The Oxford Turkish Grammar

Cover
The Oxford Turkish Grammar
Copyright
Short contents
Detailed contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations and symbols
Conventions
1 Introduction
	1.1 On Turks, Turkey, Turkic peoples, and their languages *
	1.2 Basic linguistic terminology
PART I SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION
	2 The alphabet *
		2.1 Letters and sounds
		2.2 Particulars
	3 On stress *
		3.1 Primary stress
		3.2 Secondary stress
	4 Phonological variation *
		4.1 Vowel reduction
		4.2 Short or long
		4.3 Contraction
		4.4 Expansion
		4.5 Soft or hard
		4.6 Consonant assimilation
	5 Morphological variation *
		5.1 Vowel harmony
			5.1.1 Twofold vowel harmony
			5.1.2 Fourfold vowel harmony
		5.2 Variation in word stems *
			5.2.1 Consonantal variation: voiceless—voiced
			5.2.2 Consonantal variation: k / g—zero
			5.2.3 Stem variation: short—long
			5.2.4 Consonantal variation: doubling
			5.2.5 Glottal stop
			5.2.6 Variation in verb stems
			5.2.7 Grammatical rules
		5.3 Variation in suffixes
			5.3.1 Buffer sound
			5.3.2 Consonants
			5.3.3 Overview
		5.4 Morphemes versus syllables
			5.4.1 Morphemes: hyphens
			5.4.2 Syllables: dashes
			5.4.3 More basic structures
			5.4.4 On hyphenating
			5.4.5 Comparison
PART II THE NOUN PHRASE
	6 Nouns
		6.1 Dictionary form and textual form
		6.2 Nominal suffix sequences
		6.3 Plural forms
		6.4 Possessive forms
		6.5 Case markers *
			6.5.1 Nominative
			6.5.2 Genitive
			6.5.3 Dative
			6.5.4 Accusative
			6.5.5 Locative
			6.5.6 Ablative
			6.5.7 Instrumental
		6.6 Combinations
		6.7 Speaking of case marking
			6.7.1 Genitive
			6.7.2 Dative
			6.7.3 Accusative
			6.7.4 Locative
			6.7.5 Ablative
			6.7.6 Instrumental
		6.8 Case-marked proper names
	7 Pronouns
		7.1 Interrogative pronouns
		7.2 Personal pronouns
		7.3 Demonstrative pronouns *
		7.4 Some points of interest
			7.4.1 Question word ne
			7.4.2 Echo questions
			7.4.3 Plural of pronouns
			7.4.4 Deviant pronominal forms
			7.4.5 Pronominal stem forms
			7.4.6 Double forms
			7.4.7 Proximity and remoteness
			7.4.8 Scolding and calling names
			7.4.9 Expressing affection and respect
			7.4.10 Modes of address
		7.5 Indefinite pronouns
		7.6 Reflexive pronouns
		7.7 Reciprocal pronouns
			7.7.1 Standard form
			7.7.2 Pluralizing
			7.7.3 Individualizing
			7.7.4 Reciprocal postpositional complements
		7.8 Genitive + –ki(n)
	8 Adjectives
		8.1 Properties
		8.2 Comparable positions
			8.2.1 Indefinite article
			8.2.2 Demonstrative pronoun
			8.2.3 Possessive pronoun
			8.2.4 Demonstrative and possessive combined
			8.2.5 Reflexive pronoun
			8.2.6 Indefinite quantity
			8.2.7 Numbers
		8.3 Word order in the noun phrase
		8.4 Comparative and superlative
		8.5 Adverbs applied to adjectives
		8.6 Locative + –ki(n)
		8.7 Adjectives used as nouns *
		8.8 Adjectives with complements
			8.8.1 Dative complement
			8.8.2 Ablative complement
			8.8.3 Instrumental complement
			8.8.4 Adverbial complement
	9 Functions of the noun phrase
		9.1 Noun phrases in nominal sentences
		9.2 Noun phrases in verbal sentences
			9.2.1 Subject
			9.2.2 Objects
			9.2.3 Direct object
			9.2.4 Dative object
			9.2.5 Locative object
			9.2.6 Ablative object
			9.2.7 Instrumental object
			9.2.8 Homonymy
		9.3 Noun phrases in genitive-possessive constructions
		9.4 Noun phrases in existential sentences
PART III ADJUNCTS AND MODIFIERS
	10 Spatial orientations
		10.1 Deictic pronouns: where, here, and there
		10.2 Orientations with the genitive-possessive construction
			10.2.1 Place nouns
			10.2.2 Metaphoric usage
			10.2.3 Adjectival usage
		10.3 From noun to locative postposition *
		10.4 From postposition to adverbial phrase
	11 Counting and quantities
		11.1 Cardinal numbers
			11.1.1 The basics
			11.1.2 Arithmetic
		11.2 Ordinal numbers
		11.3 Distributive numbers
		11.4 Special formations
			11.4.1 Adverbial usage
			11.4.2 Nominal usage
			11.4.3 Possessive numbers
			11.4.4 Derived nouns
			11.4.5 Derived adjectives
			11.4.6 Multiplicity
			11.4.7 Distributive adjectives
			11.4.8 School classes
			11.4.9 Game numbers
		11.5 Quantities
			11.5.1 Absolute quantity
			11.5.2 Units
			11.5.3 Relative quantity
			11.5.4 Quantifying adjectives
		11.6 Fractions
		11.7 Partitive constructions *
			11.7.1 A part is equal to one
			11.7.2 A part is greater than one
			11.7.3 Non-numerical part
			11.7.4 Inferrable whole
			11.7.5 Indefinite quantifiers
		11.8 On age
	12 Times and dates
		12.1 The clock
			12.1.1 The basics
			12.1.2 Location in time
		12.2 Days, months, years, centuries
			12.2.1 Temporal expressions
			12.2.2 Sequence
			12.2.3 Calendar
			12.2.4 Seasons
		12.3 Dates
		12.4 Special forms
		12.5 Combinations
			12.5.1 Daily periods and the clock
			12.5.2 Today’s day
			12.5.3 Today’s date
		12.6 Temporal phrase + –ki(n)
		12.7 More on –ki(n)
	13 Postpositions
		13.1 Direction
		13.2 Time
		13.3 Other postpositions
		13.4 Some points of interest *
			13.4.1 Postposition or noun?
			13.4.2 Postposition or adverb?
			13.4.3 Other deviant postpositions
			13.4.4 Adjective or postposition?
			13.4.5 Forms with baş ‘head’
	14 Adverbs and their like
		14.1 Levels of usage
		14.2 Adverbs for place
			14.2.1 Directions
			14.2.2 Targets
		14.3 Indeterminate adverbials
		14.4 The formation of adverbial phrases
			14.4.1 Adjective as adverb
			14.4.2 Lexical adverb
			14.4.3 Formation by –CE
			14.4.4 Reduplication
			14.4.5 Formation by –(y)E
			14.4.6 Result adverbial
			14.4.7 Quality adverbial
			14.4.8 Circumstance adverbial
			14.4.9 Secondary predicate
		14.5 With or without instrument, company, or transportation
		14.6 A peculiar suffix ordering
			14.6.1 Reverse order 1: possessive plus adjectival –lI / –sIz
			14.6.2 Reverse order 2: possessive plus –lEr
			14.6.3 Reverse order 3: possessive plus –lIk
			14.6.4 Reverse order 4: possessive plus –CE
PART IV VERBS
	15 Infinitival forms
		15.1 The full infinitive: –mEk
		15.2 The short infinitive: –mE
	16 Imperative forms
		16.1 Short and sweet requests
		16.2 Polite requests
		16.3 Compelling requests: –sEnE and –sEnIzE
		16.4 Paraphrased requests
		16.5 Other forms
	17 On negation
		17.1 Verbal negation: –mE
		17.2 Other forms of negation
	18 Indirect imperative forms
		18.1 Third person: –sIn and –sIn-lEr
		18.2 Questioned forms
		18.3 A special form
	19 Optative forms *
		19.1 First person: –(y)E-yIm and –(y)E-lIm
		19.2 Second person: –(y)E-sIn and –(y)E-sInIz
		19.3 Third person: –(y)E and –(y)E-lEr
	20 Present, past, and future *
		20.1 Present-1: –(I)yor
		20.2 Future: –(y)EcEK
		20.3 Past-1: –mIş
		20.4 Past-2: –TI
		20.5 Present-2: –(I/E)r and –mE-z
		20.6 Present-3: –mEk-tE
		20.7 More on infinitives
			20.7.1 Bare infinitives
			20.7.2 Case-marked infinitives
			20.7.3 Transitions
			20.7.4 Purpose by dative
			20.7.5 Other environments
			20.7.6 Idiomatic forms
		20.8 Meaning and interpretation
			20.8.1 Present-1
			20.8.2 Present-2
			20.8.3 Past-1 / Past-2
	21 Abilitative forms *
		21.1 Being able and being allowed
			21.1.1 Basic forms
			21.1.2 A specious contradiction
			21.1.3 Modality types
			21.1.4 Optative of abilitative
		21.2 Other forms with bilmek
			21.2.1 Expertise
			21.2.2 Durative
			21.2.3 Adjectival forms
	22 Necessity and hypothesis
		22.1 Necessity: Need to, must, have to, and need not
			22.1.1 Subjective modality
			22.1.2 Other forms expressing modality
			22.1.3 Objective modality
			22.1.4 Modal adjectives
			22.1.5 Collocations
			22.1.6 Modal verbs
			22.1.7 Enforcement
			22.1.8 Obligation
			22.1.9 Negational forms
			22.1.10 Injunctions
		22.2 Hypothesis: If . . .
PART V SENTENCE STRUCTURE
	23 Simple sentences
		23.1 Nominal sentences
			23.1.1 Noun phrase
			23.1.2 Negation
			23.1.3 Interrogative
			23.1.4 Constituent order
			23.1.5 On transparency
			23.1.6 Embedded clauses
		23.2 Existential sentences: to be and to have
			23.2.1 Presence and absence
			23.2.2 Possession: genitive
			23.2.3 Possession: locative
			23.2.4 Tail constructions
			23.2.5 Personal presence
		23.3 Verbal sentences
			23.3.1 Verbal predicate
			23.3.2 Constituent order
	24 Projections
		24.1 Past
			24.1.1 Nominal sentences
			24.1.2 Existential sentences
			24.1.3 Verbal sentences
			24.1.4 Indirect imperatives
		24.2 Reportative and inferential
			24.2.1 Scope
			24.2.2 Meanings
			24.2.3 Irrealis
			24.2.4 Optative
			24.2.5 Indirect imperative
		24.3 Hypothetical affairs
		24.4 Suffix combinations: tense and projection
		24.5 Suffix combinations: tense and multiple projections
		24.6 Suffix combinations with a fixed meaning
			24.6.1 Rhetorical questions
			24.6.2 Hypothetical past
			24.6.3 Questioned hypothesis
		24.7 Assumptions and statements of general validity
			24.7.1 General validity
			24.7.2 Emphasis and positivity
			24.7.3 Assumptions and expectations
			24.7.4 Special constructions
		24.8 Meaning and interpretation in projections
			24.8.1 Present-1 + Past
			24.8.2 Present-2 + Past
	25 On plurality
		25.1 Agreement / concord
		25.2 Postponed suffixation
		25.3 The order of –lEr*
			25.3.1 Types of statement
			25.3.2 Property attribution
			25.3.3 Class inclusion
			25.3.4 Intermezzo
			25.3.5 Identifying statements
				25.3.5.1 Predicate is pronoun
				25.3.5.2 Noun–lEr–Ø–person
				25.3.5.3 Noun–lEr–projection–person
				25.3.5.4 Noun–lEr değil–lEr–projection
				25.3.6 Summary
			25.3.6 Summary
	26 Sundry particles
		26.1 Joining things
		26.2 Choosing things
		26.3 Other small fry
			26.3.1 Particles bile / dahi
			26.3.2 Particles da / de
			26.3.3 Particle ise
			26.3.4 Particle ya
			26.3.5 Particle yoksa
			26.3.6 Particle değil
			26.3.7 Conjunction bilemedin
			26.3.8 Initial hem de
	27 Clause linking
		27.1 Coordination
			27.1.1 Simple conjunctions
			27.1.2 Suffix –(y)Ip
			27.1.3 Combination V–(y)Ip + V–(y)Ip
			27.1.4 Combination V1–(y)Ip + V2
			27.1.5 More applications
			27.1.6 Alternatives
		27.2 Conditions
			27.2.1 Realis
			27.2.2 Irrealis
			27.2.3 Contrastive conditionals
			27.2.4 Projection
			27.2.5 Evocation
		27.3 Simultaneous events
			27.3.1 Suffix –(y)ken
			27.3.2 Suffix –(y)ErEk
			27.3.3 Means–Purpose relation
			27.3.4 Means–Result relation
			27.3.5 Adversative
		27.4 Other temporal aspects
			27.4.1 Suffix –(y)ElI
			27.4.2 Suffix –(y)IncE
			27.4.3 Combination V-(I/E)r V-mEz
			27.4.4 Momentaneous actions
			27.4.5 Combination –TIK + possessive + –TE
			27.4.6 Suffix –mEdEn
			27.4.7 Suffix –mEksIzIn
			27.4.8 Suffix –mEktEnsE
			27.4.9 Substitution
			27.4.10 Renunciation
			27.4.11 Inchoative
		27.5 Reason and degree
			27.5.1 Reason / cause
			27.5.2 Conjunction diye
			27.5.3 Combination –TIK + possessive + –TEn
			27.5.4 Combination –TIK + possessive + için
			27.5.5 Concessive
			27.5.6 Contrastive
			27.5.7 Suffix –TIkçE
			27.5.8 Proportion
			27.5.9 Combination –TIğInce
			27.5.10 Degree
		27.6 Similative constructions
			27.6.1 Suffix –CEsInE
			27.6.2 Negational forms
			27.6.3 Complex forms
			27.6.4 Purpose / intention
			27.6.5 Pronominal forms
	28 Postpositional complements
		28.1 Person-bound adjuncts
		28.2 Temporal phrases
		28.3 Purpose phrases
			28.3.1 Purpose / intention
			28.3.2 Conjunction diye
			28.3.3 Suffix combination –mE-mE-cEsInE
		28.4 Phrases specifying circumstance or detail
		28.5 Postpositions in predicate position
		28.6 Postpositions used attributively?
	29 Ordering patterns
		29.1 Suffix order in nouns and verbs
			29.1.1 Nouns
			29.1.2 Verbs
		29.2 Word order in noun phrases
		29.3 Constituent order in main clauses
			29.3.1 Nominal sentences
			29.3.2 Existential sentences
			29.3.3 Verbal sentences
		29.4 The order of dependent clauses
		29.5 Special constituent orders *
PART VI WORD FORMATION
	30 Formation of verbs
		30.1 With auxiliary verbs
			30.1.1 Auxiliary etmek
			30.1.2 Auxiliary olmak
			30.1.3 Auxiliary çıkmak
		30.2 With nouns
			30.2.1 Suffix –lE
			30.2.2 Suffix –lEn
			30.2.3 Suffix –lEş
			30.2.4 Unproductive formations
			30.2.5 Equal stems
		30.3 Causatives *
			30.3.1 Suffix –TIr, –t, –Ir, –It, –Er
			30.3.2 Ditransitives
			30.3.3 Subject to object
			30.3.4 Double causatives
		30.4 Passives *
			30.4.1 Suffix –(I)n, –Il, –n-Il
			30.4.2 Passive of transitive
			30.4.3 Passive of causative
			30.4.4 Passive of intransitive
			30.4.5 Uncontrolled process / event
			30.4.6 Pseudo-passives
			30.4.7 Objects of passives
			30.4.8 Agent phrases
		30.5 Reflexives *
			30.5.1 Unproductive formation
			30.5.2 Ambiguity
			30.5.3 Disambiguation
		30.6 Summarizing
		30.7 Unproductive formations
			30.7.1 Orphaned verb stems
			30.7.2 Reciprocal –(I)ş
			30.7.3 Collective –(I)ş
			30.7.4 Intensifying –(I)ş
			30.7.5 Deceptive formations
		30.8 Combinations and constraints
			30.8.1 Reciprocal + causative
			30.8.2 Causative + passive
			30.8.3 Passive + causative
		30.9 Imperative and optative of causative and passive verbs
			30.9.1 Causative + imperative / optative
			30.9.2 Passive + imperative / optative
			30.9.3 Reflexive + imperative / optative
			30.9.4 Causative + passive + imperative / optative
		30.10 Verbal couplings with –(y)Ip
			30.10.1 Consecutive actions
			30.10.2 Compound verbs
			30.10.3 Lexicalization
			30.10.4 Intensification / finalization
		30.11 Fixed word combinations
			30.11.1 Totality 1: –TI + personal suffix + gitti
			30.11.2 Totality 2: –mIş gitmişti + personal suffix
			30.11.3 Totality 3: –TI + personal suffix + attı
			30.11.4 Totality 4: –TI geçti
			30.11.5 Idiomatic formations
			30.11.6 Inclination 1: –(y)EcEK + possessive + gel-
			30.11.7 Inclination 2: –(y)EsI + possessive + gel-
			30.11.8 Inclination 3: –(y)EcEK + possessive + tut-
			30.11.9 Collocations
	31 Formation of adjectives and nouns
		31.1 Adjectives
			31.1.1 Suffix –sIz
			31.1.2 Suffix –lI
			31.1.3 Suffix –lIk(1)
			31.1.4 Suffix –sEl
			31.1.5 Suffix –î
			31.1.6 Suffix–(I)msI (1)
			31.1.7 Suffix –(y)IcI (1)
			31.1.8 Participles
			31.1.9 Suffix –I
			31.1.10 Suffix –CE
			31.1.11 Suffix –CIk (1)
			31.1.12 Suffix –(I)mtrak
			31.1.13 Suffix –(I)msI (2)
			31.1.14 Reduplication 1: doubling the adjective
			31.1.15 Reduplication 2: N1-lI N2-lI
			31.1.16 Reduplication 3: N1-sIz N2-sIz
			31.1.17 Reduplication 4: N1-lI N2-sIz
			31.1.18 Syllable reduplication
		31.2 Nouns
			31.2.1 Suffix –CI
			31.2.2 Suffix –lIk (2)
			31.2.3 Suffix –CIk (2)
			31.2.4 Suffix –CEğIz
			31.2.5 Suffix –lIk (3)
			31.2.6 Suffix –lIk (4)
			31.2.7 Suffix –lEr
			31.2.8 Suffix –(y)IcI (2)
		31.3 Other formations
			31.3.1 Verb to noun
			31.3.2 Verb to adjective
			31.3.3 Verb to noun / adjective
			31.3.4 Sentence to noun / adjective
		31.4 Compounds *
			31.4.1 Nominal compounds without a formal element
			31.4.2 Nominal compounds with a formal element
			31.4.3 Noun phrase as complement
			31.4.4 Recursion
			31.4.5 Productivity and lexical storage
			31.4.6 Order of formation rules
		31.5 Some points of interest
			31.5.1 Nationality and language
			31.5.2 Names of countries and regions
			31.5.3 Proper names in compounds
			31.5.4 Summarizing
		31.6 Ezafe-forms
		31.7 Forms in –mE
			31.7.1 Derived nouns
			31.7.2 Derived adjectives
		31.8 Forms in –(y)Iş *
			31.8.1 Pure nouns
			31.8.2 Addition of complements
		31.9 Forms in –mE-lIk, –mEk-lIk, –mIş-lIk, and –mEz-lIk
			31.9.1 Purpose adjectives
			31.9.2 Fact / circumstance
			31.9.3 Abstract nouns
PART VII NOMINALIZATIONS
	32 Relative clauses
		32.1 The subject participle –(y)En *
			32.1.1 Verbal relative clauses
			32.1.2 Existential relative clauses
			32.1.3 Nominal relative clauses
			32.1.4 Passives and reflexive participles
			32.1.5 Impersonal passives
		32.2 The Başı-Bozuk construction *
			32.2.1 Adjectival clause
			32.2.2 Existential clause
			32.2.3 Relative clause
			32.2.4 Adverbial clause
		32.3 The Focus-Locus construction *
			32.3.1 Possessive absent
			32.3.2 Possessive present
			32.3.3 Internal make-up
			32.3.4 Comparable structures
		32.4 The object participle –TIK
			32.4.1 Direct objects
			32.4.2 Dative objects
			32.4.3 Locative objects
			32.4.4 Ablative objects
			32.4.5 Instrumental objects
			32.4.6 Relativization of the second object
			32.4.7 Syntactic differences
			32.4.8 Possessive objects
			32.4.9 Embedded objects
			32.4.10 Embedded subjects
		32.5 Relativization of adverbial phrases
		32.6 Temporal aspects *
			32.6.1 Imperfect(ive)
			32.6.2 Perfect(ive)
			32.6.3 Similarities and differences
			32.6.4 Future
			32.6.5 Regularity / duration
			32.6.6 No necessitative
		32.7 Independently used participles
			32.7.1 Subject participles
			32.7.2 Possessive subject participles
			32.7.3 Subject participles plus ablative
			32.7.4 Object participles
		32.8 Pseudo-relative clauses
		32.9 Complex structures
		32.10 Lexicalized participles *
			32.10.1 Nouns in –(y)EcEK
			32.10.2 Nouns in –mIş
			32.10.3 Nouns in –(I/E)r
			32.10.4 Adjectives in –(y)EcEK
			32.10.5 Adjectives in –(I/E)r and –mE-z
			32.10.6 Adjectives in –mIş
			32.10.7 Adjectives compared
			32.10.8 Nouns in –mIş-lIk
			32.10.9 Nouns in –mEz-lIk
			32.10.10 Collocations
	33 Subordination and embedding
		33.1 Subordination with the particle ki *
			33.1.1 Prelude to direct speech
			33.1.2 Topical ki
			33.1.3 Conjunction indicating effect or result
			33.1.4 Intensification
			33.1.5 Purpose and intention
			33.1.6 Comment clauses
			33.1.7 Remainders
			33.1.8 An atypical structure
		33.2 Sentential predicates
			33.2.1 Infinitive
			33.2.2 Predicate
			33.2.3 Verb or noun
			33.2.4 Verbal constructs
		33.3 Sentential subjects
			33.3.1 Impersonal
			33.3.2 Personal
			33.3.3 Ambiguity
			33.3.4 Passive
			33.3.5 Always suffix –mE
		33.4 Direct and indirect speech
			33.4.1 Direct speech
			33.4.2 Indirect speech
			33.4.3 Non-future
			33.4.4 Remote past
			33.4.5 Whether or not
			33.4.6 Other functions
			33.4.7 Simplification 1: direct speech plus verb
			33.4.8 Simplification 2: optative / indirect imperative plus istemek
			33.4.9 Simplification 3: söyle plus indirect imperative
			33.4.10 Indirect commands
		33.5 Sentential direct objects
			33.5.1 Transitive verbs
			33.5.2 Nominal and existential embedding
			33.5.3 Form differences
			33.5.4 Suffix selection
			33.5.5 Unique type of complement
			33.5.6 Summary
			33.5.7 Fact or object
			33.5.8 Act–fact test
			33.5.9 Subordination and negation
			33.5.10 Different subjects
		33.6 Secondary predicates and raising *
			33.6.1 Secondary predicates
			33.6.2 Raising
			33.6.3 Other verbs, similar forms
			33.6.4 Direct speech complement
			33.6.5 Some peculiarities
		33.7 More on –mE
		33.8 More on complementation *
			33.8.1 Group 1: Proposition—Fact
			33.8.2 Group 2: Predication—Act-2
			33.8.3 Group 3: Predication—Act-1
			33.8.4 Group 4: Act-1 versus Act-2
				33.8.4.1 Group 4A—directive verbs
				33.8.4.2 Group 4B—manipulative verbs
				33.8.4.3 Group 4C—facilitative verbs
				33.8.4.4 Group 4D—volitional verbs
				33.8.4.5 Group 4E—emotive verbs
				33.8.4.6 Group 4F—implicative verbs
				33.8.4.7 Group 4G—impersonal verbs
			33.8.5 Group 5: Fact versus Act-2
				33.8.5.1 Group 5A—Verbs with a modal meaning for Type II
				33.8.5.2 Group 5B—Verbs with non-modal meaning for Type II
			33.8.6 Group 6: Fact versus Act-1
			33.8.7 Group 7: Fact versus Act-2 versus Act-1
		33.9 Overview of complementation
			33.9.1 Type of complement
			33.9.2 Number of arguments
			33.9.3 Control
			33.9.4 Modality
			33.9.5 Overview
			33.9.6 Homonymy
		33.10 Stacking of passive embeddings
			33.10.1 Verb 1: başlamak
			33.10.2 Verb 2: çalışmak
			33.10.3 Verb 3: istemek
			33.10.4 Verb 4: beklemek
		33.11 Other types of embedding
			33.11.1 Simultaneity
			33.11.2 Temporal aspects
			33.11.3 Reason / degree
			33.11.4 Comparative expressions
			33.11.5 Postpositional embeddings
			33.11.6 Quantifying embeddings
		33.12 Cleft sentences: object participles as subject
PART VIII COMPLEX SENTENCES
	34 Stacking embedded sentences
	35 Sentential complements
		35.1 Complements of adjectives
		35.2 Complements of nouns and nominal compounds
		35.3 Complements of possibilities and probabilities
			35.3.1 Modal adjectives
			35.3.2 Subordination
			35.3.3 Modal nouns
			35.3.4 Alternatives
			35.3.5 Other modal nouns
		35.4 Complements of must, may, and being forbidden
		35.5 Complements of postpositions
		35.6 A special case: gibi *
			35.6.1 Notion like
			35.6.2 Notions as if and such as
			35.6.3 Different subjects
			35.6.4 Independent gibi
	36 Postposition-like constructions
		36.1 Adverbial phrases
		36.2 Expressions for moments, periods, and duration
		36.3 Person-bound postpositions in predicate position
			36.3.1 Mental state
			36.3.2 Intention / decision / obligation
			36.3.3 Mental content
	37 Verbal complexes *
		37.1 The basic functions of olmak
			37.1.1 Olmak ‘to become’
			37.1.2 Olmak ‘to happen’
			37.1.3 Olmak as auxiliary (1)
			37.1.4 Olmak as auxiliary (2)
			37.1.5 Optatives of olmak
			37.1.6 Constructions with oluş and olmayış
		37.2 The aspectual functions of olmak
			37.2.1 Foregrounding
			37.2.2 Hypothesis
			37.2.3 Assumption
			37.2.4 Conclusion / deduction
			37.2.5 Result
			37.2.6 Expectation
			37.2.7 Possibility
			37.2.8 Desirability
			37.2.9 Hypotheses
			37.2.10 Interruption
			37.2.11 Decrease
			37.2.12 Increase
		37.3 Other aspectual forms
			37.3.1 Continuity
			37.3.2 Transition
			37.3.3 Brevity / speed
			37.3.4 Completion
			37.3.5 Propinquity
			37.3.6 Lexicalized forms
			37.3.7 Negation
			37.3.8 Passives
			37.3.9 Special formations
		37.4 Verbal negation with değil
		37.5 Verbal negation with yok
			37.5.1 Finite forms
			37.5.2 Infinitival forms
		37.6 The combination yok değil
Glossary of grammatical terms
Selected bibliography
	General publications
	Other publications
Index of suffixes and combinations
Index of inflections
Index of derivations
Index of subjects