The order of premodifiers in English nominal phrases

Thesis as PDF 01 tiltle page etc......Page 2
3  Recent studies......Page 6
2 Semantic structure of Classifiers......Page 7
4.3  Expressive meaning, in Epithets......Page 8
2.4 Conclusion: modification of a previous word......Page 9
9.2 Conclusions drawn......Page 10
2.5.3 Discussion of the possessed-attribute-head construction......Page 11
7 Conclusion: free order......Page 12
2.2.1 The order......Page 13
6.3.3 Results of analysis......Page 14
7 Conclusion: supporting explanations......Page 15
4.5.2 Order is by transformations undergone......Page 16
2 Appendix B: Words changing zone......Page 17
1 Phenomena to be explained......Page 18
2 Definition of the subject......Page 19
3 Need for this study......Page 22
5 Methodology......Page 24
6 Conventions......Page 26
7 Outline of the rest of the thesis......Page 27
2.1.1 Particular authors......Page 29
2.2.1 Particular authors......Page 33
2.3.1  Introduction......Page 35
2.3.2 Particular authors......Page 36
 3.2 Particular authors......Page 37
4 Conclusion: literature review......Page 40
1 Introduction......Page 42
2.1.1 Four zones of modification......Page 43
2.1.2  Nature of modification zones......Page 45
2.2.1 Determining what zone a modifier is in......Page 51
2.2.2  Whether a premodifier can be on the borderline between zones......Page 53
3  Types of order......Page 54
4  Conclusion: the nature of premodifier order......Page 55
1.1 Introduction to the chapter......Page 57
1.2 Types and dimensions of meaning......Page 58
1.2.1.2 Naming: referential meaning......Page 59
1.2.1.3 Descriptive meaning......Page 60
1.2.1.4 Expressive meaning......Page 61
1.2.1.6 Grammatical meaning......Page 62
1.2.1.7 Discussion......Page 63
1.2.2 Dimensions of descriptive meaning......Page 65
1.2.3 Conclusion: types of meaning......Page 67
1.3 Data......Page 68
1.1 Word histories......Page 69
2.1 Introduction......Page 71
2.2 Grammatical meaning, in Classifiers......Page 72
2.3 Referential meaning, in Classifiers......Page 73
2.4.1 Perceptual meaning......Page 75
2.4.2 Intensity dimension: gradability......Page 76
2.4.4  Other dimensions......Page 77
2.4.5 Discussion of descriptive meaning of Classifiers......Page 78
2.5 Expressive and social meaning, in Classifiers......Page 79
2.6 Discussion of Classifier meaning......Page 80
2.7 Conclusion: the semantic structure of Classifiers......Page 81
3.2 Referential meaning, in Descriptors......Page 82
3.3.1 Perceptual meaning......Page 83
3.3.3 Intensity dimension: gradability......Page 84
3.3.4  Other dimensions......Page 85
3.6 Discussion of Descriptor meaning......Page 86
4.1 Introduction......Page 88
4.2.2 Conceptual meaning......Page 89
4.2.3 Intensity dimension: gradability and scalarity......Page 90
4.2.4 Other dimensions......Page 93
4.3.1 Attitudinal meaning......Page 94
4.3.2 Emotive meaning......Page 95
4.3.3 Expressive meaning: general......Page 96
4.4 Social meaning, in Epithets......Page 97
 4.6.1 Epithets’ part of speech......Page 98
4.6.2 Borderline instances of Epithets......Page 99
 5.1 Introduction......Page 100
5.3 Expressive meaning, in Reinforcers......Page 101
5.5 Grammatical meaning, in Reinforcers......Page 102
5.6 Discussion of Reinforcers......Page 103
  6.1 General discussion......Page 104
6.2 Semantic structure as characteristic of the zones......Page 107
  7.1 The semantic explanation......Page 110
7.2 Prospect: later chapters......Page 111
1 Introduction......Page 112
2.2 Types of previous-word modification......Page 114
2.3 Discussion: modification of a preceding modifier......Page 116
2.4 Conclusion: modification of a previous word......Page 117
  3.2 Types of later-modifier modification......Page 118
  3.3 Discussion: modification of a later modifier......Page 119
  4.1 Introduction......Page 122
4.2 Modal modification......Page 123
4.4 Discussion: modification of the act of ascription......Page 124
  5.2 Types of other-element modification......Page 126
  5.3 Discussion: modification of another discourse element......Page 128
  6. 1 Introduction......Page 129
  6.2 Types of situation modification......Page 130
  6.3 Discussion: modification of the discourse situation......Page 132
  7.3 Closeness to the head of modifiers in the different zones......Page 133
  8.1 Other syntactic features of the zones......Page 135
  8.2 Other syntactic features of premodification......Page 136
  9.1 Summary......Page 139
    9.2.1 Syntactic nature of the zones......Page 140
    9.2.2 Relationship between syntax and semantics......Page 141
  9.3 Prospect......Page 144
1.1 General introduction......Page 145
  1.2 Outline of the argument......Page 147
  1.3 Introduction to Classifiers' semantic relations......Page 148
  1.4 Introduction to the types of Classifier order......Page 150
2.1.1.1 The basic construction......Page 152
2.1.1.2 Recursive constructions......Page 156
  2.1.2 Explanation of the order in Participant-head constructions......Page 157
  2.1.3 Discussion of the Participant-head construction......Page 159
    2.2.1 The order of Classifiers in the Process-head construction......Page 161
  2.2.2 Explanation of the order in the Process-head construction......Page 163
  2.2.3 Discussion of the Process-head construction......Page 164
2.3 Circumstance-head construction......Page 165
  2.3.1 The order of Classifiers in the Circumstance-head construction......Page 166
  2.3.3 Discussion......Page 167
  2.4.2 Explanation of the order in the intensive-attribute-head construction......Page 168
2.5 Possessed-attribute-head construction......Page 169
  2.5.2 Explanation of the order in the possessed-attribute-head construction......Page 170
3 Constructionless uses of Classifiers......Page 171
  3.2 Types of constructionless Classifier......Page 172
  3.3 Discussion of constructionless Classifiers......Page 173
4.1 Relation between Classifier phrases and compounds......Page 174
  4.2 Completeness of the account of Classifier constructions......Page 176
  4.3 Relation of Classifier constructions to each other......Page 178
  5.1 Summary......Page 180
  5.2 Prospect: the following chapters......Page 183
1 Introduction......Page 184
2 Constraints on the order within a zone......Page 185
3 Order with the most important modifier first......Page 187
4 Order with the most important modifier last......Page 189
5 Arbitrary order......Page 191
6.1 The basis for free order......Page 192
7 Conclusion: free order......Page 194
1.1 General introduction......Page 196
  1.2 Cautions......Page 197
  1.3 Outline of the rest of the chapter......Page 199
2 Marked order used to change modification structure......Page 200
  3.2 Marked by position relative to other premodifiers......Page 201
3.3 Marked by coordination......Page 203
  3.4 Marked by being graded......Page 204
 3.5 Marked by semantic clash......Page 205
4 Marked order for control of information structure......Page 206
  5.2 Other discussion......Page 207
4 Conclusion: marked order......Page 208
1 Introduction......Page 210
2.2.1 The order......Page 212
  2.2.2 Nature of the order......Page 214
  2.3 Discussion: the Old English period......Page 217
   3.1 Introduction......Page 218
  3.2 Syntax in Middle English......Page 220
  3.3 Semantics in Middle English......Page 222
 3.4 The nature of premodifier order in Middle English......Page 224
 3.5 Discussion: the Middle English period......Page 227
 3.6 Conclusion: the Middle English period......Page 228
  4.1 Introduction......Page 229
  4.2 Syntax in Early Modern English......Page 230
 4.3 Semantics in Early Modern English......Page 231
  4.4 Zones, as syntactic-semantic structures, in Early Modern English......Page 234
    4.6.1 Summary......Page 236
 4.6.2 Explanatory power of the history in this period......Page 237
  5.2 Classifier zone in Later Modern English......Page 238
  5.3 Epithet zone in Later Modern English......Page 242
  5.4 Discussion: the Later Modern English period......Page 243
  5.5.2 Explanatory power of the history in this period......Page 246
  6.2 Mechanisms by which premodifier order evolved......Page 249
    6.3.1 Introduction......Page 250
  6.3.2 Word histories to illustrate issues......Page 251
6.3.3 Results of analysis......Page 252
6.3.4 Discussion of words changing zone......Page 253
7 Conclusion: historical explanation of premodifier order......Page 256
2.1 Introduction......Page 260
  2.3 Semantics......Page 261
  2.4 Syntax......Page 263
 2.5 Discussion of the psycholinguistic explanation......Page 264
  2.6 Conclusion: psycholinguistic explanation......Page 265
 3.2 Structure from the system of information......Page 266
  3.3 Structure from the system of theme......Page 269
  3.4 Discussion of the discourse explanation......Page 271
  4.1 Introduction......Page 274
  4.2 Evidence from general research......Page 275
  4.3 Evidence from particular children......Page 276
5 Morphological and phonological explanations......Page 277
7 Conclusion: supporting explanations......Page 279
    2.2 Zones’ significance across linguistic levels......Page 281
  2.3 Zones as constructions......Page 282
  2.5 Conclusion: premodification zones......Page 285
  3.1 Introduction......Page 286
3.3.1 Introduction......Page 287
  3.3.2 Scale of grammaticalness......Page 290
  3.3.3 Historical change of zone as grammaticalisation......Page 295
  3.3.4 Discussion of word grammaticalisation......Page 296
    3.4.1 Construction grammaticalisation......Page 300
  3.4.2 Word grammaticalisation......Page 301
    4.2.1 Introduction......Page 302
  4.2.2 Conceptual classes......Page 303
    4.2.3.2 Iconicity......Page 305
    4.2.3.3 Generality, inherence, and so on......Page 306
    4.2.3.4 Steps on a scale: subcategorisation......Page 307
  4.2.4 Conceptual theories: Conclusion......Page 308
  4.3 Semantic theories......Page 309
  4.4 Syntactic theories......Page 310
    4.5.1 Order is by part of speech......Page 311
4.5.2 Order is by transformations undergone......Page 312
  4.5.3 Order is by functional projections......Page 313
    4.6.1 An order of functions determines the order......Page 314
  4.6.2 A single functional principle determines the order......Page 315
4.7 Psycholinguistic theories......Page 316
   4.8.2 Marked order......Page 317
  4.8.3 Orders that are "tendencies"......Page 318
  4.9 Discussion of other theories......Page 319
  4.10 Conclusion: other theories......Page 320
5 Conclusion to discussion......Page 321
2 General conclusions......Page 322
3 Specific conclusions......Page 323
4 Explanatory conclusion......Page 328
5 Fulfilment of the purpose of the thesis......Page 331
6 Beyond the thesis: further research......Page 332
1 Appendix A: Middle English......Page 333
2 Appendix B: Words changing zone......Page 336
Thesis in Word 15 References......Page 343
Thesis in Word 16 Index......Page 359
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General copyright and disclaimer......Page 1