The Oxford Handbook of Egyptian Epigraphy and Palaeography

Halftitle page
Copyright page
Contents
Acknowledgments
List of Contributors
Introduction
	Ancient Decoration
	The Link between Image and Text
	Importance of Epigraphy and Palaeography in Egyptology
	Approach of This Volume
	Past, Present, and Future of Epigraphic and Palaeographic Efforts
I. Cultural and Material Setting
	1. Form, Layout, and Specific Potentialities of the Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Script
		The Basic Figurativity of the Egyptian Hieroglyphic Script
		Inventory of Signs
		Specific Constraints on Hieroglyphs
		Examples of Arrangements
		Exploiting the Specific Potentialities of Hieroglyphic Script
		A Script Adapted to Object and Monuments
	2. The Content of Egyptian Wall Decoration
		Context
		Multimodality: Text and Image
		Repertoire and Variation
		Concluding Remarks
	3. The Egyptian Theory of Monumental Writing as Related to Permanence or Endurance
		The Monument as a Means to Overcome Transience
		Measures Taken to Ensure the Preservation of Monuments and Inscriptions
		The Restoration of Damaged Monuments
	4. The Historical Record
		Introduction
		Epigraphy and Historical Methodology
		Problems of Terminology
		Monumental Appropriation of Cartouches and Erasure of Royal Inscriptions in the Ramesside Period
		The Question of Late Eighteenth- and Early Nineteenth-Dynasty Coregencies
		Conclusions: Epigraphy as a Tool for History
	5. Egyptian Epigraphic Genres and Their Relation with Nonepigraphic Ones
		General Features of Egyptian Inscriptions
		The Early Development of Primary Epigraphic Genres
		The Diversification of Genres
		Relations between Lapidary Genres and with Nonlapidary Ones
	6. Designers and Makers of Ancient Egyptian Monumental Epigraphy
		Social Identities, Education, and Training
		Practicalities
		Conclusion
	7. Audiences
		Introduction
		Addressing Royal and Divine Spectators
		Addressing Posterity: Memory on Earth
		Participating Audience: Second and Third Hands on the Monument
		Graffiti
		Temple Visitors and Staff
		Visitors’ Graffiti and Copyists
		Concluding Remarks
	8. The Materials, Tools, and Work of Carving and Painting
		Introduction
		Stone Carving Tools
		Experimental Toolmaking and Use
		Experimental Carving and Incising of Sedimentary Rock, Wood, Plaster, and Metal
		Experimental Carving of Igneous Stones
		Flat Surface and Relief Painting
		Physical Conditions Affecting Stone Carvers and Painters
	9. Recording Epigraphic Sources as Part of Artworks
		Art and Text: Point of Departure
		A Line Is a Line: Different Techniques of Recording
		Line Drawing
		The Devil Is in the Details: Dealing with Different Art Genres
		Let’s Do It! An Appeal Instead of a Summary
II. Historical Efforts at Epigraphy
	1. When Ancient Egyptians Copied Egyptian Work
		Introduction
		Copying as Training
		Copying as Practice
		Dynamics of Copying
	2. When Classical Authors Encountered Egyptian Epigraphy
		The Corpus
		The Sources
		The Terminology
		Describing a Hieroglyphic Text?
		Understanding the Mechanisms, Principles, and Uses of Ancient Egyptian Writing
		Conclusion
	3. Interpretations and Reuse of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphs in the Arabic Period (Tenth–Sixteenth Centuries CE)
		Overview
		Tenth Century ce: The Book of the Long Desired Fulfilled Knowledge of Occult Alphabets
		Later Alphabet Books (Thirteenth to Fifteenth Centuries)
		The Book of the Seven Climes on the Science Called the Art
		Conclusion
	4. The Reception of Ancient Egypt and Its Script in Renaissance Europe
		Early Travelers to Egypt and Egyptian Monuments in Europe
		Early Approaches to Hieroglyphic Script
		Rise of Hermetism
	5. The Epigraphy of Egyptian Monuments in the Description de l’Égypte
		Who Were the Scientists Who Copied Egyptian Monuments?
		What Was the Scientists’ Mission?
		How Did They Work?
		What Was the Result of Their Work?
	6. The Rosetta Stone, Copying an Ancient Copy
		Introduction
		The Rosetta Stone, A Contemporary Copy
		The Rosetta Stone as a Printing Block: The First Copies Made in Egypt
		Sic Vos Non Vobis (“For You But Not Yours”)
		Epigraphy as a Source of Nationalistic Competition
	7. The Epigraphic Work of Early Egyptologists and Travelers to Egypt
		George Zoëga (1755–1809)
		The Napoleonic Expedition
		Frédéric Cailliaud (1787–1869)
		Louis Maurice Adolphe Linant de Bellefonds (1789–1883)
		William Bankes (1786–1855)
		Giovanni Battista Belzoni (1778–1823)
		John Gardner Wilkinson (1797–1875)
		Robert Hay (1799–1863)
		Joseph Bonomi (1796–1878)
		James Burton (1788–1862)
		Jean François Champollion (1790–1832), Ippolito Rosellini (1800–1843), and the Franco-Tuscan Expedition 1828–1829
		Nestor l’Hôte (1804–1841)
		Conclusion
	8. Karl Richard Lepsius and the Royal Prussian Expedition to Egypt (1842–1845/6)
		Images from Egypt before Lepsius
		Lepsius’s Formative Years
		The Establishment of the Prussian Expedition
		The Prussian Expedition in Egypt
		Results of the Expedition
		The Description becomes Lepsius, Denkmäler
		Lepsius’s Achievements for Current Research
	9. Nineteenth-Century Foundations of Modern Epigraphy
		Hand-Drawn Images of Sir J. G. Wilkinson
		Technology in Early Modern Epigraphy
		Auguste Mariette
		Georges Legrain
		Conclusion
	10. Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Scientific Developments in Epigraphy
		Work History
		Techniques and Standards of Recording
		Conservation
III. Traditional and New Techniques of Epigraphy
	1. How to Publish an Egyptian Temple?
		Precursors and Major Options for Publishing Temples
		Notes, Tips, and Some Rules
		As a Conclusion
	2. Epigraphic Techniques Used by the Edfu Project
	3. The So-Called Karnak Method
		The So-Called Karnak Method
		General Principles
		Vectorization of Epigraphic Copies
		Some Remarks
		Technological Developments
	4. The Chicago House Method
		Introduction
		Description
		Variations
		Evaluation
	5. Typical, Atypical, and Downright Strange Epigraphic Techniques
		A Journeyman Illustrator
		Recording Reused Blocks
		Tomb of Suemniwet
		More Reused Blocks
		Tomb of Hormose
		Saqqara, Mut Temple, and a Return to Suemniwet
		Teaching Epigraphic Recording
	6. Online Publication of Monuments
	7. Tradition and Innovation in Digital Epigraphy
		Reconstructing the Outer West Doorway of the Thutmoside Bark Sanctuary in the Small Amun Temple at Medinet Habu
		Enhanced Color Comparison Drawings of the Eighteenth Dynasty Façade in the Small Amun Temple at Medinet Habu
		Representing Painted Walls in Grayscale in Theban Tomb 179, the Eighteenth Dynasty Tomb of Nebamun
		Documenting and Reconstructing the Late Roman Murals in the Emperor’s Chamber at Luxor Temple
		Conclusion
	8. 3D Scanning, Photogrammetry, and Photo Rectification of Columns in the Karnak Hypostyle Hall
		Introduction
		The Relevance of the Hypostyle Hall at Karnak as a Case Study for Testing Newly Emergent Techniques
		Using Photogrammetry and Photo Rectification to Record Planar Surfaces: The Case of the Abaci Inside the Hypostyle Hall
		Nonemerging and Emerging Techniques Used in Past Projects to Record the Nonplanar Surfaces of Columns Inside the Hypostyle Hall at Karnak: A Brief Survey
		The Functionality of Orthorectified Déroulés of Columns
		The Functionality of 3D Scanning
		Conclusion
	9. An Assessment of Digital Epigraphy and Related Technologies
		Evolution of Scientific Illustration: The Path to “Trained Judgment”
		Methodology
		The Third Dimension
		Challenges
	10. Practical Issues Concerning Epigraphic Work in Tombs and Temples
		The Tombs
		The Temples
		Conclusion
	11. Graffiti
		History of Graffiti Recording
		Documenting Graffiti
		Conclusions
	12. Practical Issues with the Epigraphic Restoration of a Biographical Inscription in the Tomb of Djehuty (TT 11), Dra Abu el-Naga
		Introduction
		TT 11: General Features
		Restoring the “Red Stela”
		Putting Fragments in Place
	13. Palaeographic Interpretation in the Wake of a Logic of Writing-Imagery as Applied to the Formative Phase of Writing in the Pre- and Early Dynastic Periods
		Palaeography between Normalization, Standardization, and Stylization versus Formal Plasticity and Openness
		Palaeographically Relevant Dichotomies: An Open Catalog
		Regional Case Study: A Pre- and Early Dynastic Tableau of Inscriptions from the Sinai
		Palaeographic Interpretation of Two Royal Hieroglyphs
		Prospectus
	14. Reading, Editing, and Appreciating the Texts of Greco-Roman Temples
		Pictures and Iconic Texts
		“Grammaire du temple” and Other Decorative Patterns
		Following Real or Virtual Orientations
		Tracing the Logic and the Dynamics of the Decoration
	15. History of Recording Demotic Epigraphy
		A Short Overview of the Development of Demotic Epigraphy since the Late Period
		The Nineteenth Century
		The Twentieth Century
		The Twenty-First Century
		Summary
		Requirements Concerning the Publication of Demotic Epigraphic Objects
		Addendum_ Short Overview of Recording Demotic Graffiti (DG)
	16. Aspects of the Relationships between the Community of Sheikh Abd al-Qurna and Ancient Egyptian Monuments
		The Qurnawi and the West
		Western Interest in Qurna
		A Deeper Understanding of Qurna and Its People
		The Qurnawi and Egyptology
		Moving Forward
IV. Issues in Palaeography
	1. The Significance of Medium in Palaeographic Study
	2. Hieroglyphic Palaeography
		From Drawn Hieroglyph to Written Hieroglyph
		From Cursive Sign to Hieroglyphic Image of a World in Miniature
	3. Methods, Tools, and Perspectives of Hieratic Palaeography
		Hieratic Palaeographies: Studying Written Variation
		Applying Hieratic Palaeography
	4. Carved Hybrid Script
		Clarification of the Phenomenon “Hybrid Script”
		Middle Kingdom
		New Kingdom
		Statistical Study
		The Relationship of the Hybrid Characters to the Other Egyptian Scripts
	5. Cursive Hieroglyphs in the Book of the Dead
		Origins and Usage
		Cursive Hieroglyphs in the Book of the Dead versus Cursive Hieroglyphs Everywhere Else
		Cursive Hieroglyphs versus Hieratic
		Sources
		Scribal Training and Copying Practices
		Conclusions
	6. Some Issues in and Perhaps a New Methodology for Abnormal Hieratic
		Abnormal Hieratic versus Early Demotic
		The Interaction of Abnormal Hieratic and Early Demotic in Thebes
		Ambition for the Future
	7. Demotic Palaeography
		Research History and Tools
		Methodology
		Classifying Demotic Hands
		Palaeographic “Registers” and Demotic in Different Text Types
		Demotic Sign Inventory
		Demotic Orthography
	8. Issues and Methodologies in Coptic Palaeography
		To Date or Not to Date (?)
		To Describe and to Date: Between Types and Periods
		Resorting to Codicology
		Paleography and Dialects: The Relevance of the Diacritical Signs
		Provenance and Date: The Case of the Biblical Majuscule
		Documentary Scripts
	9. Digital Palaeography of Hieratic
		History and Present State of Research and Methodology
		Needs and Goals of a Digital Palaeography
		Perspectives
		Conclusion
	10. Hieratic Palaeography in Literary and Documentary Texts from Deir el-Medina
		Deir el-Medina as a Hot Spot of Hieratic Documentation in the Late New Kingdom
		Nature of the Evidence
		Regional and Individual Styles
		Conclusion
Index
Color Plats