The Oxford Handbook of Music and the Brain

Halftitle page
Title page
Copyright page
Table of Contents
List of Contributors
Section I: Introduction
	1. The Neuroscientific Study of Music: A Burgeoning Discipline
		Introduction
		Vignettes from a Burgeoning Discipline
		Chapter Overviews
Section II: Music, the Brain, and Cultural Contexts
	2. Music Through the Lens of Cultural Neuroscience
		Introduction to Cultural Neuroscience
		Genetic Influences on Musical Behavior
		Neural Plasticity
		Cultural Influences on Innate Infant Responses to Music
		The Search for Music Universals
		Cross-Cultural Music Research
		Conclusion
	3. Cultural Distance: A Computational Approach to Exploring Cultural Influences on Music Cognition
		Introduction
		Related Literature
		Cultural Distance
		Conclusion
	4. When Extravagance Impresses: Recasting Esthetics in Evolutionary Terms
		Introduction
		Squandering as Asset, I: The Evolutionary Logic
		Squandering as Asset, II: A Bulwark against Bluff
		Squandering as Asset, III: Surrendering to Mastery
		Transposing to the Human Case
		The Psychological Impact of Music: Neither “Meaning” nor “Emotion”
		Conclusion
Section III: Music Processing in the Human Brain
	5. Cerebral Organization of Music Processing
		Introduction
		Neural Basis of Music Processing in the Healthy Brain
		Summary
	6. Network Neuroscience: An Introduction to Graph Theory Network-Based Techniques for Music and Brain Imaging Research
		Introduction
		Implications for Music and Brain Research
	7. Acoustic Structure and Musical Function: Musical Notes Informing Auditory Research
		Introduction and Overview
		Grouping Notes: Deconstructing Chords and Harmonies
		Grouping Harmonics: Deconstructing Individual Notes
		Acoustic Structure and Musical Timbre
		The Use of Temporally Varying Sounds in Music Perception Research
		On the Methodological Convenience of Simplified Sounds
		Conclusions
	8. Neural Basis of Rhythm Perception
		Introduction
		Feeling the Beat
		Oscillatory Mechanisms
		Language and Music
		Development of Rhythm
		Comparative Psychology and Evolution of Rhythm Perception
		Cross-Modal Investigations of Rhythm Perception
		Individual Differences and Musical Training
		Mirroring and Joint Action
		Conclusion
	9. Neural Basis of Music Perception: Melody, Harmony, and Timbre
		Introduction
		We Do Not Only Hear with Our Cochlea
		Auditory Feature Extraction in Brainstem and Thalamus
		Echoic Memory and Gestalt Formation
		Musical Expectancy Formation: Processing of Local Dependencies
		Musical Structure Building: Processing of Nonlocal Dependencies
		Concluding Remark
	10. Multisensory Processing in Music
		Introduction
		Multisensory Processing
		Auditory Processing
		Multisensory Perception of Pitch
		Multisensory Perception of Timbre
		Multisensory Perception of Rhythm
		Summary and Conclusions
Section IV: Neural Responses to Music: Cognition, Affect, Language
	11. Music and Memory
		Introduction
		Human Memory in General
		Memory Processes during Music Listening
		Music as Memory Enhancer
		A Model for Music Memory
	12. Music and Attention, Executive Function, and Creativity
		Introduction
		Music and Attention
		Music and Executive Function
		Music and Creativity
		Conclusions
	13. Neural Correlates of Music and Emotion
		Introduction
		Musical Affect: Definitions and Distinctions
		Psychological Mechanisms: A Theoretical Framework
		Review of Empirical Studies
		Towards a More Principled Approach
		Concluding Remarks: A Field in Need of an Agenda?
	14. Neurochemical Responses to Music
		Introduction
		Dopamine Systems
		Endogenous Opioid Systems
		Serotonin Systems
		Neuroendocrine Systems I (Posterior Pituitary)
		Neuroendocrine Systems II (Anterior Pituitary)
		Norepinephrine Systems
		Peripheral Immune System
		Cholinergic Systems
		Discussion and Future Directions
	15. The Neuroaesthetics of Music: A Research Agenda Coming of Age
		Introduction
		The Need to Study the Neural Determinants of Art
		Neuroaesthetics: A Research Agenda also for Music
		Existing Models of the Musical Aesthetic Experience
		Main Brain Structures Related to Aesthetic Responses to Music
		Present Advances: Neural Interactions for Music Aesthetic Responses
		Future Challenges and Promises
	16. Music and Language
		Introduction
		On Modularity of Music and Language
		Common Functions and Operations in Music and Language
		Overlap and Resource Sharing
		Music Training and Language Skills
		Bridging Music and Language
		A Temporal Focus into Music and Language
Section V: Musicianship and Brain Function
	17. Musical Expertise and Brain Structure: The Causes and Consequences of Training
		Introduction
		Structural Brain Differences in Adult Musicians
		Developmental Impacts on Training-Related Plasticity
		The Interaction between Development and Training
		Aptitude and Short-Term Training
		Bringing It All Together
		Why Is Music Such an Effective Driver of Brain Plasticity?
		Where Do We Go From Here?
	18. Genomics Approaches for Studying Musical Aptitude and Related Traits
		Genomic Approaches to Study Human Traits
		Musical Aptitude as a Biological Trait
		Evolution of Musical Aptitude
		Genome-Wide Linkage and Association Analyses of Musical Traits
		The Effect of Music Perception and Performance on Human Transcriptome
		Convergent Analysis
		Biological Background of Creative Activities in Music
		Conclusion
	19. Brain Research in Music Performance
		Introduction
		Performing Music as a Driver of Brain Plasticity
		Brain Regions Involved in Performing Music: A Quick Overview
		The Effects of Musical Training on Brain Function
		The Effects of Musical Training on Brain Structure
		De-Expertise: Musician’s Dystonia as a Syndrome of Maladaptive Plasticity
		Brain Changes Associated with Loss of Sensorimotor Control
		Brain Plasticity as Prerequisite and Result of Expert Performance in Musicians
	20. Brain Research in Music Improvisation
		Introduction
		Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
		Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
		Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)
		Electroencephalography (EEG)
		Summary and Discussion
		Conclusion
	21. Neural Mechanisms of Musical Imagery
		Introduction
		Imagery and Perception of Music
		Involuntary Musical Imagery
		Embodied Musical Imagery
		Summary and Conclusions
	22. Neuroplasticity in Music Learning
		Introduction
		Electrophysiological Markers of Enhanced Cortical Sound Processing in Musicians
		Sound Encoding along the Auditory Pathway
		Musical Training and the Developing Brain
		Transfer beyond Sound Processing: Does Music Improve Executive Functions?
		Predispositions in Musical Abilities and their Neural Correlates
		Conclusions and Future Directions
Section VI: Developmental Issues in Music and the Brain
	23. The Role of Musical Development in Early Language Acquisition
		Introduction
		The Music of Speech
		Music and Language Perception Abilities at Birth
		Co-development of Music and Language Perception from 6 to 12 Months of Age
		Co-development of Music and Language in Childhood
		Is the Newborn Brain Specialized for Language Perception?
		Linked Developmental Disorders
		Entanglement of Music and Language in Adults
		Conclusion
	24. Rhythm, Meter, and Timing: The Heartbeat of Musical Development
		Introduction
		Early Perception of Beat, Meter, and Rhythm
		Timing and Rhythm in Infant-Directed Singing
		Rhythm, Prediction, Neural Oscillations, and Deviations from Regularity
		Timing and Musical Emotion
		Development of Auditory–Motor Entrainment and Social Effects of Synchronous Movement
		Applications to Developmental Disorders
		Conclusion
	25. Music and the Aging Brain
		Introduction
		Normal Aging: Music for Cognitive Preservation and Well-Being
		Pathological Aging: Neuroscience-Informed Training and Rehabilitation with Music
		Conclusion and Future Directions
	26. Music Training and Cognitive Abilities: Associations, Causes, and Consequences
		Introduction
		A Review of Existing Evidence
		One Way Forward: Measuring Music Aptitude and Music Training
		Conclusion
	27. The Neuroscience of Children on the Autism Spectrum with Exceptional Musical Abilities
		Introduction
		Gaver’s Ecological Theory of Listening and Autism
		Zygonic Theory
		Towards a New Developmental Model of Auditory Perception
		The Development of Auditory Perception in Some Children on the Autism Spectrum
		Absolute Pitch
		The Impact of AP on Musical Engagement of Children and Young People Who Are on the Autism Spectrum
		Conclusion: The Neuroscience of Autistic Children with Exceptional Musical Abilities
Section VII: Music, the Brain, and Health
	28. Neurologic Music Therapy in Sensorimotor Rehabilitation
		Introduction
		Neurologic Music Therapy
		Acquired Motor Dysfunction
		Degenerative Movement Disorders
		Developmental Disorders
		Summary and Conclusion
	29. Neurologic Music Therapy for Speech and Language Rehabilitation
		Introduction
		Dysarthria
		Apraxia of Speech
		Aphasia
		Fluency
		Sensory Deficits
		Voice Disorders
		Dyslexia
		Conclusion
	30. Neurologic Music Therapy Targeting Cognitive and Affective Functions
		Cognitive and Affective Functions: Central to Functional Recovery
		Cognitive Remediation: Treatment Method to Improve Cognitive Functions
		Music and Brain Plasticity
		Music Therapy: From a Social Science Model to a Neuroscience Model
		An Overview of Neurologic Music Therapy and its Two Explanatory Models
		Techniques of NMT Targeting Cognition and Emotion
		Scientific Basis of NMT Techniques Targeting Cognition, Emotion, and Psychosocial Functioning
		Summary and Future Directions
	31. Musical Disorders
		Introduction
		Pitch-Based Amusia
		Beat Finding Disorder
		Acquired Amusia
		Musical Anhedonia
		What Have We Learned from Studying Amusia?
	32. When Blue Turns to Gray: The Enigma of Musician’s Dystonia
		Introduction
		Assessment
		Treatment
		Pathophysiology
		Pathogenic Theory
		Future Directions
Section VIII: The Future
	33. New Horizons for Brain Research in Music
		Introduction: The Flaws of Predictions
		Ten New Horizons for Future Research
		Coda
Index