The Neuroscience of Depression: Features, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Front Cover
The Neuroscience of Depression: Features, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Part I: Depression: Introductory chapters
	Chapter 1: Clinical staging in depression
		Introduction
		Clinical staging in depression
		Clinical staging and progression in depression
			First clinical staging model proposal for unipolar depression
			Staging model proposed by Hetrick
			Potential interventions according to clinical stages
		Clinical staging and treatment-resistant depression
			The Thase and Rush staging model
			The Massachusetts General Hospital staging method
			The Maudsley staging method
			The Dutch measure for quantification of treatment resistance in depression
		Conclusion
		Key facts
		Summary points
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		References
	Chapter 2: Neurodevelopmental theory of depression
		Introduction
		Early childhood experience and personality traits
		The affective and rational system-The basis for personality formation
			Epigenetics
		Emotional immunity or immune emotionality?-The key to understanding depression
		Mothers fear as well as grandmothers fear as a source of depression
		Early childhood trauma
		Glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis-Epigenetics again?
		Personality of the 21st century
		Key facts
		Summary points
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		References
	Chapter 3: Depression after pregnancy
		Introduction
			Preamble
			Definition
		Epidemiology
			Magnitude of the problem
			Risk factors
			Protective factors
		Consequences of postpartum depression
		Neurobiological basis of PPD
			Neurobiological theories
			Conclusion
		Management of PPD
		Prevention of PPD
			Key facts in screening for PPD
		Summary points
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		References
	Chapter 4: Modeling maternal depression during pregnancy: Rodent models of major depressive disorder with peripartum onset
		Introduction
		Characteristics of animal models of maternal depression
			Several strains of rats proved amiable in studies of maternal depression
			Mice strains frequently used in models of maternal depression
		Face validity of animal models of maternal depression; symptoms and other physiological markers that resemble those found i ...
			Time equivalence of human and animal pregnancy and the relative chronology of human and rat development concerning the embr ...
			The delay of physiological response to stress is a critical aspect of a stress-induced animal model of depression
		Construct validity of maternal models of depression: The mode of induction of depression
		Predictive validity of rodent models of maternal depression: Response to antidepressants
		Summary of studies addressing the impact of maternal depression on preadolescent and adolescent offspring
		Future animal models of maternal depression
		Conclusions
		Key facts of maternal depression during pregnancy
		Summary points
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		References
	Chapter 5: Depression in mothers and mental health in their children: Impact, risk factors, and interventions
		List of abbreviations
		Introduction
		Effects of maternal depression on mental health of children
			Mother-child bonding
			Attachment
			Child development
			Sleep disturbances
			Externalizing problems
			Internalizing problems
			Suicidal ideation
		Risk factors
			Demographic factors
			Child factors
			Family factors
			Illness factors
			Resilience factors
		Interventions to reduce the impact of maternal depression on children
			Screening of mother for PPD
			Screening children for psychological well-being
			Effective treatment of the mother
			Parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT)
			High-quality childcare
			School-based interventions
			Home visitation
		Conclusion
		Key facts
		Summary points
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		References
	Chapter 6: The neuroscience of depression: Mechanisms and treatments
		Introduction
		Overview of depression in students
		Screening depression
		Treatment and management
			The setting
			Targeting depressive symptoms
			The biopsychosocial intervention
		Risk behaviors in students
			Suicidal thoughts and attempt
			Non-suicidal self-injury
			Substance abuse
		Conclusion
		Key facts
		Summary points
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		References
	Chapter 7: Depression in disasters and traumatic events
		Introduction
		Clinical diagnosis and standardized assessment instruments for depression
			Clinical diagnosis of depressive disorder
			Standardized scales of depression
		Depression after natural disasters and traumatic events
		Consequences of depression after natural disasters and traumatic events
		Causes and risk factors of depression
			Risk factors for depression after natural disasters among different population
			Risk factors for depression among different trauma types
		Biological factors and depression after disaster events
		Implications and suggestions
		Key facts of depression
		Summary points
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		References
	Chapter 8: Depression and associated Alzheimers disease
		Introduction
		Coexistence of depression and Alzheimers disease
		Dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
		Chronic inflammation in depression and Alzheimer´s disease
			Impairment of neurotrophin signaling in depression and Alzheimer´s disease
		Alteration in monoamines level
		TGF signaling
		Long-term potentiation alteration
		Oxidative stress
		Therapeutic management of AD
		Conclusion
		Key facts
		Summary points
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		References
	Chapter 9: Comorbidities of depression and Parkinsons disease
		Introduction
		Depression in Parkinsons disease
		Pathophysiology of stress leading to depression
		Biochemical scheme of depression
		Coexistence of Parkinson disease and depression
		5HT receptors and Parkinsons disease
		Role of serotonin in depression associated with Parkinsons disease
		Clinically available serotonergic drugs
		Noradrenergic systems in the central nervous system
		The locus coeruleus (LC)
		Role of NA in PD symptoms
		Indication for the interaction between DA and NA in PD
		The locus coeruleus noradrenergic system in PD
		Conclusion
		Key facts of comorbidities of depression and Parkinsons disease
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 10: Understanding the relationship between depression and alcohol among students
		Introduction
		Examining the association between alcohol and depression in students
			Alcohol-related variables and depression: Which ones do correlate and among who?
			Interventions regarding alcohol and depression among students
			Exploring the causal relationships between alcohol and depression among students
		Influence of mental health on alcohol and depression
			Alcohol and depression: How do they relate to suicidal ideation?
			The relationship between alcohol, depression, and anxiety
		Influence of sociodemographic variables on alcohol and depression
			The role of gender in the relationship between alcohol and depression
			Other factors related to alcohol and depression
		Influence of drinking motives on alcohol and depression
			Relationship between depressive symptoms, drinking to cope, and other variables
			Coping motives as a hindering factor for nonpharmacological interventions
		Other drinking motives and its relationship with depressive symptoms
		Key facts of alcohol and depression among students
		Summary points
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		References
	Chapter 11: Depression in obesity
		Introduction
		Obesity
		Depression in obesity
		Cross-sectional or prospective studies
		Systematic reviews
			Commit suicide attempts/suicides, depression, and obesity
		Conclusion
		Key facts of obese people in bariatric surgeries
		Summary points
		Examples of mini-dictionary of terms
		References
	Chapter 12: Heart rate variability and depression
		Introduction
		HRV measurement
		Association of depression and HRV
			Indices of HRV that are associated with depression
			HRV and depression, cause and consequence
			Heart rate variability as a marker of depression
			Influence of gender and age in HRV of depressed and nondepressed subjects
		HRV in depression and cardiovascular comorbidity
		The effect of antidepressants on HRV
		HRV and response to depression treatment
		Treating depression by intervention on the autonomic system
		Key facts
		Summary points
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		References
	Chapter 13: Neuroinflammation and depression
		General aspects of neuroinflammation
		Evidence about neuroinflammation in depression
			Preclinical research
			Human subjects research
		Mechanisms whereby neuroinflammation leads to alterations in brain structure/function in depression: Lessons from animal models
		Peripheral inflammation and brain function in depression
		Possible origins of increased neuroinflammation in depression
		Neuroinflammation-related mediators as biomarkers of depression
		Neuroinflammation as commonplace for stress and depression
		Anti-inflammatory effects of antidepressants
		Antiinflammatory agents in depression
		Clinical implications and future research
		Key facts
		Summary points
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		References
	Chapter 14: Interlinking antidepressants and the immune system
		Introduction
		The immune system in the depression
			Innate immunity in the depression
			Adaptive immunity in the depression
		Influence of antidepressants on the immune system
		Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
			Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
			Tricyclicantidepressants
			Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants and others
		Conclusions
		Key facts
			Key facts of the immune system in the depression
			Key facts of the influence of antidepressants on the immune system
		Summary points
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		References
Part II: Biomarkers and diagnosis
	Chapter 15: Assessment scoring tools of depression
		Introduction
			Depression as a public health issue
			Overview
			Screening depression
			The diagnosis of depression
			Rating scales
		Comments
		Key facts
		Summary points
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		References
	Chapter 16: The Beck depression inventory: Uses and applications
		Introduction
		Versions
		Content description
		Target population
		Application
		Guidelines
		Interpretation of scores
		Validity
			Criterion validity
			Construct validity
			Structural validity
			Item response theory
			BDI-II in medical settings
		Factors that affect the score
		Limitations
		Comments
		How to obtain
		Key facts
		Summary points
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		References
	Chapter 17: Hamilton depression rating scale: Uses and applications
		Introduction
		Administration and uses
		Scoring and interpretation
		Indication for the use of the HDRS
		Validity and reliability
		Limitations
		Key facts of the Hamilton depression rating scale
		Summary points
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		References
	Chapter 18: The patient health questionnaire (PHQ)
		Introduction
		Content and scoring
		Abbreviated versions
		Psychometric characteristics
		Screening and case-finding properties
		Comparison with other psychometric instruments
		Special populations
		Conclusions
		Key facts of PHQ
		Summary points
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		References
	Chapter 19: Screening for antenatal depression (AND) using self-report questionnaires: Conceptual issues and measurement  ...
		Introduction
		The etiological paradox of PDD
		Screening for AND: Measurement issues
		Measuring continuity of PDD across the reproductive spectrum
		Psychometric characteristics
		Screening measure item content and overlaps
		Screening for AND: Which measures perform best?
		The nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)
		The ``Whooley questions´´
		Beyond guidelines: Other questionnaires for the detection of depression
		Conclusion
		Key facts
		Summary points
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		References
	Chapter 20: Edinburgh postnatal depression scale: Description and applications
		Introduction
		Edinburgh postnatal depression scale
			Applications
				Neuroscience research
			Case detection
			Clinical characterization
			Case formulation and treatment implementation
		Key facts
		Summary points
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		References
	Chapter 21: The death depression scale: Description and applications
		The death depression scale (DDS)
		The DDS items
			Death depression, death anxiety, and death obsession
			Heterogeneity of DDS items
			Correlates of DDS scores
				Religiosity
				Age
				Sex
				Other correlates
			Interventions
		The death depression scale-revised (DDS-R)
			Reliability
			Heterogeneity of items
			Associations with death anxiety and death obsession
			Correlates of DDS-R scores
			Comment
		Discussion
		Key facts of the death depression scale (DDS)
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		References
		Further reading
	Chapter 22: The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale: Features and applications
		Introduction
			Test description
			Theoretical basis
			Test development
		Psychometric properties
			Reliability
			Validity
		Validity of extending the DASS to additional populations and administration formats
			Age of administration
			Translations
			Computerized administration
		Applications
			Research applications
			Clinical applications
				Screening
				Measuring treatment outcomes
				Progress monitoring
		Summary
			Strengths
			Limitations and future directions
		Conclusion
		Key facts of translations/adaptations of tests or measures
		Summary points
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		References
		Further reading
	Chapter 23: Arabic version of the two-question quick inventory of depression (QID-2-AR): Description and applications
		Introduction
		Human plague
		Negative impacts of depression
		Depression undetected and undiagnosed
		Burden time and effort to screening of depression
		Difficulty of detecting depression
		Depressed mood and anhedonia
		Effective screening
		Multiple cultures recommended of QID-2
		QID-2 test alternative of scales
		Utility of QID-2
		Description of QID-2
		Description of diagnostic cutoff value for the QID-2
		Recommendations the threshold score of QID-2
		Applications of QID-2 and recommendations
		Discussion
		Implications of QID-2 in care for good clinical practice
		QID-2, depression, clinicians, patients, busy clinics, and wartime
		Conclusion
		Key facts of depression
		Key facts of QID-2
		Summary points
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		References
	Chapter 24: Depression and biomarkers of cardiovascular disease
		Depression and cardiovascular disease
		What is a biomarker?
		Associations between depression and biomarkers of cardiovascular disease
		Functional biomarkers
			Autonomic dysfunction
				Cardiac vagal tone
				Heart rate variability
			Metabolic dysfunction
			Endothelial dysfunction
		Circulating biomarkers
			Inflammation
			Oxidative stress
			Brain natriuretic peptide
			Cortisol
			Catecholamines
		Structural biomarkers
			Coronary artery calcification
			Carotid intima-media thickness
		Psychosocial factors impacting the depression-biomarkers relationship
		Limitations of measuring biomarkers
		Future directions
		Summary and conclusions
		Key facts
		Summary points
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		References
	Chapter 25: Thioredoxin as an antioxidant protein as a marker in depression
		Introduction
		Role of oxidative stress in depressive disorder
			Thioredoxin antioxidant system
			Trx system in neurodegenerative diseases
			Trx system in depression
		Key facts of thioredoxin
		Summary points
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		References
	Chapter 26: Methods of neuroimaging in depression: Applications to resting-state functional connectivity
		Introduction
			Default mode network
			Central executive network (CEN)
			Salience network
		Childhood and adolescence
			Default mode network
			Central executive network
			Salience network
			Other approaches
		Adulthood
			Default mode network
			Central executive network
			Salience network
		Conclusions
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 27: Neural markers of depression in MRI
		Introduction
		Introduction and concept of MRI and FMRI
		Hypothetic model in depression
		Structural neural marker in MDD: GM aspect
		Structural neural marker in MDD: WM aspect
		Functional neural marker in MDD: Task FMRI aspect
		Functional neural marker in MDD: Rs-FMRI aspect
		Key facts of neural MRI markers in MDD
		Summary points
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		References
Part III: Pharmacological treatments for depression
	Chapter 28: Angiotensin receptor 1 blockade as an antidepression strategy
		Introduction
		Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the brain
		Experimental data and clinical studies
		Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
		Diabetes and comorbid depression
		Key facts of role of RAAS in mood disorders
		Summary points
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		References
	Chapter 29: The link between cannabinoids and depression
		Introduction
		Distribution of cannabinoid receptors in the central nervous system
		Cannabinoid receptor signaling pathways
		Cannabinoids and depression disorder: Clinical evidence
		Cannabinoids and depression disorder: Preclinical evidence
		Possible mechanisms in the effects of cannabinoids on depression
		Conclusion
		Key facts
		Summary points
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		References
	Chapter 30: Agomelatine: Profile and applications to depression
		Introduction
		Pharmacology
		Pharmacodynamics
		Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and drug interactions
		Clinical efficacy in depressive episodes
			Major depression
		Bipolar depression
		Depression in medical comorbidities
		Side effect profile
		Serious adverse events
			Liver function abnormalities
			Withdrawal syndrome
		Safety on overdose
		Conclusions
		Key facts of agomelatine
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		References
	Chapter 31: Bumetanide and use in depressive states
		Summary points
		Key facts
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		Chloride homeostasis and depression
			Hippocampal plasticity
			Hippocampal neurogenesis
			Hippocampal apoptosis during depression
			GABAergic neurotransmission impairment
			Depression and chloride homeostasis hypothesis
		Perspective in the use of bumetanide as a therapeutic agent
			Traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced depression
			What is bumetanide?
			Way of action
			Analogs
			Postischemic depression and bumetanide
			Bumetanide in epilepsy
			Bumetanide and autism
			Parkinson´s disease and bumetanide
			Bumetanide and schizophrenia
		References
	Chapter 32: Linking citalopram, serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and depressed pregnant women
		Introduction
		Development of serotonergic systems
		Role of 5-HT in neural development and behavior
		Pharmacokinetics of SSRIs
		Prenatal exposure to SSRIs in humans
			Deficits in early development
			Behavior
		Effects of prenatal SSRI administration in normal pregnant rodents
			Early development
			Behavior
			5-HT signaling
		SSRI administration to stressed mothers: Effect on offspring behavior
		Key facts
		Summary points
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		References
	Chapter 33: Citalopram and its use in sleep-deprivation-induced depression
		Introduction
		Prevalence of SD
		Sleep loss as a risk factor for depression
		Sleep deprivation-induced molecular deficits-Effects of antidepressants
			Calcium/calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII)
			cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB)
			Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
		Synaptic plasticity and SD
		Effects of CTM on SD-induced depression
		Concluding remarks
		Key facts about sleep deprivation
		Summary points
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		References
	Chapter 34: Monoaminergic system and antidepressants
		Introduction
		Serotonin
			Serotonin and noradrenaline transporters and antidepressants
			Monoamine oxidase and antidepressants
			Serotonin receptors and antidepressants
		Noradrenaline and adrenaline
			NE and antidepressants
				Tricyclics antidepressants (TCA)
				NRI (noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors)
				SNRI (serotonin-noradrenalin reuptake inhibitors)
				NDRI (noradrenaline and dopamine reuptake inhibitors)
				NaSSA (noradrenergic and specific serotoninergic antidepressants)
				Triple reuptake inhibitors (TRI)
				MAO-Is
				Other NE-related drugs having antidepressant actions
		Dopamine and antidepressants
			DA and first-line antidepressants
			DA and norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs)
			Dopamine and triple reuptake inhibitors (TRIs)
			DA and rapid-acting antidepressants
		Other monoamines (histamine, melatonin, and tryptamine hallucinogens)
			Histaminergic system and antidepressants
			Melatonergic system and antidepressants
			Serotonergic hallucinogens and antidepressants
		Conclusion
		Key facts of antidepressants
		Summary points
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		References
	Chapter 35: Duloxetine usage in depression
		Introduction
		Pharmacokinetic profile
		Duloxetine for depression and its associated symptoms
		Effects of duloxetine on depression in gynecology and obstetrics
		Effects of duloxetine on treatment-resistant depression
		Effects of duloxetine on depression with comorbidities
		Side effects
		Key facts of duloxetine
		Summary points
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		References
	Chapter 36: Escitalopram and blonanserin as antidepressant agents linking in neurotrophic mechanisms
		Introduction: Modern molecular theory of depression
		BDNF as a leading player in depression
		Role of BDNF in corticosterone hormone stress-induced depression model
		BDNF signaling activation and underlying mechanisms
		Trophic mechanism in chronic, recurrent depression-Early life adversity
		Trophic mechanism in chronic, recurrent depression-Adolescent
		Possible antidepressant activity as adjunctive agent
		Potential mechanism of antidepressant action induced by blonanserin
		Possible BDNF/GABA activation by blonanserin through D3 receptors
		Key facts
		Summary points
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		References
	Chapter 37: (2R,6R)-Hydroxynorketamine as a novel antidepressant and its role in the antidepressant actions of (R,S)-ketamine
		Introduction
		Metabolism of (R,S)-ketamine
		Antidepressant effects of (2R,6R)-HNK
		Mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effects of (2R,6R)-HNK
		Role of (2R,6R)-HNK in the antidepressant effects of (R)-ketamine
			Does (2R,6R)-HNK have antidepressant potential?
			Is formation of (2R,6R)-HNK essential for (R)-ketamine to exert its antidepressant effects?
		Conclusion
		Key facts of major depressive disorder
		Summary points
		Mini-directory of terms
		References
	Chapter 38: Linking 5-hydroxytryptamine to antidepressant actions of (R)-ketamine and social stress model
		Introduction
			5-Hydroxytryptamine, synthesis, and metabolism
			5-HT processing
		(R,S)-Ketamine
			Brief history of (R,S)-ketamine
			Antidepressant-like effect of (R,S)-ketamine in rodents
			Antidepressant effect of (R,S)-ketamine in humans
			(R)-Ketamine
		Linking 5-HT and the antidepressant actions of (R)-ketamine in a chronic social stress model
			Chronic social defeat stress
			Role of 5-HT in antidepressant-like effects of ketamine and its enantiomers
		Conclusion
		Key facts
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 39: Mirtazapine: Multitarget strategies for treating substance use disorder and depression
		Introduction
		Substance use disorder (SUD)
		MDD-SUD comorbidity
		Neurobiological mechanisms of DD (MDD-SUD)
		Mirtazapine
		Mirtazapine-SUD
		Preclinical studies
		Clinical trials
		Preclinical studies in models of polydrug
		Selective agent therapies
		Multitarget therapy
		Conclusion and future perspectives
		Key facts
		Summary points
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		References
Part IV: Counselling, psychotherapy and behavioural treatments for depression
	Chapter 40: Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and depression
		Overview
		Mindfulness-based interventions and depression
		MBCT for prevention of depressive relapse
		MBCT in the treatment of current depression
		MBCT for TRD
		Mechanisms of change in MBCT
		MBCT for depression associated with chronic illness
		Summary and future directions in the use of MBCT
		Key facts of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and depression
		Summary points
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		References
	Chapter 41: Online programs for depression
		Introduction
		The structure and function of online programs
		Self-guided vs clinician-supported programs
		Evidence for the effectiveness of online programs
		Examples of effective programs
		Opportunities and challenges in delivering online programs
		The future of online programs
		Conclusion
		Key facts
		Summary points
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		References
	Chapter 42: Clay art therapy on emotion regulation: Research, theoretical underpinnings, and treatment mechanisms
		Introduction
		Section one: Emotion regulation: Research and theories relating visual art to neuroscience
			Constructs of emotion regulation
			Emotion regulation in relation to the left/right hemispheric brain
			Treatment efficacy of art therapy on emotion regulation
		Section two: Therapeutic functions of clay on emotion regulation
			Haptic and proprioceptive sensations in clay work helps build mindful awareness of the physical environment
			Sensational processes of touch from creating clay art attunes the psychobiological arousal system
			Facilitation of soothing and expressing difficult emotions
			Increasing cognitive abilities and expressing abstract ideas by creating three-dimensional objects
		Section three: Treatment mechanisms of clay art therapy for emotion regulation
			Theoretical underpinnings: Expressive therapies continuum
			Bottom-up approach of clay art therapy for emotion regulation
			Goals and stages of clay art therapy
				Stage one
				Stage two
		Concluding comments
			Future research direction
		Key facts
		Summary points
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		References
		Further Reading
	Chapter 43: Solution-focused counseling and its use in postpartum depression
		List of abbreviations
		Introduction
		Solution-focused brief therapy and counseling
		Solution-focused brief therapy principles
			How are the solutions made?
		Solution-focused brief therapy methods and techniques
			Highlighting strengths and resources
			Admiration
			Using future language or taking a presuppositional position
			Changing the attitude
			Finding and highlighting exceptions
			Miracle questions
		Using the important word
			The structure of solution-focused brief therapy and counseling
			Solution-focused brief therapy as a practical skill in preventing postpartum blues and depression
			Mini-dictionary of terms
			Key facts of solution-focused brief therapy
			Summary points
			References
	Chapter 44: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with cognitive emotional training (CET) as a novel tr ...
		Introduction
		Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
		Clinical effects of tDCS in MDD
		Rationale for combining tDCS and CET in MDD
		Cognitive emotional training (CET)
		Clinical effects of CET
		Preliminary evidence for clinical effects of tDCS combined with CET
		Neurophysiological effects of tDCS combined with CET
			Electroencephalography (EEG)
				Frontal alpha asymmetry
				Frontal theta
			Task-related EEG
				Event-related potentials
				Event-related synchronization and desynchronization
			Preliminary EEG results of tDCS combined with CET
		Conclusions and future research
		Key facts of tDCS and CET
		Summary points
		References
Part V: Other aspects of treatment: Specific groups, monitoring and novel regimens
	Chapter 45: Putative effects of cannabidiol in depression and synaptic plasticity
		Introduction
		Cannabidiol pharmacology and therapeutic potential
		The effects of CBD in animal models of depression
		CBD effects on depressed patients
		Final considerations
		Key facts
		Summary points
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		References
	Chapter 46: Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of depression
		Introduction
		Clinical trials on taVNS treatment of depression
		Potential side effects of taVNS
		Potential mechanisms underlying taVNS treatment of depression
			Modulating the brain network associated with the pathophysiology of depression
				Modulating default mode network
				Modulating reward/motivation network
				Modulating hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
				Modulating interoception
			Modulating the inflammation system
			Other potential mechanisms
		Challenges and future directions
			Locations
			Stimulation frequency
			Dose effect
			Future directions
		Key facts of taVNS
		Summary points
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		References
	Chapter 47: Exercise for depression as a primary and comorbid with obesity disorder: A narrative
		Introduction
			Clinical evidence for exercise for MDD as a primary disorder
			Meta-analytic studies for exercise and MDD
		Clinical attributes of trials reviewed by meta-analyses
		Meta-analysis for AE in adult MDD patients in mental health services
		Pragmatic evidence for exercise and depression
		Ideographic vs nomothetic exercise
		Pragmatic trial ideographic vs nomothetic exercise for depression
		Individual clinical significant analysis
		Exercise for depression as a comorbid with obesity disorder
		Additional exercise trials for depression as a comorbid with obesity disorder
		Collective evidence
		Key facts of the safety of exercise for depressed patients
		Summary points
		References
		Examples of mini-dictionary of terms
	Chapter 48: Acupressure and depression: A scientific narrative
		Introduction
		Basic concepts of acupressure
			Traditional Chinese medicine perspectives
			Biomedical perspectives
		Application of acupressure
			Acupressure techniques
			General guidelines
			Safety and precautions
		Research evidences for the effect of acupressure on depression
			Acupressure techniques, frequency, and duration
			Common acupoints for depression
			Implications for clinical practice and research
		Key facts
		Summary points
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		References
	Chapter 49: Potential beneficial effects of Bifidobacterium breve A1 on cognitive impairment and psychiatric disorders
		Microbiota-gut-brain axis
		MGB axis in Alzheimers disease
		MGB axis in schizophrenia
		Bifidobacterium breve A1 as probiotics
		Administration of B. breve A1 to subjects with mild cognitive impairment
		Effect of B. breve A1 on anxiety and depressive symptoms in schizophrenia
		No significant change in the gut microbiota was observed, but B. breve A1 may have affected gut epithelial barrier function
		Dietary habits and baseline gut microbiota could influence the effect of B. breve A1 on anxiety and depressive symptoms
		Conclusions and perspectives
		Key facts
		Summary points
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		References
	Chapter 50: Coenzyme Q10 and depression
		A brief introduction to depression treatment regimens
		CoQ10 and its pharmacological application
			Toxicity
			Therapeutic uses of CoQ10
		Correlation of CoQ10 with depression
		Conclusion
		Key facts of mice behavioral tests
		Key facts of human depression studies
		Key facts of oxidative stress and antioxidants
		Summary points
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		References
	Chapter 51: Gene expression in major depressive disorder: Peripheral tissue and brain-based studies
		Introduction
		Gene expression and its measurement
		Candidate gene vs whole-genome approaches
		Confounding, expression, and causality
		Differential expression (DE) studies
		Gene expression as mediators of genetic risk
		Tissue specificity and the use of surrogate markers
		Peripheral tissue studies in MDD
		Brain-based studies in MDD
		Single-cell sequencing
		Emerging themes
		Integration with genetic risk
		Future directions
		Triangulation and strengthening of causal claims
		Summary
		Summary points
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		References
	Chapter 52: Electroconvulsive therapy for depression: Effectiveness, cognitive side-effects, and mechanisms of action
		Summary of ECT effectiveness research
		Cognitive effects
			Scope: Use of brief-pulse ECT in severe depression
			Acute effects: within the first 3hours after an ECT session end
			Subacute effects-3hours to 3 days after the end of an ECT treatment course
			Short-term effects-Up to 2 weeks post-ECT
			Long-term effects-From 15days on after the end of an ECT treatment course
			Retrograde autobiographical amnesia (RAA)
		ECTs mechanism of action models
			Improved neurotransmission
			Normalization of the neuroendocrine overdrive
			The anticonvulsant model
			Neuroplasticity enhancement
		Future directions: Testing an integrated model
		Key facts for electroconvulsive therapy
		Summary points
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		References
	Chapter 53: Prenatal depression and offspring DNA methylation
		Prenatal maternal depression
		Developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD)
		Epigenetics mechanisms
		Epigenetics studies of fetal exposure to maternal depression
		Recommendations for future research
		Conclusion
		Key facts
		Summary points
		Mini-dictionary of terms
		References
	Chapter 54: Treating depression with theta burst stimulation (TBS)
		Introduction
		Role of transcranial magnetic stimulation in depression
			Theta-burst stimulation
		Mechanism of action of theta-burst stimulation and its types
			Theta-burst stimulation in depression
			Safety of theta-burst stimulation
			Conclusion
		Key facts
		Summary
		Mini-dictionary terms
		References
Index
Back Cover
9780128180105_WEB02
	Front Cover
	The Neuroscience of Depression: Genetics, Cell Biology, Neurology, Behavior and Diet
	Copyright
	Contents
	Contributors
	Foreword
	Preface
	Part I: Genetic aspects of depression
		Chapter 1: Epigenetics in depression
			Introduction
			DNA methylation
			Early-life events, DNA methylation, and depression
			Different gene methylation profiles in depression models
			Histone modifications
			Histone acetylation and depression
			Histone methylation and depression
			HDAC inhibitors as antidepressants
			Histone modification associated with gestational stress and gender differences
			miRNA mechanisms of action
			miRNAs and neuroplasticity in depression
			miRNAs and animal models of depression
			miRNAs and postmortem brain
			miRNAs as a peripheral markers of depression
			Conclusion
			Key facts of epigenetics
			Summary points
			Mini-dictionary of terms
			References
		Chapter 2: Genes, depression, and nuclear DNA
			Introduction
			Heritability of depression
			Heterogeneity of depression
			The multifactorial background of depression
			The candidate gene approach in depression
			Genome-wide analytical studies (GWAS) in depression
			Phenotyping of depression in genetic studies
			Genetic architecture of depression
			Implications of genetic studies of depression for clinical practice
			Conclusion
			Summary points
			Key facts
			Mini-dictionary of terms
			References
		Chapter 3: Gene expression in depression: Molecular aspects of postpartum depression
			Introduction
			What is known about PPD etiology?
			Molecular biology approaches for the study of PPD: The experimental models
			Genetic factors for PPD: The female reproductive hormones
			Genetic factors for PPD: The neuropeptides and mood modulators
			Genetic factors for PPD: The HPA axis
			Genetic factors for PPD: The immunoinflammatory response
			Genetic factors for PPD: The microarray studies
			Genetic factors for PPD: The epigenetics
			The importance of the molecular markers for the PPD diagnosis
			Key facts of PPD
			Summary points
			Mini-dictionary of terms
			References
		Chapter 4: Genetics and epigenetics of the SLC6A4 gene in depression
			List of abbreviations
			Introduction
			The role of the serotoninergic system in neurodevelopment depression
			Genetic variations in the serotonin transporter gene and the risk for depression
			Stress events and epigenetic changes
				DNA methylation in the SLC6A4 gene and depression
				miRNA targeting serotonin transporter
				Histone modifications
			Perspectives on the SLC6A4 contribution for depression etiology
			Key facts of SLC6A4
			Summary points
			Mini-dictionary of terms
			References
		Chapter 5: Molecular basis of tryptophan metabolism disorders associated with depression
			Introduction
			Genetic background of disorders of tryptophan metabolism in depression
				Depression and localization of TRYCATs genes
				Molecular aspects of TRYCAT enzyme disorders in the course of depression
				Genetic aspects of neurotransmitter disorders in the course of depression
			Disorders of tryptophan metabolism and antidepressant therapy
			Compensatory (anti)inflammatory reflex system in depression
			Disorders of tryptophan metabolism in the development of postpartum depression
			Conclusion
			Key facts
			Summary points
			Mini-dictionary terms
			References
		Chapter 6: Metalloproteinases genes and their relationship with depression
			Introduction
			Overview
			Structure, history, classification, and regulation
			Pathophysiological role
			Pathophysiology of depression
			Pharmacotherapy
			Conclusion
			Key facts of matrix metalloproteinases in depression
			Summary points
			Mini-dictionary of terms
			References
		Chapter 7: Linking gene regions jointly with environment and depression
			Introduction
			Candidate gene methods in GxE research
			Gene-region analyses: A primer
			Selecting gene regions
			Gene-region analyses in depression research
			Challenges and future directions
			Key facts of gene region x environment analysis in depression
			Summary points
			Mini-dictionary of terms
			References
	Part II: Molecular and cellular effects of depression
		Chapter 8: Linking depression, mRNA translation, and serotonin
			Introduction
				Major depressive disorder
				Serotonergic neurotransmission in MDD
				Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
			mRNA translation: A central process in regulating gene expression
				eIF4E phosphorylation controls brain inflammation, 5-HT neurotransmission, and depressive symptoms
			Dysregulated inflammation in MDD
			Conclusions
			Key facts
			Summary points
			Mini-dictionary of terms
			References
		Chapter 9: Changes in cortical gene expression in major depressive disorders: More evidence implicating inflammatory-rela ...
			Cortical dysfunction in major depressive disorders
			Gene x environment interactions in major depressive disorders
			Cortical gene expression in major depressive disorders
			Regional changes in cortical gene expression in major depressive disorders
			Changes in gene expression in the frontopolar cortex
			Changes in gene expression in the orbitofrontal cortex
			Changes in gene expression in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
			Changes in gene expression in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
			Changes in gene expression in the cingulate cortex
			Changes in gene expression in the premotor and primary motor cortices
			Changes in gene expression in the temporal cortex
			Changes in gene expression in the pre-visual cortex
			Summary of changed cortical gene expression in major depressive disorders
			From transcriptomics to a biology of major depressive disorders
			Conclusions
			Key facts
			Summary points
			References
		Chapter 10: FKBP5 gene expression as a biomarker for treatment outcome in depression
			Depression-A stress-related mental disorder
			Role of FKBP5 in stress response regulation and mood disorders
			FKBP5 gene expression and antidepressant treatment outcome
			FKBP5 as a promising antidepressant drug target
			Key facts and summary points
			Mini-dictionary of terms
			References
		Chapter 11: Neuroimaging a cytokine storm by transducing IL-1α to hippocampal cornu ammonis: COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2
			Introduction
			Main text
				The BRODERICK PROBE is a biomedical sensing device
				Oh! the fever! Distinguishing intense 5-HT/NE signals from IL-1a and the 5-HT/NE signals for adaptation by the atypical ant ...
				How we separated the mechanisms of stress from the mechanisms of depression! Two genetically distinct species were studied
				Norepinephrine/serotonergic mechanisms in the septohippocampal circuit
				Interleukins, memory, and the hippocampus
					To substantiate the physiological role of IL-1 in learning and memory
				The results
					IL-1α cytokine influence on the immune/hippocampal NE/5-HT septohippocampal circuit
				What were the differences?
			Nanobiotechnology model: The device and the circuits
			Key facts
			Summary points
			Mini-dictionary of terms
			References
			Further reading
		Chapter 12: Linking interleukin-6 and depression
			Introduction
			Interlinking interleukin-6 and depression
			Historical background
			Review of IL-6 function
			Preclinical studies
			Clinical studies of immune system disorders or immunoactive treatments
			Clinical studies of patients with MDD or other depressive disorders
			Clinical treatments involving blockade of IL-6 activity
			Mechanisms of interaction of IL-6 and depression
			Limitations
			Future areas of research
			Conclusion
			Key facts
			Summary points
			References
		Chapter 13: The role of inflammatory signaling in comorbid depression and epilepsy
			Introduction
			Inflammation in depression and epilepsy
				The cytokine hypothesis
				The activated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
				Gliosis
			The role of inflammation in epilepsy and depression comorbidity
				The cytokine hypothesis
				Hyperactivity of HPA axis
				Activated microglia and astrocytes
				Others
			Conclusions
			Key facts of inflammation in comorbid depression and epilepsy
			Summary points
			Mini-dictionary of terms
			References
		Chapter 14: Brain inflammasomes in depression
			Introduction
			Inflammasomes, structure-function relationship and role in brain diseases
			Major depressive disorders
			Linking depressive disorders to neuroinflammation
			Inflammasomes are key players in MDD
			Conclusion
			Key facts
			Summary points
			Mini-dictionary of terms
			References
		Chapter 15: Inflammatory factors and depression in substance use disorder
			Introduction
			Substance use disorder
				Definition
				Neurobiology
				Vulnerability
				Health consequences of substance use disorder
			Comorbidity: Substance use disorder and depression
				Primary and substance-induced depression
				Dopamine a link between substance use disorder and depression in the brain
			Inflammation in substance use disorder and depression
				NF-κB pathway and release of proinflammatory factors
				Inflammation in the periphery and neuroendocrine pathways
				Neuroinflammation and effects on neurotransmission
			Conclusions and identification of inflammatory biomarkers
			Key facts of substance use disorder
			Key facts of inflammation
			Summary points
			Mini-dictionary of terms
			References
		Chapter 16: Linking Huntington disease, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and depressive-like behaviors
			Huntingtons disease
				Motor dysfunction
				Cognitive alterations
				Neuropsychiatric features
			Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
			The role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in depression
			Alterations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling in HD
				Relationship between brain-derived neurotrophic factor and huntingtin
				BDNF deficits in HD animal models
				BDNF deficits in HD patients
			Depression in HD: A putative role for brain-derived neurotrophic factor
				Relationship between BDNF levels and depression in HD
				Protective effects of BDNF expression in HD mouse models
			Conclusions
			Key facts on Huntingtons disease
			Summary points
			Mini-dictionary of terms
			References
		Chapter 17: Depression and the NMDA receptor/NO/cGMP pathway
			Introduction
			The glutamatergic system and the l-arginine/NO/cGMP pathway
			NMDA receptor/NO/cGMP pathway as therapeutic target for depression
			NMDA receptor antagonists
				Broad glutamatergic modulators
				NR2B subunit NMDA-selective antagonist
			l-arginine/NO/cGMP pathway inhibitors
			Prospects and future directions
			Conclusion
			Key facts of antidepressants
			Summary points
			Mini-dictionary of terms
			References
		Chapter 18: Translocator protein (18kDa TSPO) binding in depression
			Introduction: The inflammatory theory of depression
			Postmortem studies and central markers of inflammation
			The translocator protein: A putative marker of neuroinflammation
			In vivo imaging of neuroinflammation in MDD: Initial findings, controversies, and clinical implications
			TSPO binding and cognitive functions in depression
			TSPO binding and response to psychotherapy
			Limitations and future directions
			Key facts of translocator protein (TSPO 18kDa)
			Key facts of inflammation and depression
			Summary points
			Mini-dictionary of terms
			References
		Chapter 19: Axonal transport proteins: What they are and how they relate to depressive behaviors
			What is axonal transport?
				Kinesin
				Dynein
			Axonal transport and brain function
				The mRNA and cytosolic proteins
				The neurotrophin distribution
				The vesicular transport
				Mitochondrial axonal transport
				Plasticity and synaptogenesis
				Axonal elongation
			Axonal transport proteins and neuroinflammation
			Axonal transport proteins and neurodegeneration
			Axonal transport proteins and depressive-like behavior
				Biogenic monoamines
				Genetic modulation
				Stress
				Environmental enrichment
				The neurodegenerative conditions
				Synaptic transmission
				Synaptogenesis
				Axonal guidance
				Neurogenesis
				Glucocorticoids and their receptors
			Conclusion
			Key facts
			Summary points
			Mini-dictionary of terms
			References
		Chapter 20: Molecular features of adenylyl cyclase isoforms and cAMP signaling: A link between adenylyl cyclase 7 and dep ...
			Introduction
			Overview of adenylyl cyclases
			cAMP signaling and depression
			Adenylyl cyclase 7
			Adenylyl cyclase 7 and depression
			Conclusions
			Key facts of cAMP signaling
			Key facts of AC7
			Summary points
			Mini-dictionary of terms
			References
		Chapter 21: Neurobiology of depression: The role of glycogen synthase kinase 3
			Introduction
			Posttranslational mechanisms regulating GSK3 activity
			GSK3β in mood disorders and depression
			GSK3 and experimental models of depression-like behaviors
			Role of GSK3 in regulating intrinsic excitability
			GSK3 and voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels
			GSK3 and accessory proteins of the voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channel complex
			GSK3 phosphorylation of the voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channel in experimental models of vulnerability to depression-like b ...
			GSK3 and voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels
			Functional implications of GSK-3-dependent Kv4.2 phosphorylation
			GSK3 and Kv channels in experimental models of depression-like behaviors
			Conclusions
			Key facts of GSK3
			Summary points
			Mini-dictionary of terms
			References
		Chapter 22: Sortilin/neurotensin receptor-3 and its derived peptides in depression
			Introduction
			How TREK-1 became a target in depression
			How sortilin was shown to be involved in depression
			Spadin and spadin analogs are selective fast-acting antidepressants
			Posttranslational products of NTSR3/sortilin as biomarkers
			The role of spadin as a link between obesity/diabetes and depression
			Conclusions
			Key facts
				Key facts of spadin
				Key facts of the complex TREK-1/sortilin/NTSR3
			Summary points
			Mini-dictionary of terms
			References
		Chapter 23: Implication of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling and its components in depression and neuropsychiatric disorders
			Introduction
			The canonical Wnt signaling pathway
			Noncanonical Wnt signaling pathway
			Wnt/Ca+2 pathway
			Wnt/PCP pathway
			Wnt/β-catenin signaling components in depression
			Disheveled
			GSK-3β
			Wnts
			Frizzled
			Crosstalk between neurogenesis and Wnt signaling in depression and psychiatric disorders
			Antidepressants utilize Wnt signaling and its components for the action
			Concluding remarks
			Key facts of Wnt signaling and depression
			Summary points
			Mini-dictionary of terms
			References
		Chapter 24: The prefrontal cortex in depression: Use of proteomics
			Introduction
			OMICS allowed a new insight into neuronal phenotype
			The basics of proteomic studies
			Proteomic studies in depression research
			Proteome changes in depression
			Limitations and perspectives
			Key facts of proteomics
			Summary points
			Mini-dictionary of terms
			References
	Part III: Neurological and imaging features
		Chapter 25: How brain single photon emission computed topography imaging informs the diagnosis and treatment of mood diso ...
			Introduction
			Imaging does not match the DSM, but can enhance it
			Brain SPECT imaging
			SPECT mood disorder literature
			Hypofrontality
			Hyperfrontality
			Overall decreased perfusion
			Brain trauma
			Cognitive disorders vs depression
			How SPECT changes clinical practice and may improve outcomes
			SPECT, mood disorders, and treatment response
			Key facts
			Key points
			Summary
			Mini-dictionary of terms
			References
		Chapter 26: Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) in bipolar and unipolar depression
			Introduction
			A framework for synthesizing rsfMRI results: Distributed functional networks
			Resting-state functional connectivity in unipolar depression
				Default mode network connectivity
					Subgenual cingulate (sgACC) connectivity
					DMN and SN connectivity
					DMN and FPC, dorsal/ventral attention connectivity
				Salience network functional connectivity
			Resting-state functional connectivity in bipolar depression
				Default mode network connectivity
				Salience network connectivity
				Somatomotor network connectivity
			Functional connectivity differences between unipolar and bipolar depression
			Challenges to interpretation of resting-state studies
			Future directions
			Key facts about unipolar and bipolar depression
			Summary points
			Mini-dictionary of terms
			References
		Chapter 27: Linking amygdala blood oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) activity and frontal EEG in depression
			Introduction
			Emotion regulation system
			Emotion regulation in depression
			Frontal EEG asymmetry and depression
			Linking amygdala BOLD activity and frontal EEG
			Amygdala real-time fMRI neurofeedback with simultaneous EEG
			EEG activity during the real-time fMRI neurofeedback procedure
			Frontal EEG asymmetry changes and depression severity
			EEG coherence enhancement and depression severity
			Correlations of amygdala BOLD activity and frontal EEG asymmetry
			Conclusion
			Key facts of amygdala and frontal EEG in depression
			Summary points
			Mini-dictionary of terms
			References
		Chapter 28: The rostromedial tegmental nucleus: Features and links with alcohol and depression
			Background
			RMTg: Characteristics, inputs, and outputs associated with alcohol and depression
				RMTg afferents: Alcohol and depression
				RMTg efferents: Alcohol and depression
			RMTg activity in alcohol consumption and depression
				RMTg activity and alcohol use
				RMTg activity and depression
			Role of the RMTg in alcohol withdrawal-induced negative affect
			Conclusion
			Key facts of comorbid alcohol use disorders and depression
			Summary points
			Mini-dictionary of terms
			References
		Chapter 29: Human serotonergic neurons, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) resistance and major depressive dis ...
			Introduction
			IPSC reprogramming
			Generating human serotonergic neurons
			Studying serotonergic neurotransmission in patient serotonergic neurons
			Studying serotonergic neurotransmission in patient cortical neurons
			Limitations in iPSC work
			Key facts of serotonergic neurons
			Key facts of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCS)
			Summary points
			Mini-dictionary of terms
			References
			Further reading
		Chapter 30: Role of nesfatin-1 in major depression
			Introduction
			Structure and distribution of NUCB protein family
			Molecular structure of nesfatin-1
			Distribution and effects of nesfatin-1
			Nesfatin-1 and psychiatric disorders
			Nesfatin-1 and depression
			Key facts of nesfatin-1
			Summary points
			Mini dictionary of terms
			References
		Chapter 31: Impact of NGF signaling on neuroplasticity during depression: Insights in neuroplasticity-dependent therapeut ...
			Introduction
			Changes in neuroplasticity during the pathophysiology of depression
				Neuronal plasticity: Growth and change in depression
			NGF and neuroplasticity: The evidence
			Role of NGF in the plasticity of hippocampal and basal forebrain cholinergic neurons
			NGF dysregulation in depression
			Clinical evidence
			Preclinical evidence
			NGF regulation in antidepressants treatment
			New perspectives for refining future treatment approaches: Neuroplasticity-dependent therapeutic approaches
			Concluding remarks
			Key facts of depression
			Summary points
			Mini-dictionary of terms
			References
		Chapter 32: Inherited depression and psychological disorders and mental illness by germ cells and their memory
			Introduction
			Psychiatric pathologies
			Depression and degradation of germ cells
			Genetic memory
			Do the same causes produce the same effects in humans?
			Wartime, depression, and germ cells
			Psychological and environmental factors and female-male germ cells-fertility
			Transmission of trauma via germ cells
			Reverse process
			Exercise, nutritional status, seasonal variations, and germ cells
			What is happening inside and beyond the uterus?
			Psychotherapy and sexual behavior
			Cognitive/physical activities and sexual behavior
			Relaxation and music/dance therapy
			Discussion
			Conclusion
			Key facts of human germ cells
			Summary points
			Mini-dictionary of terms
			References
	Part IV: Behaviour and psychopathological effects
		Chapter 33: Cognitive function and neurocognitive deficits in depression
			The ``hot´´ and ``cold´´ cognitive processes in depression
			Cognitive predictors of depression
				Hot cognition
				Cold cognition
				The ``trait´´ hypothesis
			Cognitive function associated with a depressive episode
				Hot cognition
				Cold cognition
				The ``state´´ hypothesis
			Cognitive function following depressive episode remission
				Hot cognition
				Cold cognition
				The ``scar´´ hypothesis
			Conclusion and future directions
			Key facts of cognitive functioning
			Summary points
			Mini-dictionary of Terms
			References
		Chapter 34: Cognitive and interpersonal contributors to relationship distress and depression: A review of the dyadic part ...
			Introduction
			An overview of the dyadic partner-schema model
				Partner-schemas are key contributors to ongoing cognitions and behaviors toward romantic partners
				Depressive behaviors occur within a dyadic context
				Dysfunctional dyadic interactions impact present and future relationship distress and depression
				There is a reciprocal relationship between distress and depression
				Self- and partner-schema structures become consolidated over time as a result of negative partner interactions
			Clinical implications of the dyadic partner-schema model
			Directions for future research
			Conclusion
			Key facts of schemas
			Summary points
			Mini-dictionary of terms
			References
		Chapter 35: Cognitive vulnerability to depression in adolescence
			Introduction
			Developmental antecedents to cognitive vulnerability to depression
			Childhood maltreatment and cognitive vulnerability to depression
			Peer victimization and cognitive vulnerability to depression
			Limitations of the research on early life influences of cognitive vulnerability to depression
			Neurobiological findings for early life adversities
			Neurobiological findings for cognitive vulnerability to depression
			Conclusion and future directions
			Key facts of cognitive vulnerability to depression
			Summary points
			Mini-dictionary of terms
			References
		Chapter 36: Determining the cognitive performance in the first episode of depression
			Introduction
			Cognitive dysfunction in MDD
			A brief history of cognitive dysfunction in MDD
			Impact of cognitive dysfunction in MDD
			Cognitive dysfunction in the first episode of MDD
				Previous research
				Recent approach
			Conclusions
			Key facts of cognitive dysfunction in the first episode of MDD
			Summary points
			Mini-dictionary of terms
			References
		Chapter 37: Body image and depression
			Introduction
			Tripartite model of body image
			Reciprocal shaping: Body image is shaped by interaction and body image shapes interaction
			Systems view: The neurological layers of embodiment
			Body image assessment
			Studies of the body image in patients with depression
			Discomfort in sensing the body
			Body memory contents of the depressed patients body image
			Body image quality and recovery from depression
			Addressing and accepting body image contents in the treatment of depression
			Dance movement therapy in the treatment of patients with depression
			Key facts-Summary points
			Mini-dictionary terms
			References
		Chapter 38: Sleep, anxiety, and depression
			Introduction
			Fundamentals of sleep
			Sleep architecture
				Insomnia
			Available treatments for insomnia
			Anxiety disorders
			Treatments for anxiety disorders
			Mechanisms of sleep, anxiety, and depression
			Conclusion
			Key facts
			Mini-dictionary of terms
			References
		Chapter 39: Depression, anxiety, and quality of life
			Introduction
			Measures of qualify of life
			Depression and quality of life
				MDD and bipolar depression
				MDD vs bipolar depression
				Depression comorbid with other psychiatric disorders
				Depression with medical conditions
			Effect of treatment for depression on quality of life
				Pharmacological treatments for MDD and bipolar depression
				Psychotherapy
				Antidepressant plus psychotherapy
				Electroconvulsive therapy
				Depression in medical conditions
			Anxiety and quality of life
				Generalized anxiety disorder
				Panic disorder
				Social anxiety disorder
				Anxiety with medical conditions
			Effect of treatment for anxiety on quality of life
				Pharmacological treatments
				Psychotherapy
				Anxiety in medical conditions
			Conclusions
			Summary points
			Key facts of depression, anxiety, and quality of life
			Mini-dictionary of terms
			References
		Chapter 40: Reward processing and depression: Current findings and future directions
			Introduction
			Theory linking reward processing and depression
			Reward processing and depression: A review of behavioral studies
			An ERP measure of reward processing
			Reward processing and depression: A review of ERP studies
			fMRI measurement of reward processing
			Reward processing and depression: A review of fMRI studies
			Life stress, reward processing, and depression
			Conclusion and future directions
			Key facts of reward learning
			Summary points
			Mini-dictionary of terms
			References
		Chapter 41: Sexual functioning in depression
			Introduction
			The problem statement: Sexual dysfunction in depressed individuals
			Pathophysiology of sexual dysfunction in depression
			Incidence and pathophysiology of TESD/antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction
			Impact of sexual dysfunction on depression
			Risk factors for developing sexual dysfunction during antidepressant therapy
			Assessment of sexual functioning in patients with depression
			Management of sexual dysfunctions in depression
			Conclusions
			Summary points
			Key facts
			References
	Part V: Diet, nutrition and botanicals
		Chapter 42: Linking dietary glycemic index and depression
			Introduction
			Carbohydrates and glycemic index
			Glycemic responses and depression
			Observational studies
			Clinical trials
			Possible mechanisms
			Conclusion
			Key facts of carbohydrates
			Summary points
			Mini-dictionary of terms
			References
		Chapter 43: Gut microbiota and depression
			Introduction
			Gut microbiota and brain communication
				Effect of stress and depression on gut microbiota
				Effect of gut microbiota on depressive disorder
				Effect of changes in gut microbiota on depression (animal studies)
				Association between gut microbiota and depression (human studies)
			The mechanisms of action
			Key facts
			Summary points
			Mini-dictionary of terms
			References
		Chapter 44: Linking dietary methyl donors, maternal separation, and depression
			Introduction
			Experimental models of depression based on stress in perinatal life
				Biological background
				Maternal separation and prenatal stress
				Epigenetic mechanisms in the context of depression
			Methyl donors and depression
				Folate
				Choline
				Betaine
				Vitamin B12
				Vitamin B6
			Mutations related to depression in genes of one-carbon metabolism
			Conclusion
			Key facts
			Summary points
			Mini-dictionary of terms
			References
		Chapter 45: Convolvulus pluricaulis usage and depression
			Introduction
			Pathology
				Monoamine transmission
				Neuroendocrine mechanism
				Inflammation
				Reduced neurogenesis and neuroplasticity
				KEAP1-NRF2 pathway
			Current synthetic treatment for depression
			Introduction to herbal medicines
				Convolvulus pluricaulis
			Scientific classification
			Description
			Pharmacological activities of C. pluricaulis
			Effect of C. pluricaulis extract (CPE) in the mouse forced swim and tail suspension tests
			Effect of C. pluricaulis extract (CPE) behavior induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress in rat
			Effect of C. pluricaulis against H2O2-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y human neuronal cells
			Effect of scopoletin, phytochemical constituent of C. pluricaulis in tail suspension tests
			Effect of Kaempferol, a phytochemical constituent of C. pluricaulis in TST and FST
			Conclusion
			Key facts
			Summary points
			Mini-dictionary of terms
			References
		Chapter 46: Antidepressant activity of Crocus sativus L. and its main constituents: A review
			Introduction
			Antidepressant activity of saffron
				Animal studies
				Clinical studies
			Antidepressant activity of saffron constituents and its bioactive fractions
				Crocin
					Animal studies
					Clinical studies
				Crocetin
				Safranal
				Kaempferol
			Bioactive fractions of C. sativus L.
			Conclusion
			Summary points
			Key facts
			Mini-dictionary of terms
			References
		Chapter 47: Mechanisms of action of herbal antidepressants
			Introduction
			Herbal antidepressants
				Asparagus racemosus (Satawari)
				Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi)
				Berberis aristata (Indian Barberry)
				Camellia sinensis (Tea plant)
				Cimicifuga racemosa L. (Black Cohosh)
				Crocus sativus (Saffron)
				Curcuma longa (Turmeric)
				Epimedium brevicornum (Bishop´s hat)
				Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgo)
				Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Licorice)
				Hordeum vulgare L. (Barley)
				Hypericum perforatum (St. Johns Wort)
				Magnolia officinalis (Magnolia bark)
				Mitragyna speciosa (Kratom)
				Morinda officinalis (Indian mulberry)
				Paeonia lactiflora Pall (Garden peony)
				Polygalasa bulosa (Timutu-pinheirinho)
				Rhodiola rosea (Roseroot)
				Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Rosemary)
				Schinus molle (Peruvian pepper)
				Siphocampylus verticillatus (Siphocampylus)
				Tabebuia avellanedae (Pink Tabebuia)
				Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi)
				Zingiber officinale (Ginger)
			Conclusion
			Key facts
			Summary points
			Mini-dictionary of terms
			References
		Chapter 48: Antidepressant-like effects and mechanisms of the herbal formula Xiaochaihutang in depression
			Introduction
			Effects of XCHT on depressive animal models
				Effects of XCHT on CUMS rats
				Effects of XCHT on CSIS mice
				Effects of XCHT on CORT mice
				Effects of XCHT on OVX-CUMS mice
			Antidepressant mechanisms of XCHT
				Neurotransmitter
				Neurotrophic factors
				Neurogenesis
				Neuroendocrine
			Conclusion
			Key facts
			Summary points
			Mini-dictionary of terms
			References
	Part VI: Resources
		Chapter 49: Recommended resources on the neuroscience of depression: Genetics, cell biology, neurology, behavior, and diet
			Introduction
			Resources
			Summary points
			Mini-dictionary of terms
			Key facts
			References
		Index
	Back Cover