The Next Generation CDMA Technologies

The Next Generation CDMA Technologies......Page 4
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 12
About the Author......Page 14
1 Introduction......Page 16
2 Basics of CDMA Communications......Page 24
2.1.1 CDMA Codes......Page 27
2.1.2 Properties of CDMA Codes......Page 28
2.2 Direct Sequence CDMA Techniques......Page 32
2.3 Frequency Hopping CDMA Techniques......Page 49
2.4 Time Hopping CDMA Techniques......Page 57
2.5 Spread Spectrum or Time?......Page 59
2.6 Characteristic Features of CDMA Systems......Page 60
2.6.2 Pseudo-Noise Sequences......Page 61
2.6.3 Multiple Access Capability......Page 63
2.6.4 Protection against Multipath Interference......Page 65
2.6.5 Interference/Jamming Rejection......Page 69
2.6.7 Low Probability of Interception......Page 71
2.6.8 Overlay with Existing Radio Systems versus Cognitive Radio......Page 72
2.6.9 Low Power Emission to Reduce Health Risk......Page 74
2.7.1 Orthogonal Code System......Page 75
2.7.2 Multi-Code System......Page 77
2.7.4 BPSK M-ary CDMA System......Page 78
2.8 Multi-Carrier CDMA Systems......Page 83
2.9 OFDM CDMA Techniques......Page 85
3 CDMA-Based 2G and 3G Systems......Page 90
3.1 EIA/TIA IS-95 System......Page 91
3.1.1 IS-95A Network Configuration......Page 93
3.1.3 Forward Channel......Page 95
3.1.4 Reverse Channel......Page 101
3.1.5 Power Control......Page 107
3.1.6 Handover......Page 108
3.2 ETSI WCDMA System......Page 110
3.2.1 History of UMTS WCDMA......Page 115
3.2.2 ETSI UMTS versus ARIB WCDMA......Page 119
3.2.3 UMTS Cell and Network Structure......Page 121
3.2.4 UMTS Radio Interface......Page 123
3.2.5 UMTS Protocol Stack......Page 127
3.2.6 UTRA Channels......Page 129
3.2.7 UTRA Multiplexing and Frame Structure......Page 134
3.2.8 Spreading and Carrier Modulations......Page 137
3.2.9 Packet Data......Page 140
3.2.10 Power Control......Page 142
3.2.11 Handovers......Page 143
3.3 Discussion: Lessons to Learn......Page 146
4.1 Problems with Traditional CDMA Codes......Page 150
4.1.1 Orthogonal CDMA Codes......Page 151
4.1.2 Quasi-Orthogonal CDMA Codes......Page 158
4.1.3 Other CDMA Codes and Sequences......Page 164
4.2 Spreading Modulations......Page 165
4.2.1 DS Spreading Modulation......Page 166
4.2.2 Problems with DS Spreading......Page 168
4.3 Scrambling Techniques......Page 171
4.4 Near-Far Effect......Page 172
4.5 Asynchronous Transmissions in Uplink Channels......Page 174
4.6 Random Signs in Consecutive Symbols......Page 176
4.7 Multipath Interference......Page 177
4.8 High-Speed Bursty-Type Traffic......Page 179
4.9 Rate-Matching Problems......Page 180
4.10 Asymmetric Data Rate in Up- and Down-Links......Page 181
4.11 Sensitivity to Time-Selective Fading......Page 182
4.12 Impaired Power-Efficiency Due to MAI......Page 183
5 What is Next Generation CDMA Technology?......Page 192
5.1 Application Scenarios......Page 199
5.1.1 Mobile Cellular......Page 200
5.1.2 Wireless LANs......Page 204
5.1.3 Wireless PANs......Page 206
5.1.4 Cognitive Radio......Page 208
5.1.5 Cooperative Communications......Page 210
5.2 Innovative Spreading Modulations......Page 215
5.2.1 OS Spreading Modulation......Page 216
5.2.2 Two-Dimensional Spreading Modulation......Page 219
5.2.3 Space-Time-Frequency Spreading Modulation......Page 227
5.3 Isotropic MAI-Free and MI-Free Operation......Page 228
5.4 Bandwidth Efficiency Versus Power Efficiency......Page 233
5.4.1 OS-Spreading-Based CDMA......Page 234
5.5 High Speed Burst Data Access and Next Generation CDMA......Page 237
5.6 Integration of MIMO and CDMA Technologies......Page 240
5.7 M-ary CDMA Technologies......Page 242
6 Complementary Codes......Page 244
6.2 Different Types of Complementary Codes......Page 245
6.2.1 Primitive Complementary Codes......Page 247
6.2.2 Complete Complementary Codes......Page 251
6.2.3 Extended Complementary Codes......Page 253
6.2.5 Pair-wise Complementary Codes......Page 255
6.2.6 Column-wise Complementary Codes......Page 256
6.3 Generation of Complementary Codes......Page 260
6.3.1 Generation of Complete Complementary Codes......Page 261
6.3.2 Generation of Extended Complementary Codes......Page 263
6.3.3 Generation of Super Complementary Codes......Page 264
6.3.4 Generation of Generalized Pair-wise Complementary Codes......Page 269
6.3.5 Algebra Approaches: The REAL Approach......Page 278
7 CDMA Systems Based on Complementary Codes......Page 290
7.1.1 System Architecture......Page 291
7.1.2 Isotropic MAI-Free Operation......Page 293
7.1.3 Isotropic MI-Free Operation......Page 294
7.1.4 Analytical Performance Study of DS/CC-CDMA System......Page 298
7.1.5 Properties of DS/CC-CDMA System......Page 306
7.2 Offset Stacking Spreading and OS/CC-CDMA Systems......Page 312
7.2.1 Orthogonal Complementary Codes for OS Spreading......Page 313
7.2.2 OS Spreading with MAI-Free Property......Page 316
7.2.3 OS-Spreading Signal Reception in Multipath Channels......Page 317
7.2.4 Discussions......Page 324
7.2.5 Summary......Page 325
8 Integration of Space-Time Coding with CC-CDMA Technologies......Page 328
8.2 STCC DS/CC-CDMA System Model......Page 329
8.3 Properties of Orthogonal Complementary Codes......Page 333
8.4 Dual Transmitter Antennas......Page 337
8.5 Arbitrary Number of Transmitter Antennas......Page 340
8.6 Results and Discussions on STCC DS/CC-CDMA......Page 342
8.8 Why STCC OS/CC-CDMA?......Page 346
8.9.2 Generalized Pair-wise Complementary Codes......Page 348
8.9.3 Space-Time Complementary Coding......Page 350
8.10 Slow Flat Fading Channels......Page 351
8.11 Frequency-Selective Fading Channels......Page 355
8.12 Results and Discussions on STCC OS/CC-CDMA......Page 358
8.13 Summary on STCC OS/CC-CDMA......Page 361
9 M-ary CDMA Technologies......Page 364
9.1 BPSK M-ary CDMA System Model......Page 365
9.2 BPSK M-ary CDMA Constellation Optimization......Page 367
9.3 Preliminaries for Performance Analysis......Page 370
9.4 MAI Analysis......Page 371
9.5 BER Analysis for BPSK M-ary CDMA......Page 376
9.6 Results and Discussion......Page 378
9.7 Summary......Page 381
10.1 Peculiarities in Optical Communications......Page 384
10.2 Previous Research on OCDMA Communications......Page 386
10.3.1 Optical Orthogonal Codes......Page 388
10.3.3 Multi-Length Codes......Page 391
10.4 Complementary Codes for OCDMA......Page 394
10.4.1 Parameters of Optical Complementary Codes......Page 395
10.4.2 Correlation Properties of Optical Complementary Codes......Page 397
10.4.3 Generation of Optical Complementary Codes......Page 401
10.4.4 Performance Comparison......Page 407
A.1 Aperiodic Correlation Functions......Page 416
A.2 Periodic Correlation Functions......Page 418
A.3 Proof......Page 419
B Proof of Flock-wise Orthogonality of CC Codes......Page 424
C Proof of n-Chip Orthogonality of CC Codes......Page 430
C.2 N-Chip (n = N) Orthogonality of a CC Code Set......Page 431
D Proof of Equation (8.27)......Page 434
E List of Complete Complementary Codes (PG = 8 ~ 512)......Page 436
F List of Super Complementary Codes (PG = 4 ~ 64)......Page 442
References......Page 454
Index......Page 466