The Nordic Seas: An Integrated Perspective

The Nordic Seas:An Integrated Perspective......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 5
PREFACE......Page 7
1. BACKGROUND......Page 9
2. PAST AND PRESENT CLIMATE OBSERVATIONS......Page 11
3. FUTURE CLIMATE AND CLIMATE MODELING......Page 13
4. OCEANIC CHANGES DURING RECENT DECADES......Page 14
5. INORGANIC CARBON CYCLE......Page 15
REFERENCES......Page 16
HISTORIC BACKGROUND......Page 19
BATHYMETRY......Page 21
FLUXES AND FLOW PATTERNS......Page 23
WATER MASS STRUCTURE......Page 26
OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE INTERACTIONS, TEMPORAL VARIATIONS......Page 37
SEA-ICE......Page 40
PROSPECTS......Page 41
REFERENCES......Page 42
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 46
2. SEA-ICE CONCENTRATION DATA......Page 47
3. ANNUAL CYCLE OF SEA-ICE EXTENT......Page 49
4. TIME SERIES OF TOTAL SEA-ICE AREA......Page 51
5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 53
REFERENCES......Page 55
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 57
2. THEORY OF SEASONAL VARIATION IN THE SEA LEVEL......Page 58
3. DATA AND METHODS......Page 59
5. SEASONAL STERIC HEIGHT VARIABILITY......Page 60
7. SEASONAL VARIATION OF THE BOTTOM PRESSURE......Page 64
APPENDIX......Page 68
REFERENCES......Page 70
INTRODUCTION......Page 71
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......Page 73
REFERENCES......Page 76
Dense-Water Production and Overflow From an Arctic Coastal Polynya in Storfjorden......Page 78
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 79
2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION......Page 80
3. ICE PRODUCTION AND BRINE FORMATION......Page 82
4. MIXING OF THE OVERFLOW......Page 86
5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 90
REFERENCES......Page 92
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 94
2. THE MODEL OCEAN......Page 96
3. MODEL EVALUATION: THE SF6 EXPERIMENT......Page 101
4. PHASES OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE NAO......Page 102
5. DISCUSSION......Page 103
REFERENCES......Page 107
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 109
2. LARGE-SCALE ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION......Page 111
3. ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN FLUX ANOMALIES......Page 118
4. IMPACTS ON THE OCEAN CLIMATE......Page 120
5. OBSERVED CHANGES IN THE NORDIC SEAS OCEAN CLIMATE......Page 127
6. DISCUSSION: NORDIC SEAS AND CLIMATE CHANGE......Page 133
REFERENCES......Page 136
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 141
2. METHOD AND DATA......Page 142
3. CLIMATOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC CYCLONE ACTIVITY......Page 143
4. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NAO/AO AND THE NORDIC SEA CYCLONE PARAMETERS......Page 147
5. NORTH ATLANTIC CYCLONE VARIABILITY AND OCEANIC VOLUME FLOW INTO THE NORDIC SEA......Page 150
6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 155
REFERENCES......Page 158
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 161
3. HORIZONTAL EXCHANGE OF CARBON WITH SURROUNDING SEAS......Page 162
4. AIR-SEA GAS EXCHANGE......Page 165
5. TRANSPORT OF CARBON DUE TO PHYSICAL PROCESSES IN THE OCEAN......Page 170
6. BIOLOGICALLY MEDIATED TRANSPORT OF CARBON......Page 171
7. SUMMARY OF TRANSPORTS......Page 175
8. FINAL COMMENTS......Page 176
REFERENCES......Page 177
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 180
2. DATA AND METHODS......Page 182
3. RESULTS......Page 184
4. DISCUSSION......Page 186
REFERENCES......Page 189
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 191
2. METHODS......Page 192
4. DISCUSSION......Page 195
REFERENCES......Page 198
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 200
2. PROGNOSTIC OCEAN MODELLING......Page 201
3. MODEL-MODEL AND OBSERVATION-MODEL COMPARISONS......Page 202
4. PARTICULAR CHALLENGES FOR MODELLING THE NORDIC SEAS......Page 212
6. APPENDIX......Page 216
REFERENCES......Page 217
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 221
2. MODEL DESCRIPTION AND EXPERIMENTAL SETUP......Page 222
3. SPACE AND TIME DISTRIBUTION OF DEEP CONVECTION......Page 223
4. COMPOSITES FOR WEAK AND STRONG CONVECTION......Page 226
5. DISCUSSION......Page 232
6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 235
REFERENCES......Page 236
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 239
2. MODEL DESCRIPTION......Page 240
3. SIMULATED LONG-TERM HYDROGRAPHY IN THE FSC......Page 241
4. SEASONALITY AND ALIASING......Page 243
5. POSSIBLE MODEL APPLICATIONS......Page 246
6. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 247
REFERENCES......Page 249
INTRODUCTION......Page 251
METHODS AND EXPERIMENTAL LAYOUT......Page 252
DATA......Page 253
DISCUSSION......Page 268
REFERENCES......Page 271
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 273
2. METHODOLOGY......Page 274
3. RESULTS......Page 276
4. DISCUSSION......Page 283
5. CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 286
REFERENCES......Page 287
Holocene Climate Variability in the Northern North Atlantic Region: A Review of Terrestrial and Marine Evidence......Page 289
2. METHODS AND APPROACHES......Page 290
3. QUANTITATIVE RECONSTRUCTIONS OF PAST CLIMATE VARIABLES......Page 293
4. HOLOCENE PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL RECONSTRUCTIONS FROM TERRESTRIAL SITES......Page 294
5. CLIMATE DURING THE LAST MILLENNIUM......Page 305
6. HOLOCENE CLIMATE-FORCING FACTORS......Page 308
7. DATA SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES......Page 313
REFERENCES......Page 314
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 323
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS......Page 324
4. CHRONOLOGY......Page 325
5. RESULTS......Page 326
6. DISCUSSION......Page 328
7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 336
REFERENCES......Page 337
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 340
2. METHODS......Page 342
3. RESULTS......Page 345
4. DISCUSSION......Page 350
5. FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 351
REFERENCES......Page 352
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 355
2. FROM "ETHEREAL SPACE" TO CIRCULATION THEOREMS......Page 356
3. BJERKNES' VISION OF NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION......Page 357
4. TOWARDS SCIENTIFIC WEATHER FORECASTING......Page 358
6. TOWARDS MODERN WEATHER PREDICTION......Page 361
7. THE HERITAGE OF VILHELM BJERKNES......Page 362
REFERENCES......Page 363