The Oxford Handbook of Negation

oxfordhb-9780198830528-miscMatter-2
	(p. ii) Oxford Handbooks in Linguistics
	(p. ii) Oxford Handbooks in Linguistics
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	(p. ii) Oxford Handbooks in Linguistics
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	(p. iv) Copyright Page
	(p. iv) Copyright Page
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	(p. iv) Copyright Page
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	(p. x) Acknowledgments
	(p. x) Acknowledgments
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
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	(p. xi) Abbreviations
	(p. xi) Abbreviations
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	(p. xi) Abbreviations
	(p. xi) Abbreviations
	(p. xi) Abbreviations
	(p. xi) Abbreviations
	(p. xi) Abbreviations
	(p. xi) Abbreviations
	(p. xi) Abbreviations
	(p. xi) Abbreviations
	(p. xi) Abbreviations
	(p. xi) Abbreviations
	(p. xi) Abbreviations
	(p. xi) Abbreviations
	(p. xi) Abbreviations
	(p. xi) Abbreviations
	(p. xi) Abbreviations
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	(p. xix) The Contributors
	(p. xix) The Contributors
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	(p. xix) The Contributors
	(p. xix) The Contributors
	(p. xix) The Contributors
	(p. xix) The Contributors
	(p. xix) The Contributors
	(p. xix) The Contributors
	(p. xix) The Contributors
	(p. xix) The Contributors
	(p. xix) The Contributors
	(p. xix) The Contributors
	(p. xix) The Contributors
	(p. xix) The Contributors
	(p. xix) The Contributors
	(p. xix) The Contributors
	(p. xix) The Contributors
	(p. xix) The Contributors
	(p. xix) The Contributors
	(p. xix) The Contributors
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	(p. 1) Introduction: Negation in Language and Beyond
	(p. 1) Introduction
		Negation in Language and Beyond
	1.1. Motivation
		Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	(p. 1) Introduction: Negation in Language and Beyond
	1.2. Organization
	(p. 1) Introduction: Negation in Language and Beyond
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	Negation and Opposition: Contradiction and contrariety in logic and language
		Abstract and Keywords
	2.1. Negation and opposition in traditional logic
		Laurence R. Horn
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	Negation and Opposition: Contradiction and contrariety in logic and language
	Negation and Opposition: Contradiction and contrariety in logic and language
	Negation and Opposition: Contradiction and contrariety in logic and language
	Negation and Opposition: Contradiction and contrariety in logic and language
	Negation and Opposition: Contradiction and contrariety in logic and language
	2.2. Contradictory negation and sentence negation
	Negation and Opposition: Contradiction and contrariety in logic and language
	Negation and Opposition: Contradiction and contrariety in logic and language
	Negation and Opposition: Contradiction and contrariety in logic and language
	Negation and Opposition: Contradiction and contrariety in logic and language
	Negation and Opposition: Contradiction and contrariety in logic and language
	Negation and Opposition: Contradiction and contrariety in logic and language
	Negation and Opposition: Contradiction and contrariety in logic and language
	Negation and Opposition: Contradiction and contrariety in logic and language
	2.3. From contradiction to contrariety: The pragmatic strengthening of negation
	Negation and Opposition: Contradiction and contrariety in logic and language
	Negation and Opposition: Contradiction and contrariety in logic and language
	Negation and Opposition: Contradiction and contrariety in logic and language
	Negation and Opposition: Contradiction and contrariety in logic and language
	Negation and Opposition: Contradiction and contrariety in logic and language
	Negation and Opposition: Contradiction and contrariety in logic and language
	(p. 24) 2.4. “Logical” double negation
	Negation and Opposition: Contradiction and contrariety in logic and language
	Negation and Opposition: Contradiction and contrariety in logic and language
	Acknowledgments
		Notes:
	Negation and Opposition: Contradiction and contrariety in logic and language
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	Negative Predicates: Incorporated negation
		Abstract and Keywords
	3.1. Introduction
		Jacques Moeschler
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	Negative Predicates: Incorporated negation
	Negative Predicates: Incorporated negation
	3.2. Types of negation and types of negative meaning
		3.2.1. Types of negative devices
	Negative Predicates: Incorporated negation
		3.2.2. Types of negative meanings
	Negative Predicates: Incorporated negation
	Negative Predicates: Incorporated negation
	Negative Predicates: Incorporated negation
		3.2.3. What makes negative meaning in incorporated negation?
	Negative Predicates: Incorporated negation
	Negative Predicates: Incorporated negation
	Negative Predicates: Incorporated negation
	(p. 34) 3.3. Conceptual meaning and lexical categories
		3.3.1. Denotation of predicates
	Negative Predicates: Incorporated negation
	Negative Predicates: Incorporated negation
	Negative Predicates: Incorporated negation
		3.3.2. A first explanation
	Negative Predicates: Incorporated negation
	3.4. Contradiction and contrariety in negative meanings
	Negative Predicates: Incorporated negation
	Negative Predicates: Incorporated negation
	Negative Predicates: Incorporated negation
	3.5. Semantic and pragmatic relations between contraries
	Negative Predicates: Incorporated negation
	Negative Predicates: Incorporated negation
	Negative Predicates: Incorporated negation
	Negative Predicates: Incorporated negation
	3.6. Why is metalinguistic negation blocked by incorporated negation?
	Negative Predicates: Incorporated negation
	Negative Predicates: Incorporated negation
	3.7. Conclusion
	Negative Predicates: Incorporated negation
	Acknowledgments
		Notes:
	Negative Predicates: Incorporated negation
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	Denial
		Abstract and Keywords
		David Ripley
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	Denial
	4.1. The equivalence thesis
	Denial
		4.1.1. As a theory of denial
	Denial
		4.1.2. As a theory of negation
	Denial
	Denial
		(p. 52) 4.1.2.1. The other equivalence thesis
	Denial
		4.1.2.2. Classifying token acts
	Denial
	4.2. Against the equivalence thesis
	Denial
		4.2.1. Frege revisited
	Denial
		4.2.2. Suspicious similarities
	Denial
	4.3. Conclusion
		Notes:
	Denial
	Denial
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	Types of Negation
		Abstract and Keywords
	5.1. Introduction
		Karen De Clercq
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	Types of Negation
	Types of Negation
	Types of Negation
	Types of Negation
	5.2. Tests for negation: A critical review
	Types of Negation
	Types of Negation
	Types of Negation
	Types of Negation
	Types of Negation
	Types of Negation
	Types of Negation
	5.3. What morphology tells us about scope
	Types of Negation
	Types of Negation
	Types of Negation
	Types of Negation
	Types of Negation
	Types of Negation
	Types of Negation
	Types of Negation
	Types of Negation
	5.4. Towards a synthesis
	Types of Negation
	Types of Negation
	Types of Negation
	5.5. Conclusion
		Notes:
	Types of Negation
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	Affixal Negation
		Abstract and Keywords
	6.1. Introduction
		Shrikant Joshi
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	Affixal Negation
	(p. 76) 6.2. Affixal negation in the spectrum of negation
		6.2.1. Negation in philosophy and logic
	Affixal Negation
	Affixal Negation
		6.2.2. Implicit or pragmatic negation
	Affixal Negation
		6.2.3. Syntactic negation
		(p. 79) 6.2.4. Morphological negation
	Affixal Negation
	6.3. Mechanism of affixal negation
	Affixal Negation
		(p. 80) 6.3.1. Structure of affixal negation
		6.3.2. Grammatical category of the base
	Affixal Negation
		(p. 81) 6.3.3. Grammatical category of the derived word
		6.3.4. Scope
		6.3.5. Co-occurrence constraints
	Affixal Negation
	6.4. Semantics of affixal negation
		6.4.1. Negation of the denotative or connotative meaning
	Affixal Negation
		6.4.2. Which aspect of the meaning of the base is negated?
	Affixal Negation
		6.4.3. Affixal negation of ‘neutral’
		6.4.4. Affixal negation of ‘positive’
	Affixal Negation
		6.4.5. Affixal negation with no ‘positive’ or ‘neutral’ counterpart
	(p. 85) 6.5. Categorization of affixal negation
		6.5.1. Structural categorization of affixal negation
	Affixal Negation
		6.5.2. Semantic categorization of affixal negation
	Affixal Negation
	Affixal Negation
	6.6. Going forward
	6.7. Concluding remarks
	Affixal Negation
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	The Typology of Negation
		Abstract and Keywords
	7.1. Introduction
		Johan van der Auwera and Olga Krasnoukhova
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	The Typology of Negation
	The Typology of Negation
	7.2. Standard negation
		7.2.1. Single vs. multiple exponence
	The Typology of Negation
	The Typology of Negation
	The Typology of Negation
	The Typology of Negation
	The Typology of Negation
	The Typology of Negation
	The Typology of Negation
	The Typology of Negation
		7.2.2. Symmetry and asymmetry
	The Typology of Negation
	The Typology of Negation
		7.2.3. Types of expression
	The Typology of Negation
	The Typology of Negation
		7.2.4. Position
	The Typology of Negation
	7.3. Non-standard negation
	The Typology of Negation
		7.3.1. Prohibitive negation
	The Typology of Negation
	The Typology of Negation
		7.3.2. Existential negation
	The Typology of Negation
	The Typology of Negation
		7.3.3. Negation of indefinites
	The Typology of Negation
	The Typology of Negation
	The Typology of Negation
	The Typology of Negation
	The Typology of Negation
	7.4. Postscript
	The Typology of Negation
		Notes:
	The Typology of Negation
	The Typology of Negation
	The Typology of Negation
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	The Morpho-Syntactic Nature of the Negative Marker
		Abstract and Keywords
	8.1. Introduction
		Chiara Gianollo
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	The Morpho-Syntactic Nature of the Negative Marker
	The Morpho-Syntactic Nature of the Negative Marker
	The Morpho-Syntactic Nature of the Negative Marker
	8.2. NM as affix
	The Morpho-Syntactic Nature of the Negative Marker
	(p. 121) 8.3. NM as negative particle and negative adverb
	The Morpho-Syntactic Nature of the Negative Marker
	The Morpho-Syntactic Nature of the Negative Marker
	The Morpho-Syntactic Nature of the Negative Marker
	The Morpho-Syntactic Nature of the Negative Marker
	The Morpho-Syntactic Nature of the Negative Marker
	8.4. Discontinuous negation
	The Morpho-Syntactic Nature of the Negative Marker
	The Morpho-Syntactic Nature of the Negative Marker
	8.5. Negative auxiliaries
	The Morpho-Syntactic Nature of the Negative Marker
	The Morpho-Syntactic Nature of the Negative Marker
	The Morpho-Syntactic Nature of the Negative Marker
	The Morpho-Syntactic Nature of the Negative Marker
	8.6. Negative complementizers
	The Morpho-Syntactic Nature of the Negative Marker
	8.7. Correlation with other syntactic aspects of negation
	The Morpho-Syntactic Nature of the Negative Marker
	The Morpho-Syntactic Nature of the Negative Marker
		Notes:
	The Morpho-Syntactic Nature of the Negative Marker
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	The Possible Positioning of Negation
		Abstract and Keywords
	9.1. Introduction
		Cecilia Poletto
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	The Possible Positioning of Negation
	9.2. Positions and etymological sources
	The Possible Positioning of Negation
	The Possible Positioning of Negation
	The Possible Positioning of Negation
	9.3. Etymological sources
	The Possible Positioning of Negation
	The Possible Positioning of Negation
	The Possible Positioning of Negation
	The Possible Positioning of Negation
	(p. 141) 9.4. Relation between position and etymology
	The Possible Positioning of Negation
	The Possible Positioning of Negation
	The Possible Positioning of Negation
	9.5. Negative markers and the Jespersen Cycle
	The Possible Positioning of Negation
	The Possible Positioning of Negation
	9.6. Movements through the negative circuit
	The Possible Positioning of Negation
	The Possible Positioning of Negation
	The Possible Positioning of Negation
	9.7. Standard and non-standard negation
	The Possible Positioning of Negation
	The Possible Positioning of Negation
	9.8. Concluding remarks
		Notes:
	The Possible Positioning of Negation
	The Possible Positioning of Negation
	The Possible Positioning of Negation
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	Negation and Constituent Ordering: Case studies
		Abstract and Keywords
	10.1. Introduction
		Elizabeth Pearce
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	Negation and Constituent Ordering: Case studies
	10.2. Constituent reordering in negative sentences: Data
	Negation and Constituent Ordering: Case studies
	Negation and Constituent Ordering: Case studies
	10.3. Initial negation
		10.3.1. Polynesian languages
	Negation and Constituent Ordering: Case studies
	Negation and Constituent Ordering: Case studies
	Negation and Constituent Ordering: Case studies
	Negation and Constituent Ordering: Case studies
	Negation and Constituent Ordering: Case studies
		10.3.2. Eastern Nilotic
	Negation and Constituent Ordering: Case studies
	Negation and Constituent Ordering: Case studies
		10.3.3. Non-Nilotic African VSO languages
	Negation and Constituent Ordering: Case studies
		(p. 163) 10.3.4. Nadëb
	Negation and Constituent Ordering: Case studies
	Negation and Constituent Ordering: Case studies
	Negation and Constituent Ordering: Case studies
		10.3.5. Languages with alternative affirmative constituent orderings
	Negation and Constituent Ordering: Case studies
		10.3.6. Wanyi
	Negation and Constituent Ordering: Case studies
		(p. 168) 10.3.7. Bafut
	Negation and Constituent Ordering: Case studies
		10.3.8. Overview
	Negation and Constituent Ordering: Case studies
	10.4. Final negation
		10.4.1. SOV languages
	Negation and Constituent Ordering: Case studies
		10.4.2. Other constituent orderings
	Negation and Constituent Ordering: Case studies
		10.4.3. Summary
	10.5. Clause-internal negation
		10.5.1. Languages with SVO affirmatives
	Negation and Constituent Ordering: Case studies
	Negation and Constituent Ordering: Case studies
		10.5.2. Basque
	Negation and Constituent Ordering: Case studies
	Negation and Constituent Ordering: Case studies
		10.5.3. Overview
	10.6. Conclusions
	Negation and Constituent Ordering: Case studies
	Acknowledgments
		Notes:
	Negation and Constituent Ordering: Case studies
	Negation and Constituent Ordering: Case studies
	Negation and Constituent Ordering: Case studies
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	The Expression of Negation in Sign Languages
		Abstract and Keywords
	11.1. Introduction
		Josep Quer
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	The Expression of Negation in Sign Languages
	11.2. Negative manual signs
	The Expression of Negation in Sign Languages
	The Expression of Negation in Sign Languages
	The Expression of Negation in Sign Languages
	The Expression of Negation in Sign Languages
	The Expression of Negation in Sign Languages
	The Expression of Negation in Sign Languages
	(p. 182) (p. 183) 11.3. Negative non-manual markers
	The Expression of Negation in Sign Languages
	The Expression of Negation in Sign Languages
	The Expression of Negation in Sign Languages
	11.4. Interplay between manual and non-manual markers of negation
	The Expression of Negation in Sign Languages
	The Expression of Negation in Sign Languages
	The Expression of Negation in Sign Languages
	(p. 189) 11.5. Negative concord
	The Expression of Negation in Sign Languages
	The Expression of Negation in Sign Languages
	11.6. Some syntactic properties of negation
	The Expression of Negation in Sign Languages
		(p. 191) 11.6.1. Negation and other categories
	The Expression of Negation in Sign Languages
	The Expression of Negation in Sign Languages
		(p. 193) 11.6.2. Doubling in negative structures
	The Expression of Negation in Sign Languages
	The Expression of Negation in Sign Languages
	11.7. Negation at the lexical level
	The Expression of Negation in Sign Languages
	11.8. Conclusion
	(p. 196) Acknowledgments
		Notes:
	The Expression of Negation in Sign Languages
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	Neg-raising
		Abstract and Keywords
	12.1. Neg-raising: The early years
		Laurence R. Horn
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	Neg-raising
	Neg-raising
	12.2. Meaning-based approaches
	Neg-raising
	Neg-raising
	Neg-raising
	Neg-raising
	Neg-raising
	Neg-raising
	Neg-raising
	12.3. Neg-raising as movement: The current landscape
	Neg-raising
	Neg-raising
	Neg-raising
	Neg-raising
	Neg-raising
	Neg-raising
	Neg-raising
	Neg-raising
	Acknowledgments
		Notes:
	Neg-raising
	Neg-raising
	Neg-raising
oxfordhb-9780198830528-e-19
	Intervention Effects with Negation
		Abstract and Keywords
	13.1. The problem of intervention effects
		Clemens Mayr
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	Intervention Effects with Negation
	Intervention Effects with Negation
	13.2. Negative islands
		13.2.1. Expressions subject to negative islands
	Intervention Effects with Negation
	Intervention Effects with Negation
		13.2.2. Why negative islands are not syntactic in nature
			13.2.2.1. The influence of the semantics of the predicate
			13.2.2.2. Contextual alleviation of negative islands
	Intervention Effects with Negation
		13.2.2.3. Modal obviation phenomena
	Intervention Effects with Negation
		13.2.3. Semantic accounts of negative islands
			13.2.3.1. Rullmann (1995b)
	Intervention Effects with Negation
		13.2.3.2. Fox and Hackl (2006)
	Intervention Effects with Negation
	Intervention Effects with Negation
		13.2.3.3. Abrusán (2014)
	Intervention Effects with Negation
	Intervention Effects with Negation
	13.3. Beck effects
		13.3.1. The nature of Beck effects
			13.3.1.1. The unacceptability in Beck effects
	Intervention Effects with Negation
		13.3.1.2. Beck effects are about wh-in-situ expressions and not weak islands
	Intervention Effects with Negation
	Intervention Effects with Negation
		13.3.1.3. Problematic interveners and affected wh-expressions
	Intervention Effects with Negation
	Intervention Effects with Negation
		13.3.2. Existing accounts of Beck effects
			13.3.2.1. Intervention by focus
	Intervention Effects with Negation
		13.3.2.2. Intervention by scope bearing expressions
	Intervention Effects with Negation
	Intervention Effects with Negation
	Intervention Effects with Negation
		13.3.2.3. Intervention by anti-topics
	13.4. Conclusion
		Notes:
	Intervention Effects with Negation
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	Form and Function of Negative, Tag, and Rhetorical Questions
		Abstract and Keywords
	14.1. Introduction
		Maribel Romero
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	Form and Function of Negative, Tag, and Rhetorical Questions
	(p. 236) 14.2. Biased information-seeking questions
		14.2.1. Basic data
	Form and Function of Negative, Tag, and Rhetorical Questions
	Form and Function of Negative, Tag, and Rhetorical Questions
	Form and Function of Negative, Tag, and Rhetorical Questions
	Form and Function of Negative, Tag, and Rhetorical Questions
	Form and Function of Negative, Tag, and Rhetorical Questions
		14.2.2. Experimental studies
	Form and Function of Negative, Tag, and Rhetorical Questions
	Form and Function of Negative, Tag, and Rhetorical Questions
	Form and Function of Negative, Tag, and Rhetorical Questions
	Form and Function of Negative, Tag, and Rhetorical Questions
		14.2.3. Theoretical approaches
	Form and Function of Negative, Tag, and Rhetorical Questions
	Form and Function of Negative, Tag, and Rhetorical Questions
	Form and Function of Negative, Tag, and Rhetorical Questions
	Form and Function of Negative, Tag, and Rhetorical Questions
	Form and Function of Negative, Tag, and Rhetorical Questions
		14.2.4. Cross-linguistic data
	14.3. Tag questions
		14.3.1. Empirical characterization
	Form and Function of Negative, Tag, and Rhetorical Questions
	Form and Function of Negative, Tag, and Rhetorical Questions
		(p. 248) 14.3.2. Theoretical modeling
	Form and Function of Negative, Tag, and Rhetorical Questions
	Form and Function of Negative, Tag, and Rhetorical Questions
		14.3.3. Cross-linguistic data
	14.4. Rhetorical questions
		14.4.1. Empirical characterization
	Form and Function of Negative, Tag, and Rhetorical Questions
		14.4.2. Theoretical modeling
			14.4.2.1. Assertive feeling of lexically unmarked RheQs
	Form and Function of Negative, Tag, and Rhetorical Questions
	Form and Function of Negative, Tag, and Rhetorical Questions
	Form and Function of Negative, Tag, and Rhetorical Questions
		14.4.2.2. The effect of strong NPIs
	Form and Function of Negative, Tag, and Rhetorical Questions
	14.5. Summary
	Form and Function of Negative, Tag, and Rhetorical Questions
		Notes:
	Form and Function of Negative, Tag, and Rhetorical Questions
	Form and Function of Negative, Tag, and Rhetorical Questions
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	Expletive Negation
		Abstract and Keywords
	15.1. Introduction
		Denis Delfitto
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	Expletive Negation
	Expletive Negation
	15.2. What is EN? The state-of-the-art
	Expletive Negation
	Expletive Negation
	Expletive Negation
	Expletive Negation
	15.3. EN in temporal, comparative, and exclamative clauses
		15.3.1. Temporal clauses
	Expletive Negation
	Expletive Negation
	Expletive Negation
		15.3.2. Exclamative clauses
	Expletive Negation
		15.3.3. Comparative clauses
	Expletive Negation
	Expletive Negation
	Expletive Negation
	(p. 268) 15.4. Conclusions
	Expletive Negation
		Notes:
	Expletive Negation
	Expletive Negation
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	Calculating the Scope of Negation: Interaction of negation with quantifiers
		Abstract and Keywords
	16.1. Introduction
		Nicholas Fleisher
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	Calculating the Scope of Negation: Interaction of negation with quantifiers
	Calculating the Scope of Negation: Interaction of negation with quantifiers
	16.2. Scope of negation and the grammar of scope-taking
	Calculating the Scope of Negation: Interaction of negation with quantifiers
	16.3. Selected approaches
		16.3.1. Scopal cartography
	Calculating the Scope of Negation: Interaction of negation with quantifiers
	Calculating the Scope of Negation: Interaction of negation with quantifiers
		(p. 274) 16.3.2. Negation and focus
	Calculating the Scope of Negation: Interaction of negation with quantifiers
	Calculating the Scope of Negation: Interaction of negation with quantifiers
		16.3.3. Negation and topic
	Calculating the Scope of Negation: Interaction of negation with quantifiers
	Calculating the Scope of Negation: Interaction of negation with quantifiers
		16.3.4. Scope of negation in Horn’s Extended Term Logic
	Calculating the Scope of Negation: Interaction of negation with quantifiers
	Calculating the Scope of Negation: Interaction of negation with quantifiers
	16.4. Other issues
		16.4.1. Scope of incorporated and covert negation
	Calculating the Scope of Negation: Interaction of negation with quantifiers
		16.4.2. Negative islands
	Calculating the Scope of Negation: Interaction of negation with quantifiers
	16.5. Summary
		Notes:
	Calculating the Scope of Negation: Interaction of negation with quantifiers
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	Modals and Negation
		Abstract and Keywords
	17.1 Introduction
		Naomi Francis and Sabine Iatridou
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	Modals and Negation
	Modals and Negation
	(p. 287) 17.2. Different positions of interpretation
	Modals and Negation
	17.3. Polarity sensitivity
		(p. 289) 17.3.1. NPI modals
	Modals and Negation
		17.3.2. PPI modals
	Modals and Negation
	Modals and Negation
		17.3.3. Neutral modals
	Modals and Negation
		17.3.4. Further challenges
	Modals and Negation
	Modals and Negation
	Modals and Negation
	Modals and Negation
		17.3.5. The source of polarity sensitivity
	Modals and Negation
	17.4. Neg-Raising
	Modals and Negation
	Modals and Negation
	17.5. Conclusion
		Notes:
	Modals and Negation
	Modals and Negation
	Modals and Negation
	Modals and Negation
oxfordhb-9780198830528-e-17
	Negation in Event Semantics
		Abstract and Keywords
	18.1. ‘Noughtly’and the canonical logical form of negation
		Barry Schein
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	Negation in Event Semantics
	Negation in Event Semantics
	Negation in Event Semantics
	18.2. A logical language for event semantics
	Negation in Event Semantics
	Negation in Event Semantics
	18.3. Neo-Davidsonian decomposition
		18.3.1. Thematic separation
	Negation in Event Semantics
		(p. 307) 18.3.2. Monadic event concepts
	Negation in Event Semantics
	18.4. Localized definite description
	Negation in Event Semantics
	Negation in Event Semantics
	18.5. Definite description by localized plural abstraction
	Negation in Event Semantics
	Negation in Event Semantics
	18.6. Noughtiness
		18.6.1. The homogeneity condition
	Negation in Event Semantics
	Negation in Event Semantics
	Negation in Event Semantics
		18.6.2. Plural definite descriptions under negation
	Negation in Event Semantics
	18.7. Negative events and their negative descriptions
	Negation in Event Semantics
	Negation in Event Semantics
	Negation in Event Semantics
		18.7.1. The objects of perception
	Negation in Event Semantics
		18.7.2. Negative event descriptions
	Negation in Event Semantics
		18.7.3. The scope of negation within descriptions
	Negation in Event Semantics
	Negation in Event Semantics
	Negation in Event Semantics
	18.8. Veridicality and consistency
	Negation in Event Semantics
	Negation in Event Semantics
	Negation in Event Semantics
		18.8.1. Veridicality and consistency as cinema verité
	Negation in Event Semantics
	Negation in Event Semantics
	18.9. Polyphonic causation
	Negation in Event Semantics
	Negation in Event Semantics
	Negation in Event Semantics
	(p. 329) 18.10. Summary
	(p. 330) Appendix
	Negation in Event Semantics
	Negation in Event Semantics
	Negation in Event Semantics
	Acknowledgments
	Negation in Event Semantics
		Notes:
	Negation in Event Semantics
	Negation in Event Semantics
	Negation in Event Semantics
	Negation in Event Semantics
	Negation in Event Semantics
	Negation in Event Semantics
	Negation in Event Semantics
oxfordhb-9780198830528-e-18
	Negation and Alternatives: Interaction with focus constituents
		Abstract and Keywords
	19.1. Introduction
		Anamaria Fălăuş
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	Negation and Alternatives: Interaction with focus constituents
	Negation and Alternatives: Interaction with focus constituents
	Negation and Alternatives: Interaction with focus constituents
	19.2 Negation and information structure
		19.2.1. Negation as a focus-sensitive element and contrastive negation
	Negation and Alternatives: Interaction with focus constituents
	Negation and Alternatives: Interaction with focus constituents
		19.2.2. Negation and focused constituents: Syntactic factors
	Negation and Alternatives: Interaction with focus constituents
	Negation and Alternatives: Interaction with focus constituents
	19.3. Negation and focus particles
	Negation and Alternatives: Interaction with focus constituents
	Negation and Alternatives: Interaction with focus constituents
	Negation and Alternatives: Interaction with focus constituents
	19.4. Negation, focus, and negative polarity items
	Negation and Alternatives: Interaction with focus constituents
	Negation and Alternatives: Interaction with focus constituents
	Negation and Alternatives: Interaction with focus constituents
	Negation and Alternatives: Interaction with focus constituents
	Negation and Alternatives: Interaction with focus constituents
	19.5. Concluding remarks
	Negation and Alternatives: Interaction with focus constituents
		Notes:
	Negation and Alternatives: Interaction with focus constituents
oxfordhb-9780198830528-e-20
	Metalinguistic Negation
		Abstract and Keywords
	20.1. Metalinguistic Negation as Objection (Horn 1985, 1989)
		Ana Maria Martins
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	Metalinguistic Negation
	Metalinguistic Negation
	Metalinguistic Negation
	Metalinguistic Negation
	20.2. Metalinguistic negation, denial, emphatic negation, and contrastive/corrective negation: Elucidating terminology
	Metalinguistic Negation
	Metalinguistic Negation
	Metalinguistic Negation
	20.3. Towards a test-based definition of Metalinguistic Negation
	Metalinguistic Negation
	Metalinguistic Negation
	Metalinguistic Negation
	20.4. Unambiguous metalinguistic negation markers in English and other languages
		20.4.1. Idioms and swear words
	Metalinguistic Negation
	Metalinguistic Negation
		20.4.2. ‘Nothing’
	Metalinguistic Negation
		20.4.3. Wh- phrases
	Metalinguistic Negation
		(p. 362) 20.4.4. Locative/temporal deictics
	Metalinguistic Negation
		(p. 363) 20.4.5. ‘X que’ discourse particles
	Metalinguistic Negation
	20.5. The syntax of metalinguistic negation
	Metalinguistic Negation
	Metalinguistic Negation
	Metalinguistic Negation
	Metalinguistic Negation
	20.6. Concluding remarks
	Acknowledgments
	Metalinguistic Negation
		Notes:
	Metalinguistic Negation
oxfordhb-9780198830528-e-22
	Negation and Presupposition
		Abstract and Keywords
	21.1. Now you see the presuppositions, now you don’t
		21.1.1. Projection and cancellation
		David Beaver and Kristin Denlinger
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	Negation and Presupposition
	Negation and Presupposition
	Negation and Presupposition
	Negation and Presupposition
		21.1.2. Presupposition projection as scope ambiguity
	Negation and Presupposition
		21.1.3. Cross-linguistic studies
	Negation and Presupposition
	Negation and Presupposition
	21.2. Accounts of presupposition and negation
		21.2.1. Trivalence
	Negation and Presupposition
	Negation and Presupposition
	Negation and Presupposition
		21.2.2. Underspecification
	Negation and Presupposition
	Negation and Presupposition
		21.2.3. Metalinguistic negation
	Negation and Presupposition
	Negation and Presupposition
		(p. 383) 21.2.4. Cancellation
	Negation and Presupposition
	Negation and Presupposition
		21.2.5. Dynamic semantics and accommodation
	Negation and Presupposition
	Negation and Presupposition
	21.3. Conclusion
	Negation and Presupposition
	Negation and Presupposition
	Negation and Presupposition
		Notes:
	Negation and Presupposition
	Negation and Presupposition
oxfordhb-9780198830528-e-23
	Negative Polarity Items
		Abstract and Keywords
	22.1. Introduction
		Lucia M. Tovena
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	Negative Polarity Items
	Negative Polarity Items
	22.2. NPI distribution: Licensors and environments
	Negative Polarity Items
	Negative Polarity Items
	22.3. Capturing the constraints
	Negative Polarity Items
		22.3.1. Lines of analysis
	Negative Polarity Items
	Negative Polarity Items
	Negative Polarity Items
	Negative Polarity Items
	Negative Polarity Items
		22.3.2. Potential interactions between polarity sensitivity and other phenomena
	Negative Polarity Items
	Negative Polarity Items
	22.4. Lexical items and other expressions
	Negative Polarity Items
	Negative Polarity Items
	Negative Polarity Items
	Negative Polarity Items
		Notes:
	Negative Polarity Items
	Negative Polarity Items
oxfordhb-9780198830528-e-24
	Minimizers and Maximizers as Different Types of Polarity Items
		Abstract and Keywords
	23.1. Introduction
		Susagna Tubau
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	Minimizers and Maximizers as Different Types of Polarity Items
	Minimizers and Maximizers as Different Types of Polarity Items
	(p. 409) 23.2. Different types of PIs and their licensing conditions
	Minimizers and Maximizers as Different Types of Polarity Items
	Minimizers and Maximizers as Different Types of Polarity Items
	Minimizers and Maximizers as Different Types of Polarity Items
	Minimizers and Maximizers as Different Types of Polarity Items
	Minimizers and Maximizers as Different Types of Polarity Items
	23.3. Maximizers and minimizers in English
	Minimizers and Maximizers as Different Types of Polarity Items
	Minimizers and Maximizers as Different Types of Polarity Items
	Minimizers and Maximizers as Different Types of Polarity Items
	Minimizers and Maximizers as Different Types of Polarity Items
	Minimizers and Maximizers as Different Types of Polarity Items
	23.4. Maximizers and minimizers in Catalan and Spanish
	Minimizers and Maximizers as Different Types of Polarity Items
	Minimizers and Maximizers as Different Types of Polarity Items
	Minimizers and Maximizers as Different Types of Polarity Items
	Minimizers and Maximizers as Different Types of Polarity Items
	Minimizers and Maximizers as Different Types of Polarity Items
	Minimizers and Maximizers as Different Types of Polarity Items
	23.5. A brief note on vulgar minimizers in English, Catalan, and Spanish
	Minimizers and Maximizers as Different Types of Polarity Items
	Minimizers and Maximizers as Different Types of Polarity Items
	23.6. Summary and conclusions
	Minimizers and Maximizers as Different Types of Polarity Items
	Acknowledgments
		Notes:
	Minimizers and Maximizers as Different Types of Polarity Items
	Minimizers and Maximizers as Different Types of Polarity Items
	Minimizers and Maximizers as Different Types of Polarity Items
oxfordhb-9780198830528-e-13
	Negative Quantifiers
		Abstract and Keywords
	24.1 Introduction
		Hedde Zeijlstra
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	Negative Quantifiers
	Negative Quantifiers
	24.2 The NALL problem
		24.2.1. The problem
	Negative Quantifiers
		24.2.2. Synchronic solutions
	Negative Quantifiers
	Negative Quantifiers
		24.2.3 Diachronic solutions
	Negative Quantifiers
	24.3. Split scope
		24.3.1. The phenomenon
	Negative Quantifiers
	Negative Quantifiers
	Negative Quantifiers
		24.3.2. The negative quantifier approach
	Negative Quantifiers
	Negative Quantifiers
		24.3.3. The decomposition approach
	Negative Quantifiers
	Negative Quantifiers
	Negative Quantifiers
		24.3.4. Split-scope and negative indefinites
	Negative Quantifiers
		24.3.5. Summing up
	Negative Quantifiers
	24.4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
oxfordhb-9780198830528-e-14
	Negative Fragment Answers
		Abstract and Keywords
	25.1. Introduction
		Andrew Weir
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	Negative Fragment Answers
	Negative Fragment Answers
	Negative Fragment Answers
	Negative Fragment Answers
	25.2. Negative concord items and negative polarity items as fragments
	Negative Fragment Answers
	Negative Fragment Answers
	Negative Fragment Answers
	Negative Fragment Answers
	Negative Fragment Answers
	Negative Fragment Answers
	25.3. Negated fragments
	Negative Fragment Answers
	Negative Fragment Answers
	Negative Fragment Answers
	Negative Fragment Answers
	Negative Fragment Answers
	Negative Fragment Answers
	Negative Fragment Answers
	25.4. Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	Negative Fragment Answers
		Notes:
	Negative Fragment Answers
	Negative Fragment Answers
oxfordhb-9780198830528-e-25
	Negative Concord and the Nature of Negative Concord Items
		Abstract and Keywords
	26.1. Ingredients of negative concord
		Anastasia Giannakidou
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	Negative Concord and the Nature of Negative Concord Items
	Negative Concord and the Nature of Negative Concord Items
	Negative Concord and the Nature of Negative Concord Items
	Negative Concord and the Nature of Negative Concord Items
	26.2. Strict and non-strict negative concord
		(p. 462) 26.2.1. Strict NC, negation, and change
	Negative Concord and the Nature of Negative Concord Items
	Negative Concord and the Nature of Negative Concord Items
		26.2.2. Non-strict negative concord
	Negative Concord and the Nature of Negative Concord Items
	Negative Concord and the Nature of Negative Concord Items
	Negative Concord and the Nature of Negative Concord Items
	Negative Concord and the Nature of Negative Concord Items
	Negative Concord and the Nature of Negative Concord Items
	Negative Concord and the Nature of Negative Concord Items
	26.3. NCIs as indefinites
		26.3.1 The indefinites analysis: NCIs and any
	Negative Concord and the Nature of Negative Concord Items
	Negative Concord and the Nature of Negative Concord Items
	Negative Concord and the Nature of Negative Concord Items
	Negative Concord and the Nature of Negative Concord Items
	Negative Concord and the Nature of Negative Concord Items
		(p. 472) 26.3.2. Indefinites plus agreement
	Negative Concord and the Nature of Negative Concord Items
	26.4. NCIs as universal quantifiers
	Negative Concord and the Nature of Negative Concord Items
	Negative Concord and the Nature of Negative Concord Items
	26.5. NCIs as negative
	Negative Concord and the Nature of Negative Concord Items
	Negative Concord and the Nature of Negative Concord Items
	Negative Concord and the Nature of Negative Concord Items
	26.6. Conclusions
		Notes:
	Negative Concord and the Nature of Negative Concord Items
oxfordhb-9780198830528-e-26
	Double Negation Readings
		Abstract and Keywords
	27.1. What is a double negation reading?
		27.1.1. Single negation and double negation readings
		Henriëtte de Swart
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	Double Negation Readings
		(p. 480) 27.1.2. Negative concord languages and double negation languages
	Double Negation Readings
		27.1.3. The role of prosody in the perception of double negation and negative concord
	Double Negation Readings
		27.1.4. Patterns of language production: Monolingual and multilingual corpus research
	Double Negation Readings
	Double Negation Readings
	27.2. In which contexts do DN readings arise in all languages?
		27.2.1. Morphological negation
		27.2.2. Constituent negation
	Double Negation Readings
		27.2.3. Clause boundedness of negative concord
	Double Negation Readings
	Double Negation Readings
		27.2.4. Beyond double negation: Triple negation and avoidance strategies
	Double Negation Readings
	Double Negation Readings
	(p. 488) 27.3. DN readings restricted to DN languages
		27.3.1. Expected multiple negative expressions within a single clause
	Double Negation Readings
		27.3.2. Cardinality zero readings
	Double Negation Readings
	Double Negation Readings
		27.3.3. Unexpected DN readings
	Double Negation Readings
	27.4. SN readings in DN languages
		27.4.1. Neither…nor configurations
	Double Negation Readings
	Double Negation Readings
		27.4.2. Emphatic multiple negative expressions
	Double Negation Readings
	Double Negation Readings
	27.5. Conclusion
	Double Negation Readings
		Notes:
	Double Negation Readings
oxfordhb-9780198830528-e-27
	Quantitative Studies of the Use of Negative (Dependent) Expressions
		Abstract and Keywords
	28.1. Introduction
		Phillip Wallage
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	Quantitative Studies of the Use of Negative (Dependent) Expressions
	28.2. No-negation and not-negation in Present-day English: Synchronic studies
	Quantitative Studies of the Use of Negative (Dependent) Expressions
		28.2.1. Tottie’s (1991b) methodology
	Quantitative Studies of the Use of Negative (Dependent) Expressions
		28.2.2. Indefinite type and modification
	Quantitative Studies of the Use of Negative (Dependent) Expressions
		28.2.3. Verb-type
	Quantitative Studies of the Use of Negative (Dependent) Expressions
	Quantitative Studies of the Use of Negative (Dependent) Expressions
	Quantitative Studies of the Use of Negative (Dependent) Expressions
	Quantitative Studies of the Use of Negative (Dependent) Expressions
		28.2.4. Discourse function
	Quantitative Studies of the Use of Negative (Dependent) Expressions
	Quantitative Studies of the Use of Negative (Dependent) Expressions
	(p. 506) 28.3. Diachrony of not-negation and no-negation
	Quantitative Studies of the Use of Negative (Dependent) Expressions
		28.3.1. The grammaticalization of not in Early English
	Quantitative Studies of the Use of Negative (Dependent) Expressions
	Quantitative Studies of the Use of Negative (Dependent) Expressions
	Quantitative Studies of the Use of Negative (Dependent) Expressions
		28.3.2. Accounting for the diachrony of not-negation: Ongoing change and lexical diffusion?
	Quantitative Studies of the Use of Negative (Dependent) Expressions
	Quantitative Studies of the Use of Negative (Dependent) Expressions
	Quantitative Studies of the Use of Negative (Dependent) Expressions
	Quantitative Studies of the Use of Negative (Dependent) Expressions
	Quantitative Studies of the Use of Negative (Dependent) Expressions
	Quantitative Studies of the Use of Negative (Dependent) Expressions
		28.3.3. Explaining the constraints on no-negation and not-negation
	Quantitative Studies of the Use of Negative (Dependent) Expressions
	Quantitative Studies of the Use of Negative (Dependent) Expressions
	Quantitative Studies of the Use of Negative (Dependent) Expressions
	28.4. Conclusion
	Quantitative Studies of the Use of Negative (Dependent) Expressions
		Notes:
	Quantitative Studies of the Use of Negative (Dependent) Expressions
oxfordhb-9780198830528-e-29
	Negation in Non-Standard Varieties
		Abstract and Keywords
	29.1. Introduction
		Christina Tortora and Frances Blanchette
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	Negation in Non-Standard Varieties
		29.1.1. Standard vs. non-standard varieties
			29.1.1.1. Defining non-standard varieties
	Negation in Non-Standard Varieties
		29.1.1.2. Privileging non-standard varieties
		29.1.2. Remainder of the chapter
	29.2. Negation in non-standard Englishes
		29.2.1. Negative constituents and Negative Polarity Items (NPIs) in non-subject position
	Negation in Non-Standard Varieties
	Negation in Non-Standard Varieties
		29.2.2. Negative constituents and NPIs in matrix subject position
	Negation in Non-Standard Varieties
	Negation in Non-Standard Varieties
		29.2.3. Interim summary: Non-standard negation in English and syntactic theory
	Negation in Non-Standard Varieties
	Negation in Non-Standard Varieties
	29.3. Negation in West Flemish and Romance varieties
		29.3.1. West Flemish Negative Concord
	Negation in Non-Standard Varieties
		29.3.2. Negative concord in non-standard Romance varieties
	Negation in Non-Standard Varieties
	Negation in Non-Standard Varieties
	Negation in Non-Standard Varieties
	29.4. Final remarks: One grammar, two grammars, multiple grammars?
	Negation in Non-Standard Varieties
	Negation in Non-Standard Varieties
	Negation in Non-Standard Varieties
		Notes:
	Negation in Non-Standard Varieties
	Negation in Non-Standard Varieties
oxfordhb-9780198830528-e-30
	The Negative Cycle and Beyond
		Abstract and Keywords
	30.1. Introduction
		Anne Breitbarth
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	The Negative Cycle and Beyond
	The Negative Cycle and Beyond
	The Negative Cycle and Beyond
	30.2. Jespersen’s Cycle
	The Negative Cycle and Beyond
		(p. 534) 30.2.1. Common developments
	The Negative Cycle and Beyond
	The Negative Cycle and Beyond
	The Negative Cycle and Beyond
		30.2.2. The direction and speed of the change
	The Negative Cycle and Beyond
	The Negative Cycle and Beyond
	The Negative Cycle and Beyond
		30.2.3. Formal analysis
	The Negative Cycle and Beyond
	The Negative Cycle and Beyond
	30.3. Other cyclic developments
	The Negative Cycle and Beyond
	The Negative Cycle and Beyond
	The Negative Cycle and Beyond
	The Negative Cycle and Beyond
	30.4. Conclusions
		Notes:
	The Negative Cycle and Beyond
oxfordhb-9780198830528-e-31
	Evolution of Negative Dependencies
		Abstract and Keywords
	31.1. Introduction
		Chiara Gianollo
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	Evolution of Negative Dependencies
	31.2. The evolution of negative dependencies
		31.2.1. Types of negative dependencies
	Evolution of Negative Dependencies
	Evolution of Negative Dependencies
		(p. 549) 31.2.2. Negative Concord as syntacticization of the licensing relation
	Evolution of Negative Dependencies
	Evolution of Negative Dependencies
	Evolution of Negative Dependencies
		31.2.3. Negative Concord as an effect of the internal syntax of indefinites
	Evolution of Negative Dependencies
	Evolution of Negative Dependencies
		(p. 554) 31.2.4. The role of focus
	Evolution of Negative Dependencies
	Evolution of Negative Dependencies
	31.3. The grammaticalization of negative items
		31.3.1. NCIs with a pronominal origin
			31.3.1.1. Reanalysis of existing functional items
	Evolution of Negative Dependencies
	Evolution of Negative Dependencies
	Evolution of Negative Dependencies
		31.3.1.2. Creation of new functional items
	Evolution of Negative Dependencies
		31.3.2. NCIs with a nominal origin, minimizers, and generalizers
	Evolution of Negative Dependencies
	Evolution of Negative Dependencies
	31.4. Conclusion and issues for further research
	Evolution of Negative Dependencies
		Notes:
	Evolution of Negative Dependencies
oxfordhb-9780198830528-e-32
	The Role of Pragmatics in Negation Change
		Abstract and Keywords
	32.1. Introduction
		Pierre Larrivée
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	The Role of Pragmatics in Negation Change
	32.2. Intuitive approaches
	The Role of Pragmatics in Negation Change
	The Role of Pragmatics in Negation Change
	The Role of Pragmatics in Negation Change
	32.3. Pragmatic approaches
	The Role of Pragmatics in Negation Change
	The Role of Pragmatics in Negation Change
	The Role of Pragmatics in Negation Change
	(p. 570) 32.4. Quantified pragmatic approaches
	The Role of Pragmatics in Negation Change
	The Role of Pragmatics in Negation Change
	The Role of Pragmatics in Negation Change
	The Role of Pragmatics in Negation Change
	The Role of Pragmatics in Negation Change
	32.5. Final discussion
	The Role of Pragmatics in Negation Change
	Acknowledgments
		Notes:
	The Role of Pragmatics in Negation Change
	The Role of Pragmatics in Negation Change
oxfordhb-9780198830528-e-40
	Evolutionary Precursors of Negation in Non-Human Reasoning
		Abstract and Keywords
	33.1. Introduction
		Manuel Bohn, Josep Call, and Christoph J. Völter
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	Evolutionary Precursors of Negation in Non-Human Reasoning
	33.2. Facets of negation
		33.2.1. Proto-negation
	Evolutionary Precursors of Negation in Non-Human Reasoning
		33.2.2. Negation
	Evolutionary Precursors of Negation in Non-Human Reasoning
		33.2.3. What do you need negation for?
			33.2.3.1. Individual reasoning
	Evolutionary Precursors of Negation in Non-Human Reasoning
	Evolutionary Precursors of Negation in Non-Human Reasoning
	Evolutionary Precursors of Negation in Non-Human Reasoning
		33.2.3.2. Social reasoning
	Evolutionary Precursors of Negation in Non-Human Reasoning
	Evolutionary Precursors of Negation in Non-Human Reasoning
		33.2.3.3. Summary
	Evolutionary Precursors of Negation in Non-Human Reasoning
	33.3. How to distinguish between proto-negation and negation proper empirically
		(p. 586) 33.3.1. Individual reasoning
	Evolutionary Precursors of Negation in Non-Human Reasoning
		33.3.2. Social reasoning
	Evolutionary Precursors of Negation in Non-Human Reasoning
	33.4. Negation in the evolution of human reasoning
	Evolutionary Precursors of Negation in Non-Human Reasoning
	33.5. Conclusion
	Evolutionary Precursors of Negation in Non-Human Reasoning
oxfordhb-9780198830528-e-39
	Cognitive Precursors of Negation in Preverbal Infants
		Abstract and Keywords
	34.1 Introduction
		Jean-Rémy Hochmann
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	Cognitive Precursors of Negation in Preverbal Infants
	34.2 Early meanings of negation
	Cognitive Precursors of Negation in Preverbal Infants
	Cognitive Precursors of Negation in Preverbal Infants
	34.3. Avoidance as a precursor to rejection
	Cognitive Precursors of Negation in Preverbal Infants
	(p. 593) 34.4. Unfulfilled expectation/disappearance
	Cognitive Precursors of Negation in Preverbal Infants
	34.5. A precursor to truth-functional negation
	Cognitive Precursors of Negation in Preverbal Infants
	Cognitive Precursors of Negation in Preverbal Infants
	Cognitive Precursors of Negation in Preverbal Infants
	34.6. Inhibition as a precursor to negation
	Cognitive Precursors of Negation in Preverbal Infants
	34.7. Conclusion
	Cognitive Precursors of Negation in Preverbal Infants
oxfordhb-9780198830528-e-36
	Negation and First Language Acquisition
		Abstract and Keywords
	35.1. Form and function in children’s first negative utterances
		Rosalind Thornton
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	Negation and First Language Acquisition
	35.2. Early hallmarks of sentential negation
	Negation and First Language Acquisition
	Negation and First Language Acquisition
	35.3. External vs internal negation
	Negation and First Language Acquisition
	35.4. Negation, subjects, and objects
	Negation and First Language Acquisition
	Negation and First Language Acquisition
	35.5. Categorizing negation as adverb or head
	Negation and First Language Acquisition
	35.6. Felicitous contexts for negation
	Negation and First Language Acquisition
	Negation and First Language Acquisition
	35.7. Negative questions
	Negation and First Language Acquisition
	Negation and First Language Acquisition
	35.8. Double negation
	Negation and First Language Acquisition
	35.9. Double negation or negative concord?
	Negation and First Language Acquisition
	35.10. Negation and polarity sensitive expressions
	Negation and First Language Acquisition
	Negation and First Language Acquisition
	Negation and First Language Acquisition
	Negation and First Language Acquisition
		Notes:
	Negation and First Language Acquisition
oxfordhb-9780198830528-e-37
	Negation in L2 Acquisition and Beyond
		Abstract and Keywords
	36.1. Introduction
		Liliana Sánchez and Jennifer Austin
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	Negation in L2 Acquisition and Beyond
	36.2. Bilingual and L2 acquisition from a generative perspective and the relevance of negation
	Negation in L2 Acquisition and Beyond
	Negation in L2 Acquisition and Beyond
	Negation in L2 Acquisition and Beyond
	36.3. The acquisition of negation in simultaneous bilinguals and heritage and L2 child learners
		36.3.1. The acquisition of negation in simultaneous child bilinguals
	Negation in L2 Acquisition and Beyond
		36.3.2. The development of negation in child heritage bilinguals
	Negation in L2 Acquisition and Beyond
		36.3.3. The development of negation in child L2 learners
	Negation in L2 Acquisition and Beyond
	Negation in L2 Acquisition and Beyond
	Negation in L2 Acquisition and Beyond
	36.4. Negation in adult L2 acquisition
		(p. 624) 36.4.1. Formulaic negation
	Negation in L2 Acquisition and Beyond
		(p. 625) 36.4.2. Negation as a test
	Negation in L2 Acquisition and Beyond
	Negation in L2 Acquisition and Beyond
	Negation in L2 Acquisition and Beyond
	Negation in L2 Acquisition and Beyond
	Negation in L2 Acquisition and Beyond
	Negation in L2 Acquisition and Beyond
	Negation in L2 Acquisition and Beyond
	36.5. Concluding remarks
	Negation in L2 Acquisition and Beyond
		Notes:
	Negation in L2 Acquisition and Beyond
oxfordhb-9780198830528-e-33
	Understanding Negation: Issues in the processing of negation
		Abstract and Keywords
	37.1. Introduction
		Barbara Kaup and Carolin Dudschig
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	Understanding Negation: Issues in the processing of negation
	37.2. Early investigations into the processing of negation: Is negation more difficult than affirmation and if so, why?
		37.2.1. Memory for negative sentences
	Understanding Negation: Issues in the processing of negation
		37.2.2. Comprehension and production of negative sentences
	Understanding Negation: Issues in the processing of negation
	Understanding Negation: Issues in the processing of negation
	Understanding Negation: Issues in the processing of negation
	Understanding Negation: Issues in the processing of negation
	Understanding Negation: Issues in the processing of negation
	37.3. Is suppression routinely involved in negation processing?
	Understanding Negation: Issues in the processing of negation
	Understanding Negation: Issues in the processing of negation
	Understanding Negation: Issues in the processing of negation
	37.4. Does negation processing per default involve two processing steps in the course of which two meaning representations get activated?
	Understanding Negation: Issues in the processing of negation
	Understanding Negation: Issues in the processing of negation
	37.5. Is negation integration delayed during the processing of negative sentences and what role do pragmatic aspects play in this respect?
		(p. 646) 37.5.1. Automaticity
	Understanding Negation: Issues in the processing of negation
	Understanding Negation: Issues in the processing of negation
		37.5.2. Pragmatically felicitous contexts
	Understanding Negation: Issues in the processing of negation
	Understanding Negation: Issues in the processing of negation
	Understanding Negation: Issues in the processing of negation
	(p. 650) 37.6 Negation and embodiment
	Understanding Negation: Issues in the processing of negation
	Understanding Negation: Issues in the processing of negation
	Understanding Negation: Issues in the processing of negation
	37.7. Does negation processing involve general cognitive mechanisms that are also utilized during non-linguistic conflict processing or response inhibition?
	Understanding Negation: Issues in the processing of negation
	Understanding Negation: Issues in the processing of negation
	37.8. Conclusions
	Understanding Negation: Issues in the processing of negation
oxfordhb-9780198830528-e-42
	Negative Polarity Illusions
		Abstract and Keywords
	38.1. Introduction
		Hanna Muller and Colin Phillips
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	Negative Polarity Illusions
		38.1.1. NPI illusions: Basic profile
	Negative Polarity Illusions
	38.2. Some unpromising explanations
	Negative Polarity Illusions
	Negative Polarity Illusions
	Negative Polarity Illusions
	38.3. Two promising approaches
		38.3.1. Memory mechanisms
	Negative Polarity Illusions
		38.3.2. Interpretive mechanisms
			38.3.2.1. Quantifier scope
	Negative Polarity Illusions
		38.3.2.2. “Rescuing” by contrastive implicatures
	Negative Polarity Illusions
		38.3.2.3. Covert exhaustification
	Negative Polarity Illusions
		(p. 664) 38.3.2.4. Licensing as integration into context
	38.4. Restrictions on NPI illusions
		38.4.1. Licensor distance
	Negative Polarity Illusions
	Negative Polarity Illusions
	Negative Polarity Illusions
		38.4.2. Licensor type
	Negative Polarity Illusions
	Negative Polarity Illusions
		38.4.3. Clause type
	Negative Polarity Illusions
	38.5. Comparison with other phenomena
	Negative Polarity Illusions
		38.5.1. Subject–verb agreement
	Negative Polarity Illusions
		38.5.2. Pronoun resolution
	Negative Polarity Illusions
	Negative Polarity Illusions
		38.5.3. Other illusions
	Negative Polarity Illusions
	38.6. Broader implications
		38.6.1. Cross-linguistic word order differences
	Negative Polarity Illusions
		38.6.2. Processing negation
	Negative Polarity Illusions
	38.7. Conclusion
	Negative Polarity Illusions
	Acknowledgments
oxfordhb-9780198830528-e-34
	Negation, Prosody, and Gesture
		Abstract and Keywords
	39.1. Introduction
		Pilar Prieto and M. Teresa Espinal
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	Negation, Prosody, and Gesture
	Negation, Prosody, and Gesture
	Negation, Prosody, and Gesture
	39.2. The role of prosody in the expression of negation
		39.2.1. The prosodic realization of negation
			39.2.1.1. The expression of denial
	Negation, Prosody, and Gesture
		39.2.1.2. The expression of rejection
	Negation, Prosody, and Gesture
	Negation, Prosody, and Gesture
		39.2.1.3. The expression of metalinguistic negation
		(p. 683) 39.2.2. Prosody and scope
	Negation, Prosody, and Gesture
		39.2.2.1. Scope disambiguation in statements
	Negation, Prosody, and Gesture
		39.2.2.2. Scope disambiguation in questions
	Negation, Prosody, and Gesture
		39.2.3. Negative shifts
	Negation, Prosody, and Gesture
		39.2.3.1. From double negation to single negation readings
	Negation, Prosody, and Gesture
		39.2.3.2. From single negation to double negation readings
	Negation, Prosody, and Gesture
	Negation, Prosody, and Gesture
	Negation, Prosody, and Gesture
		39.2.3.3. Bare polar particle responses
	Negation, Prosody, and Gesture
	39.3. Multimodal negation: Integration between prosody and gesture in the expression of negation. Acquisition patterns
	Negation, Prosody, and Gesture
	Negation, Prosody, and Gesture
	39.4. Conclusions
	Negation, Prosody, and Gesture
	Acknowledgments
		Notes:
	Negation, Prosody, and Gesture
oxfordhb-9780198830528-e-38
	Negation and the Brain: Experiments in health and in focal brain disease, and their theoretical implications
		Abstract and Keywords
	40.1. Introduction
		Yosef Grodzinsky, Virginia Jaichenco, Isabelle Deschamps, María Elina Sánchez, Martín Fuchs, Peter Pieperhoff, Yonatan Loewenstein, and Katrin Amunts
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	Negation and the Brain: Experiments in health and in focal brain disease, and their theoretical implications
	40.2. Experiments on negation and their design problems
		40.2.1. Early experiments
	Negation and the Brain: Experiments in health and in focal brain disease, and their theoretical implications
		40.2.2. Recent fMRI studies
	Negation and the Brain: Experiments in health and in focal brain disease, and their theoretical implications
	40.3. A solution: Hidden negation in polar quantifiers
	Negation and the Brain: Experiments in health and in focal brain disease, and their theoretical implications
	40.4. Arguments for implicit negation
		(p. 698) 40.4.1. Negation reversal
	Negation and the Brain: Experiments in health and in focal brain disease, and their theoretical implications
		40.4.2. NPI licensing
	Negation and the Brain: Experiments in health and in focal brain disease, and their theoretical implications
	40.5. The processing of hidden negation
		40.5.1. Behavioral studies
	Negation and the Brain: Experiments in health and in focal brain disease, and their theoretical implications
	Negation and the Brain: Experiments in health and in focal brain disease, and their theoretical implications
	Negation and the Brain: Experiments in health and in focal brain disease, and their theoretical implications
		40.5.2. A study of hidden negation in fMRI
	Negation and the Brain: Experiments in health and in focal brain disease, and their theoretical implications
	(p. 703) 40.6. Negation in aphasia
		40.6.1. Past experiments with negation in aphasia
		40.6.2. A new experimental attempt to uncover hidden negation deficits in aphasic patients
	Negation and the Brain: Experiments in health and in focal brain disease, and their theoretical implications
	Negation and the Brain: Experiments in health and in focal brain disease, and their theoretical implications
	Negation and the Brain: Experiments in health and in focal brain disease, and their theoretical implications
	Negation and the Brain: Experiments in health and in focal brain disease, and their theoretical implications
		40.6.3. Syntactic comprehension
	Negation and the Brain: Experiments in health and in focal brain disease, and their theoretical implications
	Negation and the Brain: Experiments in health and in focal brain disease, and their theoretical implications
		40.6.4. Polar quantifiers and equivalent symbolic inequalities in verification
	Negation and the Brain: Experiments in health and in focal brain disease, and their theoretical implications
	Negation and the Brain: Experiments in health and in focal brain disease, and their theoretical implications
	Negation and the Brain: Experiments in health and in focal brain disease, and their theoretical implications
		40.6.5. Lesion anatomy
	Negation and the Brain: Experiments in health and in focal brain disease, and their theoretical implications
	Negation and the Brain: Experiments in health and in focal brain disease, and their theoretical implications
	Negation and the Brain: Experiments in health and in focal brain disease, and their theoretical implications
		40.6.6. An informal analysis
	40.7. Implications
	Negation and the Brain: Experiments in health and in focal brain disease, and their theoretical implications
	Acknowledgements
	(p. 712) Appendix
	Negation and the Brain: Experiments in health and in focal brain disease, and their theoretical implications
	Negation and the Brain: Experiments in health and in focal brain disease, and their theoretical implications
	Negation and the Brain: Experiments in health and in focal brain disease, and their theoretical implications
oxfordhb-9780198830528-e-43
	Individual Differences in Processing of Negative Operators: Implications for bilinguals
		Abstract and Keywords
	41.1. Introduction
		Veena D. Dwivedi
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	Individual Differences in Processing of Negative Operators: Implications for bilinguals
	41.2 The phenomena: Negation and quantifier scope
	Individual Differences in Processing of Negative Operators: Implications for bilinguals
	Individual Differences in Processing of Negative Operators: Implications for bilinguals
	41.3 Sentence processing as Heuristic first, algorithmic second
		(p. 716) 41.3.1. Scope ambiguity
	Individual Differences in Processing of Negative Operators: Implications for bilinguals
	Individual Differences in Processing of Negative Operators: Implications for bilinguals
	Individual Differences in Processing of Negative Operators: Implications for bilinguals
	41.4 Individual differences in sentence processing
		41.4.1. Individual differences in quantifier scope processing
	Individual Differences in Processing of Negative Operators: Implications for bilinguals
	Individual Differences in Processing of Negative Operators: Implications for bilinguals
	Individual Differences in Processing of Negative Operators: Implications for bilinguals
		(p. 721) 41.4.2 Individual differences in neural response
	Individual Differences in Processing of Negative Operators: Implications for bilinguals
	Individual Differences in Processing of Negative Operators: Implications for bilinguals
	(p. 723) 41.5 Implications for bilingual sentence processing
	Individual Differences in Processing of Negative Operators: Implications for bilinguals
		Notes:
	Individual Differences in Processing of Negative Operators: Implications for bilinguals
oxfordhb-9780198830528-e-47
	The Neurology of Negation: fMRI, ERP, and aphasia
		Abstract and Keywords
	42.1. What is negation?
		Ken Ramshøj Christensen
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	The Neurology of Negation: fMRI, ERP, and aphasia
	The Neurology of Negation: fMRI, ERP, and aphasia
	(p. 727) 42.2. Behavioral studies: Processing negation
	The Neurology of Negation: fMRI, ERP, and aphasia
	42.3. Neurophysiology: Polarity items and ERP
	The Neurology of Negation: fMRI, ERP, and aphasia
	The Neurology of Negation: fMRI, ERP, and aphasia
	The Neurology of Negation: fMRI, ERP, and aphasia
	The Neurology of Negation: fMRI, ERP, and aphasia
	The Neurology of Negation: fMRI, ERP, and aphasia
	42.4. Neuroimaging: Negation and fMRI
		42.4.1. It is not true…
	The Neurology of Negation: fMRI, ERP, and aphasia
		42.4.2. Reduced access to action representations
	The Neurology of Negation: fMRI, ERP, and aphasia
		42.4.3. A syntactic effect
	The Neurology of Negation: fMRI, ERP, and aphasia
		42.4.4. A semantic effect
	The Neurology of Negation: fMRI, ERP, and aphasia
		(p. 735) 42.4.5. Polarity and the default mode
		42.4.6. Negation and clausal embedding
	The Neurology of Negation: fMRI, ERP, and aphasia
	The Neurology of Negation: fMRI, ERP, and aphasia
	42.5. Neuropsychology: Negation and aphasia
	The Neurology of Negation: fMRI, ERP, and aphasia
	42.6. Summary
	The Neurology of Negation: fMRI, ERP, and aphasia
	Acknowledgments
	The Neurology of Negation: fMRI, ERP, and aphasia
oxfordhb-9780198830528-e-44
	The Neurobiology of Lexical and Sentential Negation
		Abstract and Keywords
	43.1. Introduction
		Liuba Papeo and Manuel de Vega
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	The Neurobiology of Lexical and Sentential Negation
	The Neurobiology of Lexical and Sentential Negation
	43.2. Models of reference in research on the neurobiology of negation
	The Neurobiology of Lexical and Sentential Negation
	The Neurobiology of Lexical and Sentential Negation
	(p. 744) 43.3. Different neural activity for affirmative and negative language
	The Neurobiology of Lexical and Sentential Negation
	The Neurobiology of Lexical and Sentential Negation
	The Neurobiology of Lexical and Sentential Negation
	43.4. The chronometry of processing negation: One or two stages?
	The Neurobiology of Lexical and Sentential Negation
		43.4.1. Interaction between pragmatics and negation
	The Neurobiology of Lexical and Sentential Negation
		43.4.2. The default computation of negated meanings
	The Neurobiology of Lexical and Sentential Negation
	The Neurobiology of Lexical and Sentential Negation
	43.5. The hypothesis of negation as inhibition
	The Neurobiology of Lexical and Sentential Negation
		43.5.1. Measure of activity in inhibitory neurons during processing negation
	The Neurobiology of Lexical and Sentential Negation
	The Neurobiology of Lexical and Sentential Negation
		43.5.2. Measure of neural signatures of inhibition in processing negation
	The Neurobiology of Lexical and Sentential Negation
	The Neurobiology of Lexical and Sentential Negation
	(p. 754) 43.6. Conclusions
	The Neurobiology of Lexical and Sentential Negation
		Notes:
	The Neurobiology of Lexical and Sentential Negation
oxfordhb-9780198830528-miscMatter-9
	Oxford Handbooks in Linguistics
	Oxford Handbooks in Linguistics
		Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
		Edited by Viviane Déprez and M. Teresa Espinal
	Oxford Handbooks in Linguistics
	Oxford Handbooks in Linguistics
	Oxford Handbooks in Linguistics
	Oxford Handbooks in Linguistics
oxfordhb-9780198830528-bibliography-1
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oxfordhb-9780198830528-indexList-1
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