamic Hegemony System
				The Emergence of Political Islam
		South Sudan: The Autocratic Unitary System
			The Occurrence and Cost of Civil War
			Transition to Statehood: Exclusive Constitution-Making Process
			The First Civil War: Governance-Deficit and Weak Institutions
		Summary
		References
	Civilian and Military Missions and Operations
	Class
	Climate Change
	Co-existence
	Cohesion
	Cold War
	Collateral
	Collective Security and Collective Responsibility in International Interventions
		Definition
		Cross-References
		References
			Further Reading
	Colombia
	Colombian Peace Agreement 2016
		Synonyms
		Description
		Introduction
		Background
			Negotiating Table and Major Issue Areas
		Chapter 1. A New Countryside: Comprehensive Rural Reform
		Chapter 2. Political Participation: Democracy for Peacebuilding
		Chapter 3. Ceasefire, Definitive End of Bilateral Hostilities, and Demobilization
		Chapter 4. Solution to the Illicit Drugs Problem
		Chapter 5. Agreement Regarding the Victims of the Conflict: Comprehensive System for Truth, Justice, Reparations, and Non-recu...
		Chapter 6. Implementation, Verification, and Public Endorsement
		Referendum and Congressional Approval
		Conclusion, Implementation, and Peacebuilding
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Colonialism
	Colonization
	Commemoration
	Commemorations
	Common Security and Defence Policy
	Communitarian Peacebuilding
	Community Self-Protection
	Community-Based Organizations
	Comparative Peace Research
	Complex Adaptive Systems
	Complexity
	Complexity Thinking
	Compromise
	Conceptual Evolution of Peace Operations
		Synonyms
		Description/Definition
		Introduction
		Peace Observation
		Peacekeeping
		Peacebuilding
		Cross-References
		References
	Conciliation
	Conciliation (see Reconciliation)
	Conflict
	Conflict and Hunger
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Conflict Causes Hunger
		Hunger Can Cause Conflict
		Peace and Conflict Actors Respond
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Conflict Fieldwork
		Definition
		Introduction
		What Is ``Conflict Fieldwork?´´
		On the Issue of Positionality
		On the Importance of Time
		``Do No Harm´´
		Reclaiming ``Impact´´
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Conflict in Sri Lanka
	Conflict Research
	Conflict Resolution
	Conflict Sensitive Journalism
	Conflict Transformation
	Conflict, Memory, and Memory Activism: Dealing with Difficult Pasts
		Synonyms
		Description
		Introduction
		Calendars, Commemorative Events, and Mnemonic Battles
		Memory Activism and Hashtag Memory Activism: Alternative Calendars and Alternative Commemorative Events
		Remembering the Wars of the 1990s: The Case of Serbia and the Post-Yugoslav Region
		Summary
		References
	Conflict, Peace, and Ontological Security
		Synonyms
		Definition/Description
		Introduction
		Ontological Security Studies: Origins, Concepts, and Debates
		Ontological Security and Conflict
		Ontological Security and Peace
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Conflicts and Natural Disasters
		Synonyms
		Definition/Description
		Introduction
			Concepts
		Conflict-Disaster Nexus
			Conflict and Fragility Contributing to Disasters
			Disasters Contributing to Conflict and Fragility
			Disaster Management as Contributor to Conflict
			Risk Reduction, Resilience, and the Triple Nexus
		Empirical Examples
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Conflicts of De Facto States
	Conflicts of Unrecognized States
	Consequences
	Consociation
	Consociational Democracy
	Consociationalism and Peace After Conflict
		Synonyms
		Definition/Description
		Introduction
		Consociational Theory
			Theoretical Innovations
		Consociationalism and Its Critics
		Consociationalism in Practice
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
			Websites
	Constructive Journalism
	Contested Cities
	Contested Pasts
	Contract Embellishment
	Counter Memory
	Counterterrorism
	Craft
	Crafts = Politics
	Crafts Visual Materials
	Crimes Against Humanity
	Critical Approaches
	Critical Peace Research
	Critical Perspectives
	Critical Theories
	Critical Theory
	Cultural Mobilization for Peace in Indonesia
		Introduction
		Conflict Context
		Cultural Mobilization for Peace
		Some Challenges of the Turn to Culture
		Creative Peacebuilding and Social Justice
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Culture and Conflict Resolution
		Introduction
		Defining Culture
		History
		Intercultural Conflict and Conflict Resolution
		Conflict Resolution and Cultural Difference
		Violence and the Culture of Intractable Conflicts: Conflict as a Cultural System
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
			Further Reading
	Culture, Anthropology, and Ethnography in Peace Research
		Introduction
		The Local and Cultural Turns in Peace and Conflict Studies
		Responses to the Criticism of the Local Turn
		The Relevance of an Anthropological Approach
		Summary and Concluding Reflections
		Cross-Reference
		References
	Custom
	Cyber Conflict
		Synonyms
		Definition/Description
		Introduction
		The Traditional Concept of Conflict and Challenges Imposed by the Use of New Cyber Weapons
			Can the Use of Cyber Weapons Trigger an International Armed Conflict?
			When Does a Cyberattack Meet the Threshold of an Armed Attack?
		Non-state Actors Mounting Armed Attacks and the Effect on the Classification of Conflict
		Challenges in Applying LOAC to Non-international Cyber Warfare
		Summary
		References
	Cyber Warfare
	Cypriot Women in Peacebuilding
	Cyprus UNSCR 1325
D
	Dance
	DDR
	De Facto State
	Dealing with the Past
	Decentralization and Conflict Prevention
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Pathways to Conflict Prevention Through Decentralization
			Economic Development
			Accommodation of Minority Identities
			Institutions of Decentralization
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Decolonisation
	Deconstruction in International Interventions
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Deconstruction
		Deconstructing International Interventions
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Democratic Peace
	Democratization in Postconflict Western Balkans
		Definition
		The End of Communism and Wars and Conflicts in the Western Balkans
		Postconflict Democratization
		The Legacies of Conflicts
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Demographic Dividend
	Demographic Gift
	Demographic Window
	Denial
	Development
	Development = Economic Growth
	Developmental Peace
	Dialogue
	Diasporas in Peace and Conflict
		Synonyms
		Definition/Description
		Introduction
		Diasporas
		Diaspora Involvement in Armed Conflicts
		Diasporas and Peacework
		Postwar Reconstruction and Reconciliation
		Conflicts in New Spaces
		Concluding Remarks
		References
	Different Layers of the Afghan Conflict
		Definition/Description
		Synonyms
		Introduction
		The Afghan Peace Process
		Different Layers of the Afghan Conflict
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Digital Peace
	Digital Technologies
	Dignification
	Diplomacy
	Disarmament
	Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR)
		Definition/Description
		Introduction
			History and Role of DDR
			Rebuilding Relationships
			Does It Work?
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Discrimination
	Disintegration
	Dispute Resolution
	Distributive Negotiation
	Disunity
	Diversity
	Divided Cities
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Divided Cities in an Ever-Urbanizing World
		Divided, Contested, or Postwar Cities?
		The Conceptual Core of Divided Cities
			The Common Features of Divided Cities
			The Effects on Citizens, the Cities Themselves, and the Wider Conflict Settings
		Potentials and Problems of Divided Cities in War and Peace
		Concluding Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Divided Societies
	Division
	DR Congo: Local and International Peacebuilders´ Interaction
		Introduction
		Definitions
			Peacebuilding
			Local and International Peacebuilders
		State of the Literature: Local and International Peacebuilding
		Case Study: Democratic Republic of Congo (1999-2014)
			Perceptions of the Armed Conflict and Peacebuilding Priorities
			The Interaction Between Local and International Peacebuilders
			Obstacles to Building Sustainable Peace
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Drawing
	Dual-Concern Models
E
	East Timor
	Eastphalian Peace
	Effects
	Electoral Manipulation and Prevention
	Electoral Methods
	Electoral Systems
	Emancipation
	Emancipatory
	Emancipatory Peace
		Synonyms
		Description
		Introduction
		Emancipation in General Theoretical Usage
		Various Approaches to Emancipatory Peace
			Historical and Philosophically Informed Versions of Emancipatory Peace
			A Realist Version of Emancipatory Peace
			A Social Version of Emancipatory Peace
			A Liberal Version of Emancipatory Peace
			A Postcolonial Version of Emancipatory Peace
			Post-Liberalism and Emancipatory Peace
			Post-Structural Contributions
			Global Justice and the Anthropocene
		Implications for an Emancipatory Peace
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Emergence
	Emergencies
	Emerging Power
	Emotions
	Empowerment
	Environmental Peacebuilding
	Epistemic Violence
	Ethical Research
	Ethics
	Ethnic Cleansing
	Ethnic Conflict
	Ethnic Conflict in North Macedonia
		Synonyms
		Definition
		State-Building in Multiethnic Societies
		Ethnic Disparities and the Precursors to Ethnic Conflict
		The 2001 Interethnic Conflict and the Peace Agreement
		Post-2001 Society and Conflict Management
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Ethnofederalism
	Ethnographic Peace Research
		Definition
		Towards Locally Grounded Assessment of Peace and Conflict Dynamics
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	EU Conditionality in the Western Balkans
		Definition
		Introduction
		The EU in the Western Balkans After 2003
		The Absence of Reform in the Western Balkan Six
		The End of the EU´s Enlargement Agenda in the Western Balkans
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	European Union
	European Union´s Peace Missions and Operations, The
		Synonyms
		Description
		Definition
		The Emergence of CSDP Peace Missions and Operations
		The EU´s Past and Current CSDP Missions and Operations
		Key Features
		Strengths
		Critiques
		Current Challenges
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Evaluation
	Event Data
	Everday
	Everyday Peace
		Definition
		Introduction
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Evolution of Practice in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Shifting the Peacekeeping Paradigm
		A New Awakening: The Experience of Mali
		The Value of Consistency: Lebanon and the Middle East
		Engaging the Parties
		Developing the Concept: Steps Forward in Peacekeeping Practice
		Pointing Toward the Future
		Cross-References
		References
	Expats
	Experiencia de Paz (Peace Experience)
	Extraterritorial Citizenship
	Extraterritorial Naturalization
	Extremism
F
	Facilitation
	Fact-Finding
	Fair Division
		Synonyms
		Description
		What Qualifies as ``Fair´´?
		How can Fairness be Achieved?
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Famine
	Favelas
	Female Combatants and Peacebuilding
		Description
		Introduction
		(Re)Defining Peace and Peacebuilding
		Women, War, and Peace
		Combatants as Peacebuilders: A Contradiction?
		Mobilized Resources for Peacebuilding: International Perspectives
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Female Peacekeepers - Gender Balance in Peace Operations
	Feminism
	Feminist
	Feminist Agenda in the Cypriot Peace Negotiations
	Feminist Foreign Policy
	Feminist Peace Activism
	Feminist Peace Research
		Synonyms
		Summary (Definition)
		Introduction
		Feminism
		Peace
		Research
		Northern Ireland
		Key Takeaways
		Cross-References
		References
	Feminist Security Studies
	Fetial Code
	Fieldwork
	Fiscal Decentralization
	Foreign Mediation
	Fragile Peace Transitions
	Fragmentation
	Freedom from Anxiety
	Frontier Cities
	Future Peace: Digital Innovations and the International Peace Architecture
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Digital Peacemaking or Self-Interest?
		The Political Limits of New Approaches in Peacemaking
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
G
	Gender
	Gender and Mediation
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction: Origins
		Representing Women in Peace Mediation
			Descriptive Representation
			Substantive Representation
			``Full, Equal and Meaningful Participation´´
		Participation and the Durability of Agreements
		Gender Advisors in Mediation Teams
		Connecting the Local and the Global
		Mediation and Gender
		New Directions
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Gender and Peacebuilding in Cyprus
	Gender Equality
	Gender in the Negotiations in Cyprus
	Gender Justice
	Gender Justice and Peacebuilding
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Definition
		Theorizing Gender Justice
			Justice as Recognition, Redistribution, and Representation
			Gender Justice in Peacebuilding Contexts
			Affirmative Versus Transformative Remedies
		Gender Justice from Above: Legal Justice
			Prosecuting Crimes of SGBV
			Limitations of Criminal Justice Mechanisms
		Gender Justice from Below: Women´s Courts and Tribunals
			History of Women´s Courts and Tribunals
			Alternative Model of Gender Justice
			Reformist Versus Transformative Approaches
		Summary
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Gender Mainstreaming
	Gender-Just Peace
	Genocide
	Geocoding as a Method for Mapping Conflict-Related Violence
		Definition/Description
		Synonyms
		Introduction
		A Theoretical Case for Geocoding
		Geocoded Data on Conflict-Related Violence in Cities
			Geocoding in Practice
			Practical Challenges and Solutions in Geocoding Violence Within Cities
			Limitations and Dilemmas in Geocoding Violence
			Using Geocoded Data to Analyze Violence in Postwar Cities
		Summary and Notes on Future Research
		Cross-References
		References
	Georgian-Abkhaz Conflict
		Definition
		Historical Background
		The Soviet Period
		The 1992-1993 War
		The 2008 War
		Recognition of Abkhazia
		Postwar Efforts at Mediation and Intervention
		Summary
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Global Governance
	Global Interventionism
	Global Justice
	Global Peace Index [GPI]
	Good Life
	Governance
	Graffiti
	Grassroots
	Grassroots Mobilisation
	Grassroots Organizations and Peacebuilding
		Synonyms
		Description
		Introduction
		Peacebuilding ``From Below´´
		Grassroots Organizing for Peace
		Constraints of the ``Local Turn´´ in Peacebuilding
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Grassroots Peacebuilding
	Great Power Involvement in Peace Operations
		Definition/Description
			Great Powers as Peacekeeping Contributors
			Great Powers as Peacekeeping Influencers
				Great Powers Influence Where Peacekeepers Go
				Great Powers´ Influence on What Peacekeepers Do
				Great Powers Affect Which Countries Offer Peacekeepers
				Great Powers Train Peacekeeping Troops
			Remaining Puzzles
		Summary
		References
	Grounded Nationalism
		Definition
		Introduction
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Guidelines
	Gulf Security
H
	Harmony
	Heritage
	Holding the Ground Peacekeeping - Maintaining the Status Quo
	Honduras
	How Apologies After War and Atrocities Matter in International Politics
		Definition
		Introduction
		The Power of Apologies: How Contrition Can Facilitate Reconciliation
		Critical Approaches: Why Do Apologies Fail?
		Additional Ways in Which Apologies Matter
		Conclusion
		References
	Hugo Grotius
	Human Dignity and Transitional Justice
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		The Uses of Human Dignity Amid Transitional Justice
		Meanings of Human Dignity
		Demanding Dignity
		Dignification of Victims in Colombia
		Summary
		References
	Human Geography and Peacebuilding
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Spatial Dimensions of Peace and Conflict
		Case Studies
			Bosnia and Herzegovina
			Divided Cities
		Space, Place, and Peacebuilding
		Spaces of Peacebuilding and ``The Local´´
			Methodologies of Place and Space
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Human Rights
	Human Rights Advocacy
	Human Security
		Definition
		Introduction
		The Emergence of Human Security
		Narrow Versus Broad Human Security
		Interdisciplinary Uses of Human Security
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Humanitarian
	Humanitarian Assistance
	Humanitarian Disarmament and the Era of Disarmament Without Disarmament
		Synonyms
		Definition/Description
		Locating HD in a Typology of Disarmament
			Pure Disarmament
			General and Complete Disarmament (GCD)
			Coercive Disarmament
			Structural Disarmament
			Postconflict Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration of Combatants (DDR)
			The Disarmament of Sacred Spaces
			Qualitative Disarmament
		Three Models of Humanitarian Disarmament
			The First Model of HD
			The Second Model of HD
			The Third Model of HD
		Key Claims Made for Humanitarian Disarmament
		Some Challenges to the Claims Made for Humanitarian Disarmament
		Humanitarian Disarmament and Disarmament Without Disarmament
		Conclusion: Reflections on the Past, Present, and Future of Humanitarian Disarmament
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Humanitarian Disarmament II: Case Studies
		Introduction
		A Case Study of Model Two Humanitarian Disarmament: The Arms Trade Treaty
		A Case Study of Model Three Humanitarian Disarmament: The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
		The TPNW, Humanitarianism, and the Potential for Norm Reinterpretation by NWS
		Summary
		Cross-References
		Bibliography
	Humanitarian Intervention
	Humanitarian Interventions
	Hybrid Courts and Transitional Justice
		Definition
		Introduction
		Key Issues and International Perspectives
			Transitional Justice and Human Rights
			Transitional Justice and Criminal Prosecution
		Transitional Justice and Hybrid Courts
			The Concept of Hybrid Courts
			Examples of Hybrid Courts
			Hybrid Courts: An Evaluation
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Hybrid Peace
	Hybrid Political Orders and Hybrid Peace
		Definition
		Introduction
		Hybrid Political Order
		Hybrid Security Governance
		Hybrid Forms of Peace
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Hybridity
I
	I4P
	Identifying Stable Solutions to Conflicts
		Synonyms
		Description
		Method
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Identity and Conflict
	Identity and Political Violence
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Violence as the Culmination of Ethnic Antagonism: From Ancient to Modern Hatred
		Everyday Ethnicity and the Transformative Power of Violence
		Beyond the ``Event´´: Identity After Violence
		Summary and Concluding Reflections
		Cross-References
		References
	Identity Politics - Politics Centred on Leadership Figures, Sectarian and Other Groups
	In Search of Justice, Peace, and Reconciliation in Northern Uganda
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		A Brief Background to the Conflict in Northern Uganda
		The Northern Uganda Conflict
		The Juba Peace Negotiations
		The Peace Versus Justice Debate During the Juba Peace Process
		Traditional Justice in Northern Uganda: Mato Oput
		Stigmatization and the Reintegration of LRA Returnees
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Inclusion
	Inclusive Mediation
	Independent Bodies
	Independent Commissions and Peace Settlements
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
			Independent Commissions: Power-Sharing and Power-Dividing
			Types of Commissions
			International Involvement and Independent Commissions
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Independent Committees
	India
	Indigenous Approaches to Peace
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Relationalism
		Balance and Harmony
		Seeking Relational Peace
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Indigenous conflict resolution
	Indigenous Diplomacies
	Indigenous Peacemaking
	Infrastructures for Conflict Transformation
	Infrastructures for Peace
	Insights from Complexity Theory for Peace and Conflict Studies
		Synonyms
		Description
		Introduction
		Complexity
		Peace, Complexity, and Epistemology
		Peace, Complexity, and Practice
		Peace, Complexity, and Ethics
		Adaptive Peacebuilding
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Institutions
	Instrumentalization of Religion
	Insurgency
	Integrative Negotiation
	Intentionality
	Interconnection
	Intergovernmental Organizations
	International
	International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
	International Humanitarian Law
	International Intervention
	International Interventions
	International Order
	International Organizations and Statehood Conflicts
		Synonyms
		Definition/Description
		Introduction
		International Organizations and Statehood Conflict
		Between Internal and External Self-Determination
		Navigating Statehood Conflict
		Further Research Avenues
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	International Peace Architecture
	International Peace Architecture, Blockages, and Counter-Peace
		Synonyms
		Introduction
		An Overview of the International Peace Architecture
		Stages One to Four: From the Balance of Power to Agenda for Peace
			Internal Contradictions, Blockages, and Counter-Peace
			The Emergence of Stage Five
			Growing Instabilities in the Overall International Peace Architecture
			Potential for the Architecture: Stage Six
			An Alternative Path: Stage Six as Digital Governmentality
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Interpersonal
	Intersectional
	Intersectional Approach
	Intersectionality and Peace
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Intersectionality in Peace Research
		Intersectionality and Peacebuilding Practice
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Intervention
	Intractable Conflict
	Ireland
	Islam and Peace
		Synonyms
		Introduction
		Definition
		Historical Background
		Peace and Justice
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Islamic Fundamentalism
	Israeli Occupation
	ius ad bellum
	ius in bello
J
	Jihad
	Judgement
	Jus ad bello
	Jus ad bellum
	Jus in bello
	Jus post bellum
	Just War Theory
	Just War Theory Across Time and Culture
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction (Baumann 2010; Brunsletter and O´Driscoll 2017; Churchman 2013; Lee 2011, 2015, Melton and Baumann 2010; Nardin 1...
		Forerunners: Major Classical Thinkers
		The Western Tradition (De La Casas 1992; de Montesquieu 2002; Elshtain 1992; Kant 1983; de Vattel 2009; Walzer 1997)
		The Greek Orthodox Tradition (Harakas 1981; Norwich 1990; Ostrogorsky 1957)
		The Jewish Tradition (Nelson and Sons 1952; Ravitzy 1996; Solomon 2009; Walzer 1996)
		The Muslim Tradition (Arberry 1955; Gibb and Kramers 1961; Hashimi 1996; Hitti 2002; Kelsay 2009; Lewis 1995, 2002)
		The Hindu Tradition (Brekke 2009; Dalal 2010; Dikshitar 1948; Jones and Ryan 2007; Rosen 2002)
		The Jain Tradition (Brekke 2009; Dundas 2002; Fohr 2015; Long 2013; Lorenzen 1978; Wikipedia 2019)
		The Buddhist Tradition (Bartholomeusz 2006; Brekke 2009; Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai 1989; Dhamasiri 1989; Nhat Hanh 1999; Stroble 199...
		The Chinese Tradition (Brekke 2009; Lewis 2000, 2009; Sun Tzu 1963; van de Ven 2000)
		The Japanese Tradition (Brekke 2009; Cleary 1999, 2005; Friday 2009; Nitobe 1969; Skya 2009; Walker 2018)
		Summary (Bryant 2015; Crowe 2014; De La Casas 1992; de Montesquieu 2002; Fisher and Wicker 2010; Elshtain 1992, 2003; Kant 198...
		Cross-References
		References
			General
			Classical Forerunners
			The Western Tradition
			The Greek Orthodox Tradition
			The Jewish Tradition
			The Muslim Tradition
			The Hindu Tradition
			The Jain Tradition
			The Buddhist Tradition
			The Chinese Tradition
			The Japanese Tradition
			Contemporary Thought
	Justice
	Justpeace
K
	Kantian Peace
	Kashmir
	Kashmir Conflict, The
		Synonyms
		Description
		Introduction
		Historical Background: 1586-1947
		Post-Colonial India and the Kashmir Question
		Armed Uprising, Deep Militarization, and Human Rights Abuses
		Post-2008 Youth-Led Political Mobilizations
		Fear of Settler Colonialism in the Post-Article 370 Kashmir
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Kenya
	Kenya´s War on Terror
		Synonyms
		Description
		Introduction
			Socio-historical and Political Context
		Recontextualizing the ``War on Terror´´ in Kenya
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
L
	Land Conflict
	Land Politics and Conflict
		Synonyms
		Definitions and Issues
		Land as a Cause of Conflict
		Land in and after Conflict
		Summary and Future Work
		Cross-References
		References
	Land Rights
	Land Tenure
	Land Use
	Left Wing-Extremism
	LGBTQ Perspectives in Peacebuilding
		Synonyms
		Introduction
		Definition
		Sexuality and Conflict Studies
		LGBTQ Perspectives on (In)Security
		Summary and Future Directions
		Cross-References
		References
	Liberal and Illiberal Peacebuilding in Sri Lanka
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Overview of Conflict and Peacebuilding Efforts
		A Period of Failed Self-reintegration of JVP and Relapse into Violence (1971-1986)
		Successful Self-reintegration of the JVP (1987-1994)
		Peacebuilding and the Tamil Insurgency
			From Local to ``Regionalized´´ Peacebuilding: Indian Involvement
			Return to Local Initiatives: War for Peace and the Emerging Liberal Agenda
		The Limits of Liberal Peacebuilding
		Return to War and Emergence of Illiberal Approach
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Liberal Interventionism
	Liberal Peace
	Liberal Peace and Its Critiques
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		The Ethics of the Liberal Peace
		Developing an Ethical Account Through Eirenism
		A Post-Liberal Peace: The Everyday and Hybridity
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Liberal Peace in Peace Operations
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		A Liberal and Democratic Peace
		United Nations, Peace Operations, and the Liberal Peace Project
		A Post-liberal Peace?
		Cross-References
		References
	Liberal Peacebuilding
	Liberal Peacebuilding in a Transitional International Order
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		The Decline of the ``Liberal Peace´´ Model in Theory and Practice
		China´s Peacebuilding Activities
		The Evolution of China´s Peace and Security Roles
		China´s Peacebuilding Activities in Context
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
			Chinese Language Sources
	Liberalism
	Liberation Struggles
	Local
	Local Civil Dialogue
	Local Peacebuilding
		Synonyms
		Definition/Description
		Introduction
		Unpacking the ``Local´´ in Local Peacebuilding
		Main Debates
		Future Trajectories and Recommendations
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Local Security
	Location Data
	Lomé Accord
	Lomé Peace Accord
	Lomé Peace Agreement
M
	Management of Sensitive Data
	Maoism
	Maoist Conflict in India
		Synonyms
		Description
		Introduction
		From Naxalbari to Left Wing Extremism: The Evolution of the Maoist Movement in India
			First Phase (1967-1972)
			Second Phase (1980-1990)
			Third Phase (1990s-Ongoing)
		CPI (Maoist) Ideology and Revolutionary Violence
			Theoretical Logic of the Maoist Movement
			CPI (Maoist) Organizational Structure
		Maoist Politics, Adivasi Communities, and Assertion for Development
		State Responses
		Peace Talks
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
			Further Readings
	Mapping
	Marginalization
	Margins
	Masculinity
	Masculinity and Conflict
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
			Hegemonic Masculinity
		Masculinity and Conflict
		Wartime Violence in Conflict
		Masculinity and Wartime Sexual Violence
		Military Masculinities
		The Peacebuilding Masculinity
		Alternative Masculinities in Non-state Armed Groups
			Pro-feminist Masculinity and Future Directions
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Mass Atrocity Crimes
	Measuring Peace
		Definition
		The Importance of Measuring Peace
		Ways of Measuring Peace
		Key Issues
		Future Directions
		Cross-References
		References
	Measuring the Implementation of the Women, Peace, and Security Agenda
		Synonyms
		Definition/Description
		Introduction
		Measuring Women, Peace, and Security
		Feminist Transformations
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Med-arb
	Mediation
		Introduction
		Development
		Existing Research on Mediation
			Dependent Variable: Effectiveness
			Independent Variables: Onset and Process
				Mediation Onset
				Mediation Process
		Gaps and Avenues for Further Research
			Disaggregated Analyses
			Ideational Aspects
			Changing World Political Context
		Cross-References
		References
	Mediation-Arbitration
	Melanesia
	Memorials and Transitional Justice
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Defining Memorials
		Disaggregating Memorials
		The Changing Scope of Memorials
		The Changing Aesthetics of Memorials
		Memorials as Transitional Justice
		The Kigali Genocide Memorial
		Conclusions
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Memory
	Memory Activism
	Memory Politics
	Migration
	Militarism
	Military
	Military Coalitions
	Military Dictatorships
	Military Intervention
	Military Interventions
	Military Occupation
	Mini-trials
	Minorities
	Minority Rights
	MINUJUSTH
	MINUSTAH
	MIPONUH
	Mock Trials
	Moldova-Transnistria Conflict
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Origins of the Conflict
		Russia
		External Trade and International Engagements
		The OSCE
		The European Union
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Monitoring and Evaluation
	Mozambique
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Colonialism and Early Independence
		The 1977-1992 War
		The Peace Process
		Peace Times
			The Development Landscape
			The State of Democracy
			The Shortcomings of the Security Sector Reform
		Renewed Conflict in 2013
		Current Situation
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Muhammad
	Multiple Missions
	Multiple Operations
	Music Reconciliation = Social Cohesion
	Mysticism
N
	National Identity Formation
	Nationalism
	NATO´s Approach to Peace Operations and Peacebuilding
		Introduction
		NATO´s Peace Concept: Definitions
		NATO Embraces Crisis Management
			The Balkans
			NATO´s Crisis Management, from Afghanistan to Libya
		The Return of Power Politics, NATO´s Crisis Management Loses Precedence
			The Ukraine Moment
			Crisis Management´s Lost Relevance?
		Projecting Stability: The New NATO´s Crisis Management Agenda
			What Is ``Projecting Stability´´?
			The Dilemmas of Projecting Stability
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Natural Disasters
	Needlework
	Negative Peace
	Negotiation
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Description
		The Negotiation Climate
		Distributive Negotiation
		Integrative Negotiation
		Distributive vs. Integrative Negotiation
		The Role of Power
		Conclusion
		Summary
		Appendix
			Fifty Negotiation Tactics
		Cross-References
		References
	Negotiation Climate
	Negotiation Phases
	Negotiation Power
	Negotiation Process
	Negotiation Strategy
	Negotiation Styles (see Negotiation Strategy)
	Negotiation Tactics
	Negotiations
	News and Conflict
	NGOs
	Non-majoritarian Institutions
	Non-proliferation
	Non-state Actors
	Nonviolence
	Nonviolence and Civil Resistance
		Definition/Description
		Introduction
		Mahatma Gandhi and Satyagraha
		Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Ethics of Nonviolence
		Gene Sharp and Strategic Nonviolence
		Nonviolence and Civil Disobedience
		Pragmatic Versus Principled Nonviolence
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Nonviolent Peacekeeping
	Nonviolent Protection
	Normalization of Violence
	Normative
	North Macedonia
	Northern Ireland
O
	Occupied Palestinian Territories
	Offline and Online (De)radicalization: An Overview of the Case of Kosovo
		Introduction
		Radicalization and Its Manifestation(s)
			The Online and Offline Dimensions
		Toward Understanding De-radicalization
		Kosovo´s Response to Radicalization and Violent Extremism
		Summary
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Ohrid Framework Agreement, The
		Synonyms
		Definition
		The Ohrid Framework Agreement
		Accommodation of Communities Post-OFA
		The Agreement´s Implementation Influence in Contemporary Politics
		Cross-References
		References
	Ombudsmen
	Oppression
	Organized Brutality
		Definition
		Cross-References
		References
	Organized Crime
	Outcomes
P
	Pacific Island States
	Pacifism
	Pacifism and Peace
		Description
		Introduction
		Definitions
		The Absence of Pacifism in Peace
		The Reasons and Consequences of Excluding Pacifism from Peace
		Bringing Pacifism into Peace Theory
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Painting
	Palestine
	Pareto Optimal Agreement
	Pariah Weapons Control
	Participatory Constitution-Making and Peacebuilding
		Definition
		Constitution-Making
		Participatory Constitution-Making
		Scepticism About Participatory Constitution-Making
		Summary
		References
	Participatory Photography
	Participatory research
	Patriarchy
	PCRD
	Peace
	Peace Accord
	Peace Activism
	Peace Agreement
	Peace Agreement Design
	Peace Agreement Implementation
	Peace Agreements
		Definitions
			Types and Prevalence
		Introduction
		Historical Background
		Key Issues
			Measuring Content
			Measuring Success
		Research Trends and Debates
		Summary and Future Directions
		Cross-References
		References
	Peace and Conflict in Brazil
		Definition
		Colonialism, Conflict, and Violence in Brazil
		Consolidation of the Military and the Paraguayan War
		Challenges to Peace in the Republican Era: Revolutions and Revolts in the Building of a New Nation
		Brazil (Again) Under Dictatorship: The Military Regime (1964-1985)
		Emergence of Criminal Violence and Police Repression Responses
		No Peace at Home, but Promoting Peace Abroad
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Peace and Conflict Studies
	Peace and Conflict Textiles
	Peace and Dialogue Structures
	Peace and Feminist Foreign Policy
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Peace, Gender, and Foreign Policy
			Gender and Foreign Policy
		Feminist Foreign Policy and Peacebuilding
			Feminist Foreign Policy and Peace Diplomacy
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Peace and Political Unsettlement
		Description
		Introduction
		Political Settlements and Power-Sharing
		Introducing Formalized Political Unsettlement
		Factors Contributing to Formalized Political Unsettlement
		Characteristics of Formalized Political Unsettlement
		Modes of Transitional Practice and Engagement
		Summary
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Peace Architecture
	Peace Art
	Peace Communities
	Peace Community
	Peace Deal
	Peace Diplomacy
	Peace Formation
		Introduction
		The Nature of Peace Formation
			Local Agents of Peace Formation
			Mitigating the Violence of Local State Formation
			Encounters with Local Actors
			How Successful Have Peace Formation Strategies Been?
		Peace Formation Strategies
		Methodology and Peace Formation
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		Bibliography
	Peace Formation in Bougainville
		Definition
		Introduction
		Violent Conflict on Bougainville
		Peace Formation at the Grassroots
		High-Level Peacebuilding
		The Internationals: Helpful, but Not in Control
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Peace in International Relations Theory
		Definition/Description
		Introduction
		Peace and Methodological Considerations
		The Concepts of Peace
		Perspectives on Peace in IR Theory
			One Peace or Many Peaces?
		Cross-References
		References
	Peace Infrastructures
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		The Origins of Peace Infrastructures
		Divergent Definitions and Conceptual Core
		Contemporary Peace Infrastructures
		Categorizing Peace Infrastructures: Formal and Informal, Top-down and Bottom-up
		The Importance of Peace Infrastructures
		Criticism
		Peace Infrastructures in Practice
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Peace Journalism
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		War and Peace Journalism
		The Features of Peace Journalism
			Peace/Conflict Oriented
			Truth Oriented
			People Oriented
			Solution Oriented
		Peace Journalism in Practice
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Peace Measuring Approaches
		Synonyms
		Defining the Problem
		Efforts at Solution
		Johan Galtung
		Additional Important Variables
		Data Lapses
		Steven Pinker
		Responsible Management of Sensitive Data
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Peace Mediation
	Peace Negotiations
	Peace Observation
	Peace Operations
	Peace Operations, Principles, and Doctrine
		Definition
		Introduction
		Defining Peacekeeping: Principles, Doctrine, and Practice
			The Evolution of the ``Holy Trinity´´
			Protection of Civilians
			State-Building and ``Stabilization´´
		Points of Conceptual Friction
		Contestation and the Future of Peace Operations
		Cross-References
		References
	Peace Process
	Peace Talks
	Peace Through Prosperity
	Peace Through Strength
	Peace Through Tourism
		Definition
		Introduction
		Tourism and Peace in the Academic Debate: A Controversial Association
		``Tourism. Industry of Peace.´´ Is  It?
		Summary
		References
	Peace Within to Peace Without
	Peace Zones
	Peacebuilding
	Peacebuilding = Consolidating Peace, Constructing Peace
	Peacebuilding and Korean Civil Society
		Synonyms
		Definition/Description
		Introduction
		Peacebuilding and Civil Society
		The Korean Peace Process
		Peacebuilding Role of Korean Civil Society
			Reconciliation Between People
			Promoting Civic Values for Peace
		Summary
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Peacebuilding and Postcolonial Subject
		Synonyms
		Description
		Introduction
		Postcolonial Accounts on Peacebuilding: Eurocentrism and the Production of ``Postcolonial Subjects´´ in Peacebuilding Contexts
		Inquiring the ``Local Turn´´ and Hybridization Processes in Peacebuilding: Postcolonial Contributions and Critiques
		Final Remarks
		Cross-References
		References
	Peacebuilding and Spatial Transformation
		Introduction
		Definitions
		Spatial Agency in Peacebuilding
		Place-Making
		Space-Making
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Peacebuilding Consequences
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Peacebuilding Purpose: Intentionality, Anticipation, and Prevention
		Peacebuilding Consequences as the Results of the Results of Results
		The Carelessness of Peacebuilding and (UN)accountability
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Peacebuilding in Africa: The African Union´s Evolving Approach
		Synonyms
		Introduction
		The AU´s Peacebuilding Policy Framework, Main Concepts, and Toolbox
		Initial Peacebuilding/PCRD Efforts and Lessons Learned
		The Way Forward
		References
	Peacebuilding: Utopia and Reality
		Introduction
		Twenty Year´s Crisis
		The End of Statebuilding
		The ``Hubris´´ of Liberal Peacebuilding
		The Pragmatic Apologia
		The Return of Realism
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Peacebuilding-Development Nexus
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Paradigmatic Approaches to Peacebuilding and Development
			Peacebuilding Paradigms and the Development Nexus
				Structural and Liberal Peacebuilding
				Innovations in Peacebuilding Paradigms
			Development Paradigms and the Peacebuilding Nexus
				Liberalism and Marxism
				Human Development, Sustainable Development, and Other Innovations
		The Nexus in Practice
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Peaceful Transformation
	Peacekeeping
	Peacekeeping - Conflict Stabilisation
	Peacekeeping - Crisis Management
	Peacekeeping - Peacebuilding- Peace Operations
	Peacekeeping Inputs - Assessing Approaches
	Peacekeeping Mission Objective - Mission End State
	Peacekeeping Missions - Peacekeeping Operations
	Peacekeeping Operations - Protection of Civilians
	Peacekeeping Outputs - Measuring Peace
	Peacekeeping Sovereignty - Host Government Responsibilities
	Peacemaking
	Peacemaking and Peace Agreements on Kosovo
		Introduction
		The Rambouillet Peace Conference
		The Vienna Talks on the Future Status of Kosovo
		Dialogue for Normalization of Relations Between Kosovo and Serbia
		Summary
		References
	Peacetech
	Performance
	Perpetrator Research
		Definition
		Perpetrator Research: An Evolving Agenda
		Approaching Perpetrators: The Ethics and Methods of Perpetrator Research
		Perpetration as Action and as Complex
		Violence Dynamics and Perpetrator Motivations
		Post-Violence Dealing with Perpetrators
		Cultural Representations of Perpetrators
		Gendered Understandings of Perpetrators
		Perpetrators in the Holocaust
		Perpetrators in the 1994 Genocide Against the Tutsi
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Phenomenological Peace
		Definition
		Introduction
		Background: The Rationales for Phenomenological Peace
			Political-Ontological Impasse of ``Liberal´´ and ``Post-Liberal´´ Approaches
			Academic: The Epistemological Stalemate of ``Liberal´´ and ``Post-Liberal´´ Peace Studies
		Phenomenological Philosophy: The Conceptual Background of Phenomenological Peace
		Future Directions for Phenomenological Peace
			Research
			Political Implications
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Photo-elicitation
	Photography
	Photography and Peace
		Description
		Peace and Photography
			Definitional Issues
			Core Conceptual Aspects
			Aims and Achievements of Peace Photography
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Photovoice
	Pluralist Photography
	Polarized Cities
	Police Reform and Peacebuilding
		Synonyms
		Introduction
		What Can Be Expected at the Beginning of Police Reform?
		Who Are Involved and What Is Provided as a Police-Reform Package?
			UK-Led Police Reform: CPDTF and CCSSP (1996-2002)
			PKO-Led Police Reform (2002-2005)
		Unintended Consequences of Police Reform
		Back to Square One: Why Police?
		Summary
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Political Decentralization
	Political Demography
	Political Islam
	Political Missions
	Political Settlements
	Politics of Passportization and Territorial Conflicts
		Synonyms
		Description
		Introduction
		Passportization
		Territorial Conflict: The Cases of Georgia and Ukraine
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Popular Protest
	Popular Protest in Palestine
		Synonyms
		Introduction
		Palestinian Resistance to the Establishment of the Israeli State, 1880-1948
			Palestinian Protest Against Jewish Immigration Under the Ottomans
				British Military Administration, 1917-1920
			British Mandate in the 1920s
				1930-1936: From Unrest to the First Palestinian Uprising
				The Palestinian Revolt, 1936-1939
				The Period of Partition: 1939-1949
		Palestinian Resistance, 1948-1987
			The Lost Years of the 1950s
			Palestinians in Israel: Quiet Forms of Resistance
			Palestinians in Israel: From Quiet Resistance to Audible Protest
			Palestinians in the Occupied Territories Prior to First Intifada
		The First Intifada: December 1987-October 1991
			Phase One: December 1987-1990: Horizontal Escalation of the Struggle
			Phase Two: Post-1990 Deterioration
			Palestinians in Israel: The Impact of the First Intifada
		The Oslo Process, September 1993-September 2000
		The Second Intifada
			Palestinians in Israel - the Impact of the Second Intifada
		The Separation Wall and the Reemergence of Unarmed Popular Resistance
		Lack of Social Solidarity as Main Reason for Weakness of Contemporary Popular Unarmed Protest
		The Important Role of Third-Party Solidarity: Grounds for Hope
		Cross-References
		References
	Positionality
	Positive Peace
	Post-Conflict
	Post-Conflict Elections
		Definition
		The Challenges of Elections in Post-conflict Countries
		Timing and Sequencing
		Electoral Systems
		Election Administration
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Post-Conflict Nation-Building
		Synonyms
		Definition of Nation-Building
		Nations and Nationalism
		Post-Conflict Challenges to Nation-Building
		National Community, Narratives, and Identity
		Constitutions
		Symbolic Forms of Nationhood
			Performative Symbols of Nationhood
			Visual Symbols of Nationhood
		Nation-Building as Fundamental to State Life
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Post-Conflict Reconstruction
	Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Development
	Post-Conflict Recovery
	Post-Conflict Timor-Leste
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Timor-Leste: A Brief Historical Overview
		Legacies of Colonialism and Conflict
			Language: Portuguese
			Religion: Roman Catholicism
			Legacies of Conflict
			Peacebuilding and the UN
			The 2006 Crisis
			Internal Fractures: Valorizing the Resistance
			Victim´s Organizations
			Women and Conflict
			Generational Divisions
			Contemporary National Politics in Timor-Leste
		Cross-References
		References
	Post-Liberal Peace
	Postliberal Peacebuilding
	Post-Soviet Conflict
	Postwar
	Postwar Cities
	Power Structures
	Power-Sharing
	Prisoners´ Dilemma
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Private Peacemaking and Dialogic Approach to Mediation
		Introduction
		Mediation as Peace Diplomacy
		Peace Mediation Beyond Negotiations
		Nongovernmental Actors Within Multiparty Peace Process
		Private Peacemaking
		Towards Dialogic Mediation
		Cross-References
		References
	Private Tribunals
	Property Disputes
	Protection of Civilians
		Definition
		Introduction
			First Steps
			Protection in Practice
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Protective Accompaniment
	Protracted Conflict Process
Q
	Qualitative Research
	Quantification
	Queer
R
	R2P
	R2P and Prevention
		Synonyms
		Definition
		What Is the Responsibility to Protect?
		Four Crimes and Three Pillars
		Normative and Institutional Progress Since 2005
		Criticisms of R2P´s Implementation
			R2P Is Only Applicable to the ``Global South´´
			R2P Is an Attack on Sovereignty
			R2P Is a Foreign Policy Issue
			Atrocity Prevention and Conflict Prevention Are the Same Thing
			R2P Implies Military Force and ``Humanitarian Intervention´´
			When the International Community Fails to Act, R2P Has Failed as a Norm
			R2P and Regime Change: The Case of Libya
		Implementation of R2P: Responding to Atrocity Risks in Kenya, Côte d´Ivoire, and the Gambia
			Kenya
			Côte d´Ivoire
			The Gambia
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Race
	Rapprochement
	Realism
	Reconciliation
	Reconciliation in Northern Ireland
		Synonyms
		Description/Summary
		Conflict and the Progress Toward Peace in Northern Ireland
		Framing and Understanding of Reconciliation in Northern Ireland
		Top-Down Policymaking for Reconciliation
			Reconciliation as Inter-communal Relationship-Building
			Reconciliation via Addressing the Past
		Bottom-Up Reconciliation Practice
			Community-Focused and Relationship-Driven Practice
			Addressing the Past from ``Below´´
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Reflexivity and Fieldwork in Feminist Peace Research
		Synonyms
		Definition of Reflexivity
		Introduction
		Reflexivity in Feminist Research on Peace and Conflict
		Reflexivity in Practice
		Entering the Field: Decisions and Reflections on Identity
		In the Field: Encountering Vulnerabilities
		In the Field: Navigating Political and Emotional Topographies
		Leaving the Field: Impact and Expertise
		Conclusion/Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Reflexivity in the Study of Security and Conflict
		Introduction
		Definition: Reflexivity and Disciplinarily in International Relations and the Study of Conflict
		The Personal, the Political, and the Reflexive
		Reflexive ``Turns´´: The Narrative, the Vernacular, and the Local
			The Narrative
			The Vernacular
			The Local
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Reforms
	Refugee Voting
	Refugees
	Regional Organizations
	Relationality
	Relationship-Building
	Rent-a-Judges
	Research Ethics
	Resilience
	Resilience and Peace
		Definition/Description
		Synonyms
		Introduction
		Origins and Operationalization of Resilience
			Operationalizing Resilience
		Theoretical Notions of Resilience in Peacebuilding
			The Transformation of Peacebuilding
			Resilience and Peacebuilding, Definitions?
		Resilience in Practice
			The Resilience Controversy
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
			Further Reading
	Responsibility
	Responsibility to Protect
	Restorative Justice
	Restraints on War
	Results
	Revolution, Violence, and the Pursuit of Peace
		Introduction
		Revolutions and Violence
		Nonviolent Revolutions?
		Summary
		Cross-References
		Bibliography
	Right to Have Rights
	Rise of China
	Risk Reduction
	Risks
	Role of State and Non-state Terrorism in Peace Processes, The
		Description
		Introduction
			Terrorism: State and Non-state
			Spoiling
		Key Issues
			Why Is Terrorist Violence Used to Spoil Peace Processes and when Does Terrorism Become a Tactic of Spoiling?
			Does Terrorism ``Spoil´´ Peace Processes More than Other Types of Violence?
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Roles of Victims in Peacebuilding
		Synonyms
		Description
		Peacebuilding and Victims
		Defining Victims for Peacebuilding
		Epitomes of Suffering and National Identities
		Witnesses of Crimes and Universal Moral Beacons
		Active Influencers of Justice and Peace
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Rule of Law
	Rule of Law as a Component of Peace Operations
		Definition
		Introduction
		Defining the Rule of Law
		Sovereignty and Protection
		Joined-Up Thinking
		Coordinating Rule of Law Programming in UN Peace Operations
		Conclusions and Challenges
		Cross-References
		References
			UN Security Council Resolutions and Reports
			Laws, Regulations, and Cases
	Russia and Frozen Conflicts in the Post-Soviet Space
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Russia´s Presence in the Frozen Conflicts: Similarity and Difference
		Realist and Ideational Interpretations
		Critical Approach and Reconceptualization
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
S
	Safety Perceptions
	Search for Peace, the
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Pacifism
		Nonviolence
		Arms Control
		Peace Through Strength
		Peace Through Prosperity
		Diplomacy
		Track II Diplomacy
		Balance of Power
		World Government
		Peacekeeping and Peacebuilding
		Reconciliation and Restorative Justice
		Summary: Is Mankind Becoming More Peaceful?
		Cross-References
		References
	Secession
	Secession and Self-Determination
		Introduction
		Definition
		Key Issues and International Perspectives
			Secession Under International Law
			Self-Determination and a Right to Secession
		The Principle of ``Effectiveness´´: Secession as a Political Fact
		Future Directions
		Cross-References
		References
	Secessionism
	Secessionist Conflicts
	Security
	Security of Being
	Security of the Self
	Security Sector Reform After Armed Conflict
		Synonyms
		Definition/Description
		Introduction
		Research on SSR
		Linking the Elements of SSR
		Security Sector Reform on the Ground
		Context Matters: Decolonizing SSR as a Next Step on the Agenda
		Cross-References
		References
	Security-Development Nexus
	Security-Development Nexus in Peacebuilding
		Conceptualizing Security and Development
		The Evolution of the Security-Development Nexus
		Challenges to the Implementation of the Nexus on the Ground
		The Future of the Security-Development Nexus
		Cross-References
		References
	Self-Defense
	Self-Organization
	Separation
	Separatist Conflicts
	Settlement
	Sexual
	Sexual and Gender-Based Violence
	Sexuality
	Shared Sovereignty
	Sierra Leone
		Synonymys
		Definition
		Introduction
		A Brutal Civil War
			Causes of the Crisis
			The Quest for Peace in Sierra Leone
		International Peacebuilding in Sierra Leone
			Statebuilding and Peacebuilding Emphasizing the State and Its Institutions
			Prioritizing the Special Court over the TRC
			UNIPSIL and the Prioritization of State Institutions
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Silence and Peacebuilding
		Synonyms
		Definition/Description
		Introduction
		Silences That Disable Peace
		Silences That Enable Peace
		Implications for Peacebuilding
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Slums
	Social Capital and Peace
		Definition
		Introduction
			Types of Social Capital
			How Social Capital Interacts with Conflict
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Social Cohesion
	Social Contract
	Socioeconomic Justice and Peacebuilding
		Definition
		Introduction
		Conceptualizing Socioeconomic Justice
			Socioeconomic, Transitional, and Transformative Justice
			Socioeconomic Justice and Peacebuilding
			Socioeconomic Justice and Peacebuilding in Practice
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Sources of Peace in a Developing Island State
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		The Pacific Islands Region
		Social Economy
		Kastom, Chiefs, and Community
		Governance, Justice, Social Peace
			Some Examples
		The Challenge of Linking Across Modes of Governance
		Conclusion
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
			Further Reading
	South Africa
	South Sudan
	Southeast Europe
	Southeast European Studies
	Southern Africa
	Sovereignty Conflicts
	Soviet
	Space, Place, and Peacebuilding
	Spatial Agency
	Spatial Analysis
	Spoilers
	Sri Lankan Peace Process
	SSR
	Stability Analysis
	Stabilization Operations and Their Relationship to Liberal Peacebuilding Missions
		Introduction
		Definitional Issues
		Conceptual and Theoretical Aspects
		Stabilization and Peacebuilding
		The Antinomies of Stabilization
		Conclusions
		References
	Stalled Peacebuilding: Dealing with the Violence of Colonization and Its Legacy
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		A Short Account of First Nations History and Social and Political Philosophy
		Colonization
		The Colonial Legacy
		Peacebuilding and the Colonial Relationship
		Makarrata and Treaty
		Conclusion
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Standpoint Theory
	Starvation
	State Repression
	(State-)security
	Statebuilding
	State-Building
	Statebuilding in Afghanistan: Inertia and Ambiguity
		Introduction
		A Brief History of the Afghan State
		Statebuilding After 2001
		Problems and Pitfalls of the Statebuilding Project
			Orders of Violence
			State Finance
			Legitimacy
		Summary
		References
	Statehood Conflict
	Statehood Conflicts
		Synonyms
		Definition/Description
		Introduction
		Secession and Conflict over Statehood
		Unpacking the Concept of Statehood Conflicts
			Birth and Death of Conflict
		Where Next for the Study of Statehood Conflicts
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Strategic Peacebuilding
	Street Art and Peace
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Street Art and Peace
			Yemen
			Pakistan
			Palestine
			Colombia
		Everyday, Street, and Art
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Street-Art
	Structural Violence
	Successful Peacekeeping Outcome - Political Solution to Conflicts
	Sudan
	Summary Jury Trials
	Sweden
	Symbolic Reparations
	System of Government
	System Thinking
T
	Technology and Peace
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Bottom-Up Uses of ICTs for Peace
			Crowdsourcing
			Social Media
		Top-Down Uses of ICTs for Peace
			Blockchain
			Drones
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Territorial Conflicts
	Terrorism
	Textile-Making as Research Method
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Textile-Making as Specific Arts-Based Research Method
		Embroidering with Ex-Guerrillas in Colombia: A Research Example
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Textiles Making Peace
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Textiles and Peace: Theoretical Approaches
		Peace Through Textiles: Empirical Examples
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	The Balkans
	The Korean Peace Process
	Theatre
	Theatre and Peacebuilding
		Synonyms
		Description
		Introduction
			Theatre Forms
			Contributions to Peacebuilding
		Summary and Conclusion
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Third-Party Intervention
	Thomas Aquinas
	Timor Lorosa´e
	Track II Diplomacy
	Track Two Diplomacy
	Traditional Peace Approaches
	Transdisciplinary
	Transformation of Conflict
	Transitional International Order
	Transitional Justice
	Transitional Justice and Peacebuilding
		Definition
		Introduction
		From ``Peace Versus Justice´´ to Integration and Coordination
		Commonalities and Critiques
			Liberal Peace Assumptions
			Socioeconomic Issues
			Imported and Top-Down Approaches to Peace and Justice
			Local Turns and Participation
		Looking Forward: Transformation and Emancipation
			Structural Violence and Root Causes
			Social and Economic Development
			Supporting Local Agencies
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Transitional Justice in Croatia
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Historical Context
		Key Issues
			War Crimes Legacy
			International Relations
			Civil Society
			Minority Rights
		Existing Research
		Direction of Future Research
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Transnational
	Transnationalism
	Transversal Politics
	Trauma
	Treaty
	Tribalism
	Triple Nexus
	Troubles, The: The Northern Ireland Conflict
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background: A Place Apart
		The Troubles
		Why Conflict Endured
		Exiting the Violence
		Reasons for the Breakthrough
		Decommissioning, Demilitarization, and Policing
		Tradeoffs
		Brexit
		Conclusion
		Summary
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Truth and Reconciliation Commissions
	Truth Commissions
U
	Ubuntu system
	UN
	UN Intervention
	UN Missions in Ex-Yugoslavia
		Synonyms
		Definition
		The UN Missions in Light of the Yugoslavian Dissolution
		The UN Missions in Croatia
			UN in Croatia After UNPROFOR
		UN Missions in Bosnia and Herzegovina
			UN in Postwar BiH
		UN Missions in North Macedonia
		The UN Mission in Kosovo
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	UN Missions in Sudan and South Sudan
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Context
		Missions Overview
			Defining Peace Missions
			Eight Missions in Two Decades
				Sudan, up to July 2011
				Contested Area: Abyei
				South Sudan, After Independence
				Sudan, After the 2019 Revolution
		Themes
			Consent Management
			Civilian Protection
			Regional Cooperation and Sequencing
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	UN Peacebuilding in Timor-Leste
		The Setting
		1999-2002: UNAMET and UNTAET
		2002-2005: UNMISET
		2006-2012: UNMIT
		2012 and Beyond
		Cross-References
		References
	UN Security Council and International Interventions
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Conflicting Principles of Maintaining International Peace and Security
		Preventing Intervention
		Conducting Intervention
		Reframing Intervention
		Justifying Intervention
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Unarmed Bodyguards
	Unarmed Civilian Peacekeeping
	Unarmed Civilian Protection
	Unarmed Civilian Protection/Peacekeeping
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Understanding the Place of UCP Within Peace Studies
		Delineating Unarmed Civilian Protection/Peacekeeping
		How UCP Works
		Three Examples of UCP in Practice
			International Protective Accompaniment in Colombia
			Unarmed Civilian Peacekeeping in Mindanao, the Philippines
			UCP and Local Women Protection Teams in South Sudan
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Unarmed Resistance
	Uncertainty
	Unexpected
	Unintended
	Unintended Consequences of Peace Operations/Sexual Abuse and Exploitation by Peacekeepers
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
			What Are ``Unintended Consequences´´?
		The Unintended Consequences of Constructing Peace in the Context of Contemporary Conflicts
		The Possible Collateral Effects of United Nations Peace Operations
		Sexual Misconduct by Peacekeepers: A Complex and Challenging Unintended Consequence
			A Brief Overview of Sexual Abuse in Peace Operations
		Are ``Unintended Consequences´´ Really Unpredictable?
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	United Kingdom
	United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK)
		Definition
		Introduction
		Key Issues
			Background to the Kosovo Conflict
			UNMIK´s Mandate
			Kosovo´s Self-Government Under UNMIK
			UNMIK and Kosovo´s Declaration of Independence
		Assessing the Effectiveness and Impact of Transitional Administration
			International Territorial Administration
			UNMIK´s Political Impact
			UNMIK Accountability and Human Rights
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	United Nations Missions in Haiti
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
			Emergence of a Prodemocracy Movement
			Context of the UN Involvement in Haiti
				Governor Islands Agreement
		United Nations Mission in Haiti (September 1993 to June 1996)
		United Nations Support Mission in Haiti (July 1996 to July 1997)
		United Nations Transition Mission in Haiti (August to November 1997)
		United Nations Civilian Police Mission in Haiti (December 1997 to March 2000)
			International Civilian Support Mission in Haiti (March 2000 to February 2001)
			The Destabilization of Haiti´s Nascent Democracy
		United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (June 2004 to October 2017)
			MINUSTAH´s Response to Armed Groups
			Security Sector Reform
			Controversies and Criticism of MINUSTAH
				Sexual Exploitation and Abuse
				The Costs of Cholera
			The Direct Costs of Cholera
			Indirect Costs of Cholera on Haitian Households
		United Nations Mission for Justice Support in Haiti (October 2017 to October 2019)
			Peyi Lok: From Football to Fuel
			Progress Toward Mission Mandates
		HeadingsSec153-123
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	UNMIH
	Unrecognised State
	UNSCR 1325
	UNSCR1325
	UNSMIH
	UNTMIH
	Urban Gangs
	Urban Peacebuilding
		Introduction
		Emplacing Peace and Peacebuilding in the Urban
			The Urban
			Urban Peacebuilding
			Urban Peace
		What Lessons Can Be Learned from Urban Peacebuilding in Nicosia?
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Urban Violence
	Urban Violence and Crime
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Urban Violence and Crime in Post-Conflict Societies
			El Salvador Case
		Urban Violence and Crime in Democratic Societies
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Use of Force
	Use of Force in Peace Operations
		Definition
		Introduction
		The Long Journey to the Use of Force
		The Protection of Civilians
		Stabilization Missions
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
V
	Vanuatu
	Violence
	Violence in Poor Neighborhoods
	Violent Conflict
	Violent Conflicts in South America
		Definition
		Historical Background
		Social Violence and Conflict in Today´s South America
		Non-war Neither Peace Societies: The Cases of Colombia, Brazil, and Venezuela
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Visual Peace and Conflict Research
	Voting Methods
	Voting Systems
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Electoral Manipulation and Its Prevention
		Elections in War-Torn Countries
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
			Vote Counting Methods (All Accessed January 2019)
W
	Waithood
	War
	War and Peace in Somalia
		Synonyms
		Definition/Description
		Introduction
		Key Peacemaking Efforts in Somalia
			Djibouti Peace Conference (1991)
			The Addis Ababa Peace Conference (1993)
			The Cairo Peace Conference (1997)
			The Arta Peace Conference (2000)
			The Mbagathi Peace Conference (2004)
		The Promise of Traditional Peacemaking Approaches in Somalia
			The Configuration of Somali Traditional Structure
			The Xeer System
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	War and Peace in Yemen
	War Crimes
	War Crimes Trials
	War on Terror
	War Veterans
	Ways of Knowing
	Weapons Governance
	Western Interventions
	Win-Lose Negotiation (see Distributive Negotiation)
	Win-Win Negotiation (see Integrative Negotiation)
	Women
	Women and Peace Negotiations in Cyprus
		Synonyms
		Introduction/Definition
		Women and the Conflict in Cyprus
		Women and Peacebuilding
		Women´s Participation in Politics and the Negotiations
		Women´s Inclusion in the Peace Process and the Negotiations
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Women in War
	Women, Peace and Security Agenda
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Resolutions on Women, Peace and Security
			The Pillars
		Researching Women, Peace and Security
		Critically Examining the Resolutions
		The Challenges of Implementation
		The ``Global´´ and the ``Local´´ in WPS
		Translating WPS into Security Institutions and Practices
		Summary and Future Directions
		Cross-References
		References
	Women´s Community Peacebuilding in the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT)
		Synonyms
		Description
		Introduction
		Definitions
		Historical and Political Violence Context
		Peacebuilding Education
		Participatory Approach
		Local Criticism
		Conclusion
		References
	Women´s Engagement
	Women´s International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF)
		Description
		Introduction
		The Beginnings
		The Postwar World: From a Hot to a Cold War
		The UN Women´s Conferences
		The New Millennium
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Women´s Organizations in Post-Conflict Contexts
		Synonyms
		Description
		Introduction
		Gendered Dynamics and Women´s Experiences in Post-conflict Contexts
		International Interventions as Gendered Encounters
		The Emergence, Contributions, and Struggles of Women´s Organizations in Post-conflict Spaces
		Funding for Women´s Organizations: Between Dependence and Autonomy
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Women´s Participation in Peace Processes
	Women´s Participation in Transitional Justice
	World Government
X
	Xeer
Y
	Yemen Conflict
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Six Wars and Beyond: The Houthis from Sa´adah to Sana´a
		Yemen: No Gray Zone Forward
		The Arab Spring: From an Uprising to a Political Crisis
			Pitfalls in the Agreement
			Hurdles During Implementation
			Domestic Hurdles
			External Issues
		The Houthi Coup d´État: A Gateway to Military Intervention and Beyond
			The Arab Coalition
			Issues Within the Arab Coalition
		The Southern Question and Fall of Aden
		Crisis Management or Conflict Resolution Efforts?
			Toward Piecemeal, Fragmentary Peace Efforts
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Youth and Peacebuilding
		Description
		Introduction
		Considering Youth: Classifications and Intersections
		Understanding Youth in Literature and Practice
			Children and Youth as Categories of Concern
			Participation and Partnership
		Thematic Consideration for Youth in Peacebuilding
			Gendered Challenges
			Securitization of Youth
		Meaningful Participation
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Youth Bulge and Conflict
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		What Is Youth?
		Youth Bulge as Demographic Gift
		Crisis of Youth Bulge
		Key Empirical Examples
			Youth Bulge and Political Violence
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Youth Gang Violence
	Youth Gang Violence in Honduras
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Conceptual Approaches to Understanding Youth Gang Violence
		Society-Wide Approaches to Understanding Youth Gang Violence in Honduras
		Community Approaches to Understanding Youth Gang Presence
		Future Possibilities
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
			Further Reading
	(Youth) Gangs
	Youthquake
	Yugoslavia
Z
	Zones of Peace
		Synonyms
		Definition/Description
		History and Current Uses
		Defining Characteristics/Key Features
		Current Uses
			Cultural Elements
			Negotiating and Interventions to Prevent Violence
			Tools for Empowering Marginalized Groups
			Processes for Engendering Agency
		Importance to Peacebuilding
		Contributions to Peacebuilding
		Cross-References
		References