The Outer Solar System: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and the Dwarf Planets (An Explorer's Guide to the Universe)

TITLE......Page 3
COPYRIGHT......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 5
INTRODUCTION......Page 10
CHAPTER 1 ASTEROIDS......Page 19
MAJOR MILESTONES IN ASTEROID RESEARCH......Page 20
GEOGRAPHY OF THE ASTEROID BELT......Page 22
DISTRIBUTION AND KIRKWOOD GAPS......Page 23
NEAR-EARTH ASTEROIDS......Page 25
MAIN-BELT ASTEROID FAMILIES......Page 27
HUNGARIAS AND OUTER-BELT ASTEROIDS......Page 28
TROJAN ASTEROIDS......Page 29
ASTEROIDS IN UNUSUAL ORBITS......Page 30
SIZE AND ALBEDO......Page 31
ROTATION AND SHAPE......Page 33
MASS AND DENSITY......Page 35
COMPOSITION......Page 36
SPACECRAFT EXPLORATION......Page 38
ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE ASTEROIDS......Page 41
CERES......Page 42
EROS......Page 44
HERMES......Page 45
VESTA......Page 46
CHAPTER 2 METEORS AND METEORITES......Page 48
BASIC FEATURES OF METEORS......Page 49
METEOR SHOWERS......Page 51
METEORITES: SURVIVING ATMOSPHERIC ENTRY......Page 53
MEASUREMENT OF METEOROID ORBITS......Page 57
RESERVOIRS OF METEOROIDS IN SPACE......Page 58
DIRECTING METEOROIDS TO EARTH......Page 59
METEORITES......Page 61
RECOVERY OF METEORITES......Page 62
TYPES OF METEORITES......Page 63
ASSOCIATION OF METEORITES WITH ASTEROIDS......Page 72
THE AGES OF METEORITES AND THEIR COMPONENTS......Page 73
COSMIC-RAY EXPOSURE AGES OF METEORITES......Page 76
METEORITES AND THE FORMATION OF THE EARLY SOLAR SYSTEM......Page 77
METEORITE CRATERS......Page 80
THE IMPACT-CRATERING PROCESS......Page 82
VARIATIONS IN CRATERS ACROSS THE SOLAR SYSTEM......Page 84
METEORITE CRATERS AS MEASURES OF GEOLOGIC ACTIVITY......Page 85
MURCHISON METEORITE......Page 87
ORGUEIL METEORITE......Page 88
CHAPTER 3 JUPITER......Page 89
BASIC ASTRONOMICAL DATA......Page 90
THE ATMOSPHERE......Page 92
CLOUD COMPOSITION......Page 94
ATMOSPHERIC CHARACTERISTICS......Page 95
THE MAGNETIC FIELD AND MAGNETOSPHERE......Page 103
THE INTERIOR......Page 104
THE GALILEAN SATELLITES......Page 107
OTHER SATELLITES......Page 111
THE RING......Page 112
EARLY HISTORY OF THE SATELLITES......Page 114
CHAPTER 4 SATURN......Page 116
BASIC ASTRONOMICAL DATA......Page 117
THE ATMOSPHERE......Page 119
THE MAGNETIC FIELD AND MAGNETOSPHERE......Page 122
THE INTERIOR......Page 123
SATURN’S RINGS AND MOONS......Page 125
THE RING SYSTEM......Page 126
MOONS......Page 130
SPACECRAFT EXPLORATION......Page 147
CHAPTER 5 URANUS......Page 149
BASIC ASTRONOMICAL DATA......Page 150
THE ATMOSPHERE......Page 153
THE MAGNETIC FIELD AND MAGNETOSPHERE......Page 155
THE INTERIOR......Page 156
MOONS......Page 157
THE RING SYSTEM......Page 163
THE DISCOVERY OF URANUS......Page 164
SPACECRAFT EXPLORATION......Page 165
CHAPTER 6 NEPTUNE......Page 166
THE ATMOSPHERE......Page 168
THE MAGNETIC FIELD AND MAGNETOSPHERE......Page 171
INTERIOR STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION......Page 172
MOONS......Page 173
THE RING SYSTEM......Page 178
NEPTUNE’S DISCOVERY......Page 180
LATER OBSERVATIONS FROM EARTH......Page 182
SPACECRAFT EXPLORATION......Page 183
CHAPTER 7 PLUTO, THE KUIPER BELT, AND BEYOND......Page 184
THE ATMOSPHERE......Page 186
THE SURFACE AND INTERIOR......Page 187
PLUTO’S MOONS......Page 189
DISCOVERY OF PLUTO AND ITS MOONS......Page 190
THE KUIPER BELT......Page 192
ORIGIN OF PLUTO AND ITS MOONS......Page 194
THE OORT CLOUD......Page 196
THE HELIOPAUSE......Page 197
BASIC FEATURES......Page 198
DESIGNATIONS......Page 199
HALLEY AND HIS COMET......Page 200
MODERN COMETARY RESEARCH......Page 203
TYPES OF ORBITS......Page 204
IDENTIFYING COMETS AND DETERMINING THEIR ORBITS......Page 205
PERIODIC COMETS......Page 206
GROUPS OF COMETS AND OTHER UNUSUAL COMETARY OBJECTS......Page 208
THE COMETARY NUCLEUS......Page 209
THE GASEOUS COMA......Page 212
COMETARY TAILS......Page 215
COMETARY MODELS......Page 218
ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF COMETS......Page 219
COMETARY FORMATION AND THE OORT CLOUD......Page 220
POSSIBLE PRE-SOLAR-SYSTEM ORIGIN OF COMETS......Page 221
CHIRON......Page 222
HALLEY’S COMET......Page 223
COMET IKEYA-SEKI......Page 225
COMET MOREHOUSE......Page 226
COMET SCHWASSMANN - WACHMANN 1......Page 227
APPENDIX A: MOONS OF JUPITER......Page 228
APPENDIX B: MOONS OF SATURN......Page 233
APPENDIX C: MOONS OF URANUS......Page 238
APPENDIX D: MOONS OF NEPTUNE......Page 240
MAKEMAKE......Page 242
SENDA......Page 243
GLOSSARY......Page 244
FOR FURTHER READING......Page 246
INDEX......Page 247