The Moss Physcomitrella patens (Annual Plant Reviews, Volume 36)

ANNUAL PLANT REVIEWS VOLUME 36......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 9
Contributors......Page 12
Preface......Page 15
Glossary......Page 17
1.1 Introduction to Physcomitrella......Page 21
1.2 The position of P. patens on the Tree of Life......Page 22
1.3 Relationships within the mosses......Page 24
1.4 Evolution and ecology of the mosses......Page 26
1.5 General implications for evolutionary processes in mosses......Page 32
2 The Genetic Basis of Natural Variation in Bryophyte Model Systems......Page 36
2.2 Genetic variation among bryophyte populations......Page 37
2.3 Mapping genes underlying natural variants......Page 46
2.4 Assigning genes to phenotypes......Page 52
3.1 Introduction......Page 62
3.2 A short history of P. patens genomics......Page 67
3.3 Features of the P. patens nuclear genome......Page 72
3.4 Comparisons with seed plants and algae......Page 80
3.5 Computational resources for P. patens......Page 86
3.6 Conclusions and outlook......Page 87
4.1 Introduction......Page 96
4.2 Gene targeting in eukaryotes......Page 97
4.3 Gene targeting in P. patens: practical aspects......Page 101
4.4 Targeted gene replacement versus targeted insertion......Page 116
4.5 Mechanisms of gene targeting......Page 118
4.6 Unanswered questions and future prospects......Page 125
5.1 Introduction to small RNAs......Page 133
5.2 Classes of small silencing RNAs......Page 134
5.3 Expression of P. patens small RNAs......Page 138
5.4 Biogenesis of P. patens small RNAs: Dicers, Slicers and other utensils......Page 147
5.5 Targets of P. patens small RNAs......Page 150
5.6 Evolution of plant miRNAs......Page 153
5.7 Conclusions......Page 157
6.1 Introduction......Page 163
6.2 Morphology and structure of a tip cell......Page 164
6.3 Environmental signals affecting polar cell elongation......Page 167
6.4 Cellular structural components involved in polar cell elongation......Page 169
7 Gametangia Development in the Moss Physcomitrella patens......Page 187
7.1 Introduction......Page 188
7.2 Development of the gametangia......Page 189
7.4 Gene-trap lines with GUS expression in the gametangia......Page 191
7.5 Future prospects......Page 193
8 Chloroplasts......Page 218
8.1 Chloroplasts of Physcomitrella patens......Page 219
8.2 Plastid DNA......Page 221
8.3 Transcription of plastid genes by two plastid RNA polymerases PEP and NEP......Page 225
8.4 Rhythmic expression of the plastid Psbd gene......Page 230
8.5 Post-transcriptional regulation in plastids......Page 232
8.6 Plastid transformation......Page 234
8.7 Chloroplast import......Page 235
8.8 Plastid division......Page 236
8.9 Chloroplast movement......Page 238
9.1 Introduction......Page 247
9.2 Carbon and energy allocation......Page 249
9.3 Sucrose metabolism and transport......Page 253
9.4 Hexose metabolism and transport......Page 257
9.5 Energy homeostasis and Snf1-related kinases......Page 263
9.6 Conclusions......Page 275
9.7 Technical note on database searches and tree construction......Page 276
10 Hormonal Regulation of Development by Auxin and Cytokinin in Moss......Page 282
10.1 Major plant hormone routes are established in bryophytes......Page 283
10.2 Auxin......Page 285
10.3 Cytokinin......Page 292
10.4 Auxin and cytokinin interaction......Page 305
10.5 Other growth regulating substances......Page 306
11 The Role of Abscisic Acid in Stress Tolerance......Page 318
11.1 Introduction......Page 319
11.2 Tolerance of P. patens to abiotic stresses and the effects of ABA......Page 322
11.3 Physiological and morphological changes during the establishment of tolerance......Page 323
11.4 Expression of stress-related genes......Page 324
11.5 Global responses to stress at the transcription level......Page 327
11.6 The ABA-signalling pathway......Page 328
11.7 Conclusions......Page 329
12 Pathogenesis in Mosses......Page 334
12.1 Introduction......Page 335
12.2 Recent advances in molecular plant pathology......Page 336
12.3 Experimental advantages of P. patens......Page 340
12.4 Developing a P. patens pathosystem......Page 344
12.5 Responses of P. patens to infection......Page 354
12.6 Selecting P. patens genes for functional studies of disease......Page 357
12.7 Future directions and opportunities......Page 359
Index......Page 375
Color plates (between pages 174 and 175)......Page 195