The Oxford Handbook of Isaiah

Cover
The Oxford Handbook of Isaiah
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Abbreviations
Introduction
Part I: Questions Related to the Formation of the Book of Isaiah
	Chapter 1: The Book of Isaiah: Its Final Structure
		1.1. Prolegomena
		1.2. The Two Halves of the Book of Isaiah
		1.3. The Isaianic Narratives and the Structure of the Book
			1.3.1. Isaiah 1–12
			1.3.2. Isaiah 13–27
			1.3.3 Isaiah 28–35
			1.3.4. Isaiah 40–55 and 56–66
		1.4. Summary
		Bibliography
	Chapter 2: The Book of Isaiah: Its Composition History
		2.1. Introduction
		2.2. Bernhard Duhm and the Threefold Division of the Book
		2.3. The Rediscovery of the Essential Unity of the Book
		2.4. The Composition History of Isaiah 1–66
		2.5. The Character of the “Trito-Isaianic” Passages (Isaiah 56–66)
		2.6. The Role of “Deutero-Isaiah” (Isaiah 40–55)
		2.7. The Composition of Isaiah 1–39 and the Core of the Book
		2.8. Conclusion
		Bibliography
Part II: Key Parts of the Book of Isaiah
	Chapter 3: The Oracles against the Nations
		3.1. Introduction
		3.2. History of Formation
		3.3. Function in the Book of Isaiah as a Whole
			3.3.1. The OAN in Relation to the Preceding Texts (Isaiah 1–12)
			3.3.2. The OAN in Relation to the Following Texts (Isaiah 24–66)
			3.3.3. The OAN of Isaiah in Comparison with the OAN of Amos, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel
		3.4. Key Messages
		3.5. Conclusion
		Bibliography
	Chapter 4: Isaiah 24–27: The So-Called Isaiah Apocalypse
		4.1. Introduction
		4.2. Dating Isaiah 24–27
		4.3. Literary Issues: Structure, Form, and Redaction
			4.3.1. Literary Forms
			4.3.2. Structure and Redaction
		4.4. Critical Interpretive Issues
			4.4.1. Identity of the Anonymous City
			4.4.2. Covenant
			4.4.3. Apocalyptic
			4.4.4. Resurrection
			4.4.5. Intertextuality
		Bibliography
	Chapter 5: The Narratives about Isaiah and Their Relationship with 2 Kings and 2 Chronicles
		5.1. Introduction
		5.2. What Happened?
		5.3. Sources as Reflections on “What Happened”
			5.3.1. The Source Debate
			5.3.2. A New Source and Redaction Proposal
				5.3.2.1. Source S (Sennacherib Source): 2 Kings 18:13; 19:9–19, 35–36//Isa 36:1; 37:9–20, 36–37
				5.3.2.2. Source R (Rabshakeh Source): 2 Kings 18:17–36; 2 Kings 19:8//Isa 36:2–36:21; 37:8
				5.3.2.3. Redaction I1 (Isaiah Redaction One): 2 Kings 18:37–19:7, 20–34, 37//Isa 36:22–37:7, 21–35, 38
				5.3.2.4. Redaction I2 (Isaiah Redaction Two): 2 Kings 20:1–11// Isa 38:1–6, 21–22, 7–8
				5.3.2.5. Redaction I3 (Isaiah Redaction Three): 2 Kings 20:12–19//Isa 39:1–8
				5.3.2.6. Source HP (Hezekiah Psalm): Isa 38:9–20 [no parallel in Kings]
				5.3.2.7. Source A
					2 Kings 18:14–16 [no parallel in Isaiah]
				5.3.2.8. Conclusion
		5.4. The “Original” Context
		5.5. Kings 18–20 in Context
		5.6. Isaiah 36–39 in Context
		5.7. Chronicles 32 in Context
		5.8. Conclusion
		Bibliography
	Chapter 6: Isaiah 40–55
		6.1. History of Formation
			6.1.1. Redaction Criticism
			6.1.2. Other Approaches
		6.2. Function in the Book of Isaiah as a Whole
			6.2.1. Approaches to the Whole
			6.2.2. Shared Vocabulary, Themes, and Formal Features
		6.3. Key Messages
		6.4. Conclusion
		Bibliography
	Chapter 7: Isaiah 56–66
		7.1. History of Research
		7.2. Two Core Compositions
			7.2.1. The First Composition: Isaiah 58:1–62:12
			7.2.1.1. Isaiah 58–59
			7.2.1.2. Isaiah 60–62
		7.3. The Second Composition
			7.3.1. The Prayer of Repentance
			7.3.2. God’s Answer to the Prayer of Repentance
		7.4. Conclusion
		Bibliography
Part III: The World Behind the Text
	Chapter 8: The Neo-Assyrian Context of First Isaiah
		8.1. Introduction
		8.2. The Book of Isaiah in the Neo-Assyrian Period
		8.3. The Neo-Assyrian Empire and Its Impact on the Kingdom of Judah
		8.4. The Neo-Assyrian Empire and Its Impact on First Isaiah
		8.5. Conclusion
		Bibliography
	Chapter 9: Isaiah and the Neo-Babylonian Background
		9.1. Prophecy and International Politics
		9.2. Babylon in Isaiah 1–39
		9.3. Oracles in Isaiah 13–23
		9.4. The Oracle on Babylon: Isaiah 13:1–22
		9.5. Isaiah 14:3–23: The King of Babylon in the Underworld
		9.6. Fallen, Fallen Is Babylon: Isaiah 21:1–10
		9.7. Isaiah 36–39
		9.8. Babylon in Isaiah 40–48
		9.9. Babylon in the Context of the Theological Politics of Isaiah 40–48
		9.10. Queen Babylon Dethroned (Isaiah 47:1–15)
		9.11. A Footnote
		Bibliography
	Chapter 10: The Book of Isaiah:  Persian/Hellenistic Background
		10.1. Introduction
		10.2. Prophecy in Persian Yehud
		10.3. Isaiah and Empire
		10.4. The Achaemenid Empire (ca. 550–330 BCE)
		10.5. Cyrus in the Book of Isaiah
		10.6. Achaemenid Imperial Policy: King, Deity, and Local Norms
		10.7. Cyrus as the Other: Resisting Imperial Hegemony
		10.8. “I Who Form Light and Create Darkness”: Creation and Cosmology
		10.9. “I am Yhwh, there is no other”: Monotheism
		10.10. The Hellenistic Dating of Isaiah Due to Literary Features and Historical Allusions
		10.11. Hellenistic Variants: Old Greek Isaiah and Qumran 1QIsa
		10.12. The Future Direction of the Debate
		Bibliography
Part IV: Themes and Literary Motifs Spanning the Book of Isaiah
	Chapter 11: God’s character in Isaiah
		11.1. Introduction
		11.2. A Personal God
			11.2.1. Family Member
			11.2.2. Ruler
			11.2.3. Farmer
			11.2.4. Creator
			11.2.5. Warrior/Destroyer
			11.2.6. Guide
			11.2.7. Nonhuman Images
		11.3. A God Who Desires
		11.4. A God Who Speaks
		11.5. A God Who Acts
			11.5.1. Destructive Actions
			11.5.2. Creative or Restorative Actions
			11.6. Conclusion
		Bibliography
	Chapter 12: Monotheism in Isaiah
		12.1. Monotheism as a Controversial Concept
		12.2. Expressions of Monotheism in the Book of Isaiah
			12.2.1. Monotheism in First Isaiah and Third Isaiah
			12.2.2. Monotheism in Second Isaiah
				12.2.2.1. The Aspect of Power
				12.2.2.2. The Aspect of Singleness
				12.2.2.3. The Aspect of Universalism
				12.2.2.4. The Aspect of Salvation
		12.3. The Justification of Monotheism in Second Isaiah
			12.3.1. Monotheism and “Evidence of Future-Telling”
			12.3.2. Yhwh versus Marduk—Who Is the Lord of Fate and Creation?
			12.3.3. The Monotheistic Meaning of the Rise of Cyrus in Second Isaiah and Nabonidus’ Religious Politics
			12.3.4. Inclusive Monotheism in Marduk Theology and Babylonian Astronomy
			12.3.5. Monotheism and “Proof of Creation”: The Law of the Stars
			12.3.6. Monotheism in Isaiah 40–55 and the Babylonian Religious Conflict
			12.3.7. Deutero-Isaiah’s Prophecy versus Babylonian Divination
		12.4. Conclusion
		Bibliography
	Chapter 13: Sin and Punishment in the Book of Isaiah
		13.1. Introduction
		13.2. Sin in Isaiah 1–39
		13.3. Punishment in Isaiah 1–39
		13.4. Sin in Isaiah 40–55
		13.5. Punishment in Isaiah 40–55
		13.6. Sin in Isaiah 56–66
		13.7. Punishment in Isaiah 56–66
		13.8. Sin and Punishment of the Nations in the Book of Isaiah
		13.9. Vocabulary and Metaphors for Sin
		13.10. Punishment in Isaiah: Natural Consequence or Divine Retribution?
		13.11. Sin and Punishmentin the Book of Isaiah
		Bibliography
		Further Reading
	Chapter 14: Jerusalem/Daughter Zion in Isaiah
		14.1. Introduction
		14.2. Theological Tradition and Literary Theme
		14.3. Yhwh’s Protection of Jerusalem and the Holy Remnant
		14.4. The Destruction and Restoration of Jerusalem
		14.5. Jerusalem as a Center for All Peoples
		Bibliography
		Further Reading
	Chapter 15: Davidic Kingship in Isaiah
		15.1. Introduction
		15.2. Davidic Kingship in History
		15.3. Davidic Kingship in Isaiah’s Poetic Compositions
		15.4. Other References to David in Isaiah 1–39
		15.5. The Democratization of the Davidic Ideal
		15.6. The Royal Servant Who Brings Forth Justice
		15.7. An All-Encompassing Figure
		15.8. Messianic Hope
		Bibliography
	Chapter 16: Exile in the Book of Isaiah
		16.1. Introduction
		16.2. Deportation as a Political-Military Strategy of Subjugation in Isaiah
			16.2.1. Unpacking Exile in Isaiah: Deportation in Seven Points
				16.2.1.1. Circumstances of Deportation
				16.2.1.2. Aftermath of War and Deportation: An Empty Land, yet a Remnant
				16.2.1.3. Social Dimensions of Deportation
				16.2.1.4. Destinations of Deportation
				16.2.1.5. The Nature of the Journey
				16.2.1.6. Deportation and Continuity
				16.2.1.7. Relocation and Resettlement
			16.2.2. Deportation in Other Units of the Book
				16.2.2.1. Isaiah 24–27
				16.2.2.2. Isaiah 34–35
				16.2.2.3. Isaiah 40–66
			16.2.3. Summary
		16.3. Return from Exile in Isaiah: An Actual Experience or a Theological Expectation Construct?
			16.3.1. Unpacking Exile in Isaiah: Return to the Homeland in Seven Points
				16.3.1.1. Circumstances of Return
				16.3.1.2. Aftermath of Return
				16.3.1.3. Social Dimensions of the Return
				16.3.1.4. Destinations of the Return
				16.3.1.5. The Nature of the Journey
				16.3.1.6. Return and Continuity
				16.3.1.7. Relocation as Return
			16.3.2. Summary
		16.4. Exilic Settings: Geography and Sociology
		16.5. Metaphors for Exile, and Exile as Metaphor
			16.5.1. Metaphors for Exile (Deportation and Return)
			16.5.2. Exile as Metaphor
		16.6. Summary
		Bibliography
	Chapter 17: The Servant(s) InIsaiah
		17.1. Introductory Remarks
		17.2. The Four Servant Songs: From the Separation to Integration
		17.3. Jacob/Israel and the Servant in the Servant Songs
		17.4. The Fourth Servant Song
		17.5. From the Servant to the Servants
			17.5.1. Davidic and Prophetic Traits of the Servants
			17.5.2. The Priestly Traits of the Servants in Isaiah 61
			17.5.3. The Servants in the Collective Prayer of Complaint in Isaiah 63:7–64:11
			17.5.4. The Servants in Isaiah 65–66
		Bibliography: Berges
		Further Reading
	Chapter 18: Wisdom in Isaiah
		18.1. Introduction
		18.2. Wisdom in Isaiah in Research
			18.2.1. Research on Wisdom in Proto-Isaiah
				18.2.1.1. Isaiah as a Wise Man Turned Prophet
				18.2.1.2. Isaiah and the Wisdom of the Wisdom School
				18.2.1.3. Isaiah and Wisdom in the Israelite Worldview
				18.2.1.4. Wisdom and Redaction in Proto-Isaiah
			18.2.2. Research on Wisdom in Deutero-Isaiah
				18.2.2.1. Deutero-Isaiah, Wisdom, and Direction of Influence
				18.2.2.2 Deutero-Isaiah and Wisdom Forms and Themes
				18.2.2.3. Deutero-Isaiah, Wisdom, and the Servant
			18.2.3. Research on Wisdom across the Book of Isaiah
			18.2.4. Research on Wisdom, Intertextuality, and Isaiah
			18.2.5. Assessment and Paths Forward
		18.3. Overview of Wisdom in the Major Sections of Isaiah
			18.3.1. Wisdom in Isaiah 1–39
			18.3.2. Wisdom in Isaiah 40–55
			18.3.3. Wisdom in Isaiah 56–66
			18.3.4. Synthesis and Diachronic Implications
		18.4. Conclusion
		Bibliography
	Chapter 19: Eschatology in Isaiah
		19.1. Introduction
		19.2. Eschatology in the Book of Isaiah
			19.2.1. Issues in Defining the term “Eschatology”
			19.2.2. “Eschatologically Addressed Rhetorical Discourses”
			19.2.3. The Matter of Time: Tantalizing Temporality
		19.3. Dystopia as the Ground for Transformation
			19.3.1. Making Dystopia through the Temporal Comparison
				19.3.1.1. Dystopia as Warning: Judgment upon Jerusalem in the Impending Future
				19.3.1.2. Dystopia as Vindication: Judgment upon Judah’sEnemies in the Near Future
			19.3.2. Making Dystopia through the Spatial Notions
		19.4. Utopia in the Projected Transformation
			19.4.1. Interwoven and Parallel Effects
			19.4.2. Two Fixed Points: Jerusalem and Remnants
				19.4.2.1. Jerusalem: Space and Persona
					19.4.2.1.1. The Light on the Holy Mountain
					19.4.2.1.2. Well-Watered Garden and Vineyard
				19.4.2.2. Remnants
		19.5. Theological Purposes: Moving on to the New Era Now
			19.5.1. Discontinuity within Continuity
			19.5.2. Rhetorical Strategy of the Eschatologically Addressed Discourses
		19.6. Conclusion
		Bibliography
Part V: The Book of Isaiah as Literature
	Chapter 20: The Poetic Structures in Isaiah
		20.1. Introduction
		20.2. Poetic Lines
		20.3. Line Groups
		20.4. Larger Poetic Units
		20.5. Whole Poems
		20.6. Isaiah as a Poetic Collection
		Bibliography
	Chapter 21: The Poetic Vision of Isaiah
		Bibliography
	Chapter 22: Use of Metaphors
		22.1. Introduction
		22.2. Defining Metaphor
			22.2.1. Modern Metaphor Theory and Textual Analysis
		22.3. Trajectories in Previous Research on Metaphors in Isaiah
			22.3.1. Metaphor as a Stylistic and Rhetorical Device
			22.3.2. Metaphor and Macrostructure
			22.3.3. Metaphor and Redaction Criticism
			22.3.4. Metaphor, Ideology, and Propaganda
			22.3.5. Metaphor and Gender
			22.3.6. Metaphors in Interaction
		22.4. Metaphors for the Human Condition: People as Plants
			22.4.1. A Pervasive Conceptual Metaphor
			22.4.2. Human Beings Are like Grass or Flowers
			22.4.3. Nations and Dynasties Are like Trees
		22.5. Metaphors for the Human-Divine Relation: Monarchy and Family
			22.5.1. God as King
			22.5.2. God as Father and Mother
			22.5.3. The Many Roles of Lady Zion: Daughter, Wife, and Mother
		Bibliography
Part VI: Isaiah in Select Textual Traditions
	Chapter 23: Isaiah in the Qumran Scrolls
		23.1. Introduction
		23.2. The Copies of Isaiah from the Qumran Caves
			23.2.1. The Manuscripts
			23.2.2. The Text of Isaiah
			23.2.3. The Form of Isaiah
		23.3. The Use of Isaiah in the Nonbiblical Scrolls
			23.3.1. Legal Use
			23.3.2. Narrative Use
			23.3.3. Poetic Use
			23.3.4. Prophetic Use
				23.3.4.1. Running Commentaries: The Pesharim
				23.3.4.2. A Prophetic Thematic Commentary: 11QMelchizedek
				23.3.4.3. Other Explicit Citations: The Rule of the Community
		23.4. Conclusion
		Bibliography
	Chapter 24: Isaiah in Greek
		24.1. Introduction
		24.2. Text and Its Transmission
		24.3. History of Study
		24.4. History of Reception and Interpretation
			24.4.1. Early Jewish Interpretation
			24.4.2. Early Christian Interpretation
		Bibliography
		Editions
		Secondary Literature
		In Preparation
	Chapter 25: Isaiah in Aramaic
		25.1. Sources, Provenance, Purpose
		25.2. God
		25.3. Israel: Election and History
		25.4. Zion and Temple
		25.5. The Messiah, the Servant, and the Servants
		25.6. The Afterlife
		Bibliography: Tooman
	Chapter 26: Isaiah in Latin
		26.1. Introduction
		26.2. Vetus Latina
			26.2.1. Overview
			26.2.2. History of Vetus Latina
		26.3. Jerome’s Vulgate and His Commentary of Isaiah
			26.3.1. Vulgate
			26.3.2. Jerome’s Translation of Isaiah
			26.3.3. Jerome’s Commentary on Isaiah
		26.4. Some Central Topics in the Reception History of Isaiah in Latin Traditions
			26.4.1. The Person of Isaiah in Latin Texts
			26.4.2. Messianic Promises and Christology
			26.4.3. Ecclesiology and the Polemics against the Jews
			26.4.4. Pilgrimage and the Holy Land
			26.4.5. Liturgy and Hymns
		26.5. Summary
		Bibliography
		Ancient Literature
		Secondary Literature
Part VII: Isaiah is Select Religious Traditions
	Chapter 27: Isaiah in Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Jewish Traditions
		27.1. Introduction
		27.2. Historical and Biographical Perspectives
			27.2.1. Bipartite Book
			27.2.2. Midrashic Development of Isaiah’s Encounters with Kings
			27.2.3. Isaiah’s Martyrdom
		27.3. Isaiah’s Eschatological Message
			27.3.1. The Messiah
			27.3.2. Inclusive Universalism
			27.3.3. Torah Studies for Gentiles in Jerusalem
			27.3.4. New Exodus
			27.3.5. Longevity and Paradise
		27.4. Isaiah 53 in Jewish Tradition
			27.4.1. Isaiah 53 and Haftarah
			27.4.2. The Servant as Israel
			27.4.3. Avoiding Vicarious Interpretation in Isaiah 53
			27.4.4. Jewish Messianic Interpretation of Isaiah 53
			27.4.5. Isaiah 53 and Chabad-Lubavitch
		27.5. Some Individual Topics and Themes
			27.5.1. Fallen Morning Star
			27.5.2. Solid Stone Foundation
			27.5.3. Lilith
		27.6. Jewish Liturgy
			27.6.1. Trishagion
			27.6.2. The Festival of Sukkot
			27.6.3. Jewish Qaddish Prayer
			27.6.4. Pilgrimage to Zion
			27.6.5. Haftarah Texts
		Bibliography
	Chapter 28: Isaiah in the New Testament
		28.1. Introduction
		28.2. The Apostle Paul
			28.2.1. The Inclusion of the Gentiles
			28.2.2. The Stubbornness/Rebelliousness of Israel
			28.2.3. The Ultimate Fate of Israel
			28.2.4. Other Themes
		28.3. Luke-Acts
		28.4. Revelation
			28.4.1. Visionary Experience
			28.4.2. Christological Titles
			28.4.3. Eschatological Judgment
			28.4.4. Eschatological Salvation
		28.5. The Text of Isaiah in the First Century
		Bibliography
	Chapter 29: Post-Shoah Readings of Isaiah
		29.1. Introduction
		29.2. Isaiah 6: Isaiah’s Commission Account
		29.3. The Hidden Face of God
		29.4. Yhwh and the Persian Empire
		29.5. Yhwh’s Failure to Ensure National Security
		29.6. Conclusion
		Bibliography
	Chapter 30: Canonical Reading of Isaiah
		30.1. Introduction
		30.2. Canonical Readings within the Isaiah Scroll
		30.3. Canonical Reading of the Isaiah Scroll
		30.4. Canonical Reading from the Isaiah Scroll
		Bibliography
	Chapter 31: Isaiah in Artand Music
		31.1. Introduction
		31.2. Prophet and Martyr
			31.2.1. Scenes from the Life of Isaiah
			31.2.2. More Evangelist Than Prophet in Christian Art and Architecture
		31.3. The Prophecies and Teaching of Isaiah
			31.3.1. The Visions in Jewish and Christian Art
			31.3.2. Musical Settings of Texts from Isaiah
		Bibliography
			Editions
			Secondary Literature
		Websites
Part VIII: Select Ideological Readings of Isaiah
	Chapter 32: Feminist/Womanist Readings of Isaiah
		32.1. Introduction
		32.2. Isaiah’s Female Personification of Cities
		32.3. Isaiah’s Use of Women as a Synecdoche for the (Guilty) Nation
		32.4. Isaiah’s Nonsymbolic Depictions of Women
		32.5. Female Voices and Authorship in Isaiah
		32.6. Isaiah’s Use of Female Language to Describe God
		32.7. Distinct Womanist Contributions
		Bibliography
	Chapter 33: Postcolonial Readings of Isaiah
		33.1. Introduction
		33.2. A Torah with Imperial Reach
		33.3. Zion’s Shalom in Isaiah 11:1–9 and 65:17–25
		33.4. Return Migration and Reconciliation
		33.5. Postcolonial Hermeneutics
		Bibliography
	Chapter 34: Isaiah in Liberation Theology
		34.1. Introduction
		34.2. Isaiah and Liberation Theologians
		34.3. Isaiah and Liberationist Bible Scholars
		34.4. Isaiah, Ecology, and Liberation Theology
		34.5. Liberating Isaiah and Concluding Remarks
		Bibliography
	Chapter 35: Interpretive Context Matters: Isaiah and the African Context in African Study Bibles
		35.1. Introduction
		35.2. The African Bible(1999)
		35.3. Prayer and Deliverance Bible(2007)
		35.4. Africa Study Bible
		35.5. Critical Perspectives
		Bibliography
		Editions
		Secondary Literature
	Chapter 36: Reading Isaiah in Asia
		36.1. Introduction
		36.2. God as Father
		36.3. God as Mother
		36.4. God as the Holy One of Israel
		36.5. God as the Universal Sovereign
		Bibliography
Author Index
Reference Index