The Notion of Activity in Chemistry

Front Matter....Pages i-xli
Front Matter....Pages 1-1
Thermodynamic Systems....Pages 3-10
Gibbs and Helmholtz Energies....Pages 11-19
Escaping Tendency....Pages 21-26
Partial Molar Quantities....Pages 27-34
Chemical Potential or Partial Molal Gibbs Energy....Pages 35-42
The Notion of Activity: An Overview....Pages 43-49
The Fugacity Quantity....Pages 51-66
Ideal Solutions....Pages 67-81
Definitions of an Activity....Pages 83-92
Activities of Gases....Pages 93-101
Activities of Nonelectrolytes in Liquid Solutions....Pages 103-116
Activities of Electrolytes....Pages 117-133
Determination of the Activity of the Nonelectrolytes....Pages 135-155
Determination of the Activities of the Electrolytes....Pages 157-174
Debye–Hückel Relations and Neighboring Relations: Calculation of the Activity Coefficient of an Ion....Pages 175-186
Excess Gibbs Energy and Activities....Pages 187-204
Equilibrium Constant, Activities, and Reaction Gibbs Energy....Pages 205-219
Obtention of Equilibrium Thermodynamic Constant pH: Definitions and Measurement....Pages 221-235
General Principles of Calculations Involving the Activities of Ionic Species in Solution....Pages 237-247
Front Matter....Pages 249-249
Statistical Thermodynamics in Brief....Pages 251-253
Front Matter....Pages 249-249
Concept of Ensembles and Postulates....Pages 255-260
The Canonical Ensemble: Notion of Distribution....Pages 261-270
Thermodynamic Quantities Within the Framework of the Canonical Ensemble....Pages 271-278
Other Ensembles....Pages 279-290
Systems of Molecules or Subsystems: Independent, Distinguishable, and “Indistinguishable”....Pages 291-294
Perfect Gases....Pages 295-308
Classical Statistical Mechanics, Configuration, and Classical Canonical Partition Function....Pages 309-318
The Configurational Partition Function: Molecular Distribution Functions....Pages 319-327
Radial Distribution Function....Pages 329-335
Radial Distribution Function and Thermodynamic Quantities: Calculation of the Internal Energy and of the Pressure of the System....Pages 337-343
The Radial Distribution Function and the Isothermal Compressibility Coefficient of a System....Pages 345-351
The Chemical Potential and the Radial Distribution Function: General Formal Introduction of the Activity and of the Activity Coefficient....Pages 353-364
Virial Coefficients in Terms of Interaction Potential Energies: Mayer’s Theory....Pages 365-373
A Statistical Expression of the Activity of a Species: A Relation Between It and the Corresponding Concentration in the Case of an Imperfect Gas....Pages 375-390
Activities of Gases in a Mixture of Imperfect Gases....Pages 391-397
Chemical Equilibrium Between Gases and Statistical Thermodynamics....Pages 399-405
Activity Coefficients of Gases....Pages 407-411
Activities and Concentrations of Nonelectrolytes in Dilute Liquid Solutions Study of the Osmotic Pressure....Pages 413-421
Relation(s) Activity: Concentration of Nonelectrolytes in Dilute Liquid Solutions at Constant Pressure and Temperature....Pages 423-430
Activity Coefficient of a Solute....Pages 431-437
Front Matter....Pages 249-249
Molecular Distribution Functions in Binary Mixtures....Pages 439-442
Kirkwood–Buff’s Theory: Changes of the Solutes Chemical Potentials with the Concentrations at Constant Pressure and Temperature....Pages 443-451
Chemical Potentials of the Components of Ideal Solutions of Nonelectrolytes....Pages 453-459
Chemical Potentials of Components of Binary Nonideal Solutions of Nonelectrolytes....Pages 461-468
Expressions of Activity Coefficients and Activities in Relation to Kirkwood–Buff’s Theory....Pages 469-478
Debye–Hückel Theory....Pages 479-506
Radial Distribution Functions and Electrolytes Solutions Theory....Pages 507-515
The Activity Concept in Retrospect....Pages 517-529
Back Matter....Pages 531-608