The Microbiome and the Brain

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Editor
List of Contributors
Introduction
Chapter 1: Assessing the Microbiome—Current and Future Technologies and Applications
	Methods for Sequencing the Microbiome
		16S rRNA Sequencing
		Shotgun Metagenomic Sequencing
	Generating Data from Samples
	Common Descriptive Analysis Techniques for Microbiome Data
		Diversity Analysis
		Relative Abundance Plots
	Functional Genomics
	Critical Appraisal of Microbiome Data
		Simple, Community-Level Analyses—16S rRNA Sequencing
		Detailed Metagenomic Analyses—Shotgun Metagenomic Sequencing
	References
Chapter 2: The Microbiome – Role in Personalized Medicine
	Introduction
	The Microbiome and Its Impact on Cellular Modulation
	The Uniqueness of the Microbiome-Brain Connection
	Influence of the Microbiome on Immunometabolism
	Taking it Personally: Dynamic Human Exposure and the Microbiome
	Precision Personalized Medicine from the Microbiome
	Notes
Chapter 3: Immune Response to Microbial Toxins in Inflammatory and Neurodegenerative Disorders
	Introduction
	The Role of Bacterial Toxins in Inflammatory and Autoimmune Disorders
		Bacterial Toxins Breaking the Gut and Blood–Brain Barriers
		The Role of LPS in the Breakdown of the Blood–Brain Barrier and the Induction of Pathology in the CNS
		Correlation of Intestinal Bacterial LPS Antibody with Occludin/Zonulin, S100B and Aquaporin 4
		Association of Gram-Negative Bacterial Molecules (LPS, BCdT) with Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)
		Circulating Antibodies against Bacterial Toxins May Become Pathogenic in the Context of BBB Breakdown
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4: The Microbiome—Its Role in Neuroinflammation: The Autism Spectrum Disorder Paradigm
	Cross Communication between Brain and Gastrointestinal System: The Gut–Brain Axis
	Combined Gut and Blood–Brain Barriers Defects
	ASD as a Prototypical Example of Gut–Brain Axis Dysfunction
	CONCLUSION
	References
Chapter 5: Nutrition and the Microbiome—Implications for Autism Spectrum Disorder
	Introduction
	ASD and Microbiota
	ASD and Microbial Metabolites
	Gastrointestinal Symptoms and ASD
	Nutritional Challenges in Children with ASD
	Influence of Diet on Microbiota Composition
	Interventions Targeting the Microbiota in ASD to Manage Symptoms
	Potential Role of Nutrition in the Microbiota-to-Brain Communication in ASD
	Conclusions and Future Directions
	References
Chapter 6: Alzheimer’s Disease, the Microbiome, and 21st Century Medicine
	Looking Forward
	References
Chapter 7: Microbial Involvement in Alzheimer’s Disease
	Introduction: AD and Human Microbiome
	Gut Microbiota and Alzheimer’s
	Impaired Microbiota and Alzheimer’s
	Human microbiome and risk factors of AD
	Targeting Gut Microbiota for AD Interventions
	Future Directions
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 8: The Role of the Microbiome in Mood
	INTRODUCTION
		The Gut and its Microbiota
		Brain-Gut Microbiota Axis
		Brain-Gut Microbiota Signaling Pathways and Molecules
			Signaling Pathways
			Molecules
		Influence of Environmental Factors on the Brain-Gut Microbiota Axis in Health
			Infections and Antibiotics
			Prebiotics and Probiotics
			Diet and Exercise
			Early Life Adversity and Stress
			Sex Differences
		The Role of Gut Microbiota Related to Anxiety and Depression
			Depression
			Anxiety
		BGMA-based Treatment in Mood Disorders: Beyond Probiotics
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 9: The Microbiome in Multiple Sclerosis\\
	Introduction
	The Epidemiology and Importance of MS
		The MS Disease Courses and Trajectories
		Summary Comments on Major Unmet Needs in MS
	The Microbiome and Multiple Sclerosis: Evidence from Animal Models
	Circumstantial or Indirect Evidence Suggesting a Role of the Gut Microbiome in Multiple Sclerosis
	Does the Gut Microbiota Differ between Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis and Controls?
		Comment on Study Design
		Summary Remarks
	What Are They Doing? Exploring the Functional Capacity of the Gut Microbiome
	Is the gut microbiota associated with subsequent multiple sclerosis activity?
	Beyond the Gut Bacteria
	Manipulating the Multiple Sclerosis Microbiome
	What’s Next for Multiple Sclerosis and the Gut Microbiome?
	References
Chapter 10: Bacteriophage Involvement in Neurodegenerative Diseases
	Introduction
	Bacteriophages and Neurodegeneration
		Bacteriophages, Eukaryotic Cells, and Autoimmunity
		Bacteriophages and Protein Misfolding
		Neurodegeneration and Phage-Induced Microbiota Disease
		Bacteriophages and Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMPs)
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 11: The Role of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Neurological Diseases
	Introduction
		Enteric Virome
		Gut Mycobiome
		Archaea
		Gut Bacteria
			How Do Bacteria Influence Human Behavior?
		Microvesicles
		Neuronal Interaction
		Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Issues
			Experimental
		Clinical Use of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Neurological Disorders
			The Gut
			Effects of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation on Hepatic Encephalopathy
			Effects of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation on Epilepsy
	Conclusions
	Notes
	Bibliography
Chapter 12: Lifestyle Influences on the Microbiome
	Introduction
	Dietary Patterns and the Gut Microbiome
	Gut Microbial Food Networks
	Human Paradoxes
	Dietary Alteration of Gut Microbial Metabolism
	D-Lactic Acidosis
	Hyperammonemia
	Gut Fermentation: Fructose, Fructans, and Irritable Bowel Syndrome
	Minor Dietary Components and the Gut Microbiome
	Effects of Exercise on the Gut Microbiome
	How Stress and Inflammation Impact the Gut Microbiome
	Substance Use and the Microbiome
		Alcohol
		Tobacco
		Medications
	Conclusion
	Notes
Index