The Monkeys of Stormy Mountain: 60 Years of Primatological Research on the Japanese Macaques of Arashiyama

Cambridge Studies in Biological and Evolutionary Anthropology 61......Page 2
The Monkeys of Stormy Mountain......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Dedication......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Contributors......Page 11
Foreword......Page 13
Preface......Page 16
Introduction......Page 20
Part I Historical perspectives......Page 30
 A brief historical timeline of research on the Arashiyama macaques......Page 32
  1.1 Arashiyama troops in Japan......Page 37
  1.2 Arashiyama West troop in Texas......Page 39
  1.3 The Montréal troop......Page 45
  References......Page 46
  2.1 My first encounter with monkeys......Page 47
  2.2 The beginning......Page 48
  2.3 Reunion day......Page 49
  2.4 The research station burns down......Page 50
  The article was originally published as:......Page 52
  3.1 Early stages of provisioning and a change in the home range......Page 53
  3.2 Change in population size......Page 54
  3.3 Personality......Page 55
  3.4 Life history of a solitary male......Page 57
  3.5 Culture......Page 58
  3.6 Artificial feeding of wild boars......Page 59
  References......Page 60
  4.1 My first encounter......Page 61
  4.2 Family lineages and troop fission......Page 63
  4.3 The Biriken family moves west......Page 64
  4.4 Various happenings at Arashiyama (B troop)......Page 66
  4.5 The birth of C troop: a second fission......Page 67
  4.6 Mothers and daughters......Page 68
  References to footnotes......Page 69
 5 Fifty years of female Japanese macaque demography at Arashiyama, with special reference to long-lived females (> 25 years)......Page 70
  5.2 Materials and methods......Page 71
   5.3.1 Age-specific fecundity and age at first birth......Page 74
   5.3.2 Interbirth interval......Page 77
   5.3.4 Total number of offspring......Page 79
   5.3.5 Age at death......Page 80
   5.3.6 Characteristics of long-lived females (> 25 years)......Page 81
   5.3.7 A brief note on rank......Page 83
  Acknowledgements......Page 84
  References......Page 85
Part II Sexual behaviour......Page 88
  6.1 Introduction......Page 90
  6.2 Background and methods......Page 92
   6.3.1 Male age, rank and mating partners......Page 93
   6.3.2 Female age and mating partners......Page 96
   6.3.3 Lineage-specific mating......Page 98
   6.3.4 Re-copulating rates......Page 99
   6.4.1 Mating preferences of Japanese macaques......Page 100
   6.4.2 How long do mating relations or partner preferences persist?......Page 101
  References......Page 103
 7 Correlates between ovarian cycle phase and mating season behaviour in female Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)......Page 106
  7.1 Introduction......Page 107
  7.2 Study objectives......Page 109
   7.3.3 Sample extraction and analysis......Page 110
   7.3.4 Interpretation of hormonal data......Page 111
   7.3.5 Behavioural analysis......Page 112
   7.4.2 Sexual behaviour......Page 115
   7.4.3 Post-conceptive sexual behaviour......Page 116
   7.4.4 Same-sex sexual behaviour......Page 118
    Inter-sexual aggression......Page 119
    Intra-sexual aggression......Page 120
   7.5.1 Hormone profiles......Page 121
   7.5.2 Sexual behaviour......Page 122
   7.5.3 Post-conceptive sexual behaviour......Page 123
   7.5.5 Non-sexual behaviour......Page 124
   7.5.6 Aggressive behaviour......Page 125
  7.6 Conclusions......Page 126
  References......Page 127
  8.1 Introduction......Page 131
   8.2.1 Study population......Page 132
   8.2.2 Data collection......Page 133
    Male spatial distribution......Page 134
    Affiliative behaviour......Page 135
    Male mating frequency......Page 136
  8.3 Results......Page 137
  8.4 Discussion......Page 138
  Acknowledgements......Page 145
  References......Page 146
 9 Costs and benefits of old age reproduction in the Arashiyama West female Japanese macaques......Page 150
  9.1 Introduction......Page 151
  9.2 Post-reproductive female Japanese monkeys compared with menopausal women......Page 152
  9.3 The evolution of menopause in humans and reproductive termination in Japanese monkeys......Page 154
  9.4 How common are post-reproductive grandmother Japanese macaques?......Page 158
  9.5 The value of mothers......Page 159
  9.7 Costs of old age reproduction......Page 161
  9.8 Closing comments......Page 165
  References......Page 166
  10.1 Introduction......Page 172
  10.2 Courtship behaviour......Page 177
  10.3 Genital stimulation......Page 179
  10.4 Mount postures and pelvic movement......Page 183
  10.5 Discussion......Page 184
  References......Page 187
   10 Box.2 Methods......Page 192
    10 Box.3.1 Overview of male homosexual series mounting......Page 193
    10 Box.3.3 Responses by third-party individuals......Page 195
    10 Box.3.4 Temporary ‘consort’ relations......Page 196
    10 Box.3.5 Prepubescent males in ‘oestrus’......Page 197
     Biased sex ratio......Page 198
     Effect of early experiences during development......Page 199
     Dominance demonstration......Page 200
     Inhibition of competitor’s reproduction......Page 201
   10 Box.5 Is male homosexual behaviour in Japanese macaques so special or abnormal?......Page 202
   References......Page 203
  11.1 Introduction......Page 205
  11.2 Mounting in juvenile Japanese macaques......Page 207
  11.3 Juvenile male–male mounting and social play at Arashiyama......Page 211
  11.4 Developmental and motivational aspects of juvenile male–male mounting......Page 213
  11.5 Juvenile male–male mounting and population-wide, non-conceptive mounting patterns......Page 216
  Acknowledgements......Page 219
  References......Page 220
 12 Male masturbation behaviour of Japanese macaques in the Arashiyama E troop......Page 223
  12.1 Introduction......Page 224
   12.2.1 Study group......Page 226
   12.2.3 Data analysis......Page 227
   12.3.2 Hand preference......Page 228
   12.3.3 Contexts in which males masturbated with ejaculation......Page 229
   12.3.4 Ejaculation via copulation and ejaculation via masturbation......Page 230
   12.4.1 Frequency and duration of masturbation behaviour......Page 233
   12.4.2 Manual laterality......Page 234
   12.4.4 Do males masturbate when they have less chance to copulate?......Page 235
   12.4.5 Masturbation and reproduction......Page 236
  References......Page 237
Part III Cultural behaviour, social interactions and ecology......Page 240
 13 Thirty years of stone handling tradition in Arashiyama-Kyoto macaques: implications for cumulative culture and tool use in non-human primates......Page 242
  13.1 Animal cumulative culture: a debated topic......Page 243
  13.2 Stone handling as a behaviour: structural and functional aspects......Page 245
  13.3 Stone handling as a tradition: inter-group variation, social transmission and long-term maintenance......Page 252
  13.4 What makes the Arashiyama-Kyoto troop ‘special’ for the study of the SH tradition?......Page 254
   13.5.1 Describing and explaining the origins of SH at Arashiyama......Page 259
   13.5.2 Analysing the diffusion of SH at Arashiyama......Page 260
    Transmission phase......Page 261
    Tradition phase......Page 262
   13.6.1 Gradual increase in the size and complexity of the SH repertoire......Page 263
   13.6.2 Diversification of the contexts of SH practice......Page 265
   13.6.3 Role of SH artefacts in the maintenance of the SH tradition......Page 266
   13.7.1 Maintenance of a selectively neutral tradition......Page 268
   13.7.2 SH as an exaptive tradition?......Page 269
  13.8 Conclusion and future directions......Page 270
  References......Page 271
 14 Social object play among juvenile Japanese macaques: Comparison between the provisioned Arashiyama-Kyoto troop and the non......Page 277
  14.2 Study 1: SOP in Arashiyama-Kyoto juvenile macaques......Page 278
   14.2.1 Observation 1: SOP between two juveniles in Arashiyama......Page 280
   14.2.2 Methods of Study 1......Page 281
    Objects held by immatures during long SOP......Page 282
    Interactive features of SOP......Page 283
   14.2.4 Discussion of Study 1......Page 284
  14.3 Study 2: Comparison of SOP between a provisioned and a non-provisioned troop......Page 287
   14.3.1 A model explaining differences in the dissemination of PCT between troops......Page 288
   14.3.2 Methods of Study 2......Page 289
    SOP bouts and PCT in both troops......Page 291
    Food items and objects held in SOP bouts......Page 292
    Test of predictions......Page 294
    Food provisioning and dissemination of PCT......Page 297
    Is PCT a behavioural tradition?......Page 298
  Acknowledgements......Page 299
  References......Page 300
   14 Box 1.1 Introduction......Page 303
   14 Box 1.2 Play fighting in macaques......Page 304
   14 Box 1.3 Macaque social systems......Page 306
   14 Box 1.4 Sex rears its head......Page 308
   References......Page 309
   14 Box 2.1 Introduction......Page 312
    14 Box 2.2.2 Sampling and data collection......Page 313
   14 Box 2.3 Results......Page 314
   14 Box 2.4 Cheating as a cognitive indicator......Page 315
   14 Box 2.5 Discussion......Page 317
   References......Page 320
 15 Behavioural sequences involved in grooming interactions in adult female Japanese macaques: How do participants change roles......Page 322
  15.1 Introduction......Page 323
   15.2.1 Data collection......Page 325
   15.2.2 Social rank among group members......Page 326
   15.3.2 Frequency of each type of grooming event......Page 327
   15.3.3 Number of bouts and duration of grooming episodes......Page 330
   15.3.4 Frequency of transition between grooming events......Page 331
  15.4 Discussion......Page 333
  References......Page 336
   15 Box 1 Evolutionary significance of animal innovation......Page 341
   15 Box 2  Tool-use innovations in non-human primates......Page 342
   15 Box 4 Determinants of the dental flossing innovation......Page 343
   15 Box 5 A scenario for the emergence of new dental-flossing variants......Page 346
   References......Page 347
 16 The impact of kinship, defence cost and priority of access on food competition......Page 350
  16.1 Introduction......Page 351
  16.2 Hamilton’s classic rule and the deployment of altruism among kin......Page 352
  16.3 The distribution of nepotism and its confounding factors......Page 353
  16.4 The value of kin selection in the understanding of nepotism......Page 355
  16.5 Experiment 1: Effect of matrilineal kinship on passive food sharing......Page 356
  16.6 Experiment 2: Passive food sharing: a singular case of altruistic behaviour......Page 359
  16.7 Priority of access as an alternative strategy......Page 361
  16.8 Experiment 3: Impact of priority of access on food competition......Page 362
  16.9 Impact of dominance despotism on priority of access......Page 364
  16.10 Conclusion......Page 367
  Acknowledgements......Page 369
  References......Page 370
 17 Plant-food diet of the Arashiyama-Kyoto Japanese macaques and its potential medicinal value......Page 375
  17.1 Studies on feeding ecology at Arashiyama......Page 376
  17.2 Bioactivities in the diet and their potential importance for health maintenance......Page 377
  References......Page 427
Part IV Management and education......Page 452
  18.1 Introduction......Page 454
    Suppression of menstrual cyclicity by MPA......Page 456
    Contraceptive efficacy and sexual behaviour with a low dose of MPA......Page 459
    Copulatory behaviour and fecundity rate......Page 461
    Contraceptive efficacy and sexual behaviour with a high dose of MPA......Page 463
   18.2.2 Chrolmadinon acetate (CMA)......Page 464
    Oral administration of CMA......Page 465
  References......Page 469
 19 Importance of the Arashiyama-Kyoto Japanese macaques in science and environmental education......Page 472
  19.1 Iwatayama Monkey Park, Arashiyama, as a field site for education......Page 473
   19.2.1 ‘Achievement crisis’ in Japanese education......Page 474
   19.2.2 Poverty of life sciences content in the Japanese science curriculum and achievement......Page 475
   19.2.3 Children’s disinterest in and dislike of science in Japan......Page 476
  19.3 Teaching primatology in science education......Page 478
  19.4 Benefits of Arashiyama as a field site for science education......Page 479
   19.5.1 The 2007 field course......Page 480
   19.5.2 The 2008 field course......Page 481
    Pre-field course lecture......Page 483
    Field course: Day 2......Page 484
  19.6 Changes in students’ attitudes towards science through the field course......Page 485
  19.7 Educational value of individual identification and focal animal following......Page 486
  References......Page 487
Appendix: Bibliography of publications on the Arashiyama macaques......Page 489
Index......Page 514