The Metal-Rich Universe

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 11
Preface......Page 19
Part I Abundances in the Galaxy: field stars......Page 21
1 Introduction......Page 23
2 A brief history of supermetallicity......Page 25
2.1 Supermetallicity and stellar evolution......Page 26
3 Supermetallicity in stellar populations......Page 27
4 The Galactic bulge......Page 30
4.1 New directions......Page 32
References......Page 34
1 Introduction......Page 37
2 The metallicity of stars with planets......Page 38
2.1 The origin of the high metallicity......Page 39
2.2 Implications for the models......Page 40
3 The situation for other elements......Page 41
4.1 Hints of pollution?......Page 43
5 Metallicity and orbital parameters......Page 45
6.1 Stars with low-mass planets......Page 46
7 Concluding remarks......Page 47
References......Page 48
1 Introduction......Page 50
2 Data and analysis......Page 52
3 Results and discussion......Page 53
References......Page 54
1 Introduction......Page 56
2 Data and analysis......Page 57
3 Results and discussion......Page 58
4 Concluding remarks......Page 59
References......Page 60
1 Introduction......Page 61
2 How to define a thick-disk star – selecting stars for spectroscopy......Page 62
2.3 Reddy et al. (2003, 2006)......Page 63
3 The abundance trends in the thick and thin disks......Page 64
3.1 Vertical structures......Page 65
3.2 How metal-rich can the thick disk be?......Page 66
4 Ages......Page 68
5 Discussion......Page 69
6 Summary......Page 70
References......Page 71
1 Introduction......Page 73
2 Nearby OB stars......Page 75
4 Galactic abundance gradients – the metal-rich end......Page 77
5 Concluding remarks......Page 79
References......Page 81
1 Introduction......Page 82
2 Observations, abundance analysis, and age determinations......Page 83
3 Results and discussion......Page 84
3.4 A recent merger?......Page 86
References......Page 87
1 Introduction......Page 89
2 Sample selection......Page 90
3 Results......Page 91
4 Discussion and conclusion......Page 93
References......Page 94
Part II Abundances in the Galaxy: Galactic stars in clusters, bulges and the centre......Page 95
1 Introduction......Page 97
2 On the existence of metal-rich clusters......Page 98
3 Properties of metal-rich clusters......Page 99
4 Comparison with other populations......Page 101
5 Planet searches......Page 103
6 Lithium and mixing in Solar-type stars......Page 104
7 Concluding remarks......Page 105
References......Page 107
1 Introduction: the BOCCE project......Page 108
2 Data and results......Page 109
References......Page 113
1 Introduction......Page 114
2 Do stellar and nebular abundances agree?......Page 116
3 Massive stars and nebular abundances in Orion nebula......Page 117
4 Results and discussion in the context of the metal-rich Universe......Page 118
References......Page 119
1 Introduction......Page 120
2 Data sources......Page 121
3 The hydrostatic alpha-elements: oxygen and magnesium......Page 123
4 The explosive alpha-elements: silicon, calcium, and titanium......Page 127
6 Concluding remarks......Page 130
References......Page 131
1 Introduction......Page 132
2 Improved observations and models......Page 133
3 The Quintuplet cluster......Page 135
3.1 The “Pistol Star” and star #362......Page 136
4 The Arches cluster......Page 137
4.1 Metallicity studies......Page 138
5.1 IRS 8: an outsider in the GC......Page 140
References......Page 144
1 Introduction......Page 146
3.1 Determination of the stellar parameters......Page 147
4.2 Abundances of O, Na, Mg and Al......Page 148
4.3 Nucleosynthesis of the bulge......Page 149
References......Page 151
1 Introduction......Page 152
2 Sample and data analysis......Page 153
3 Results and discussion......Page 154
References......Page 157
Part III Observations – abundances in extragalactic contexts......Page 159
1 Introduction......Page 161
2.1 Abundances from colour–magnitude diagrams......Page 163
2.2 Abundances from planetary nebulae......Page 166
3.1 Stellar-population models......Page 167
3.2 Stellar-population analyses......Page 168
4 Summary......Page 171
References......Page 172
1.1 Motivations......Page 175
2 Difficulties at high metallicity......Page 177
2.1 Caveat 1: assumptions on the temperature structure of ionized nebulae......Page 178
3 Strong-line methods......Page 179
3.1 Empirical calibrations from deep spectroscopy of extragalactic H ii regions......Page 180
3.2 Implications of the recent empirical results......Page 181
3.4 Caveat 2: temperature gradients......Page 182
4 Seeking independence from the temperature dependence: metal recombination lines......Page 183
References......Page 185
1 Motivation......Page 188
2.1 Some words of caution......Page 189
2.2 Our approach......Page 190
3 Results and discussion......Page 191
References......Page 192
1 Introduction......Page 193
3 The local star-forming galaxies......Page 194
4 The more-distant starbursts......Page 195
5 Measuring heavy-element abundances from ionised gas......Page 196
6 The luminosity–metallicity relation......Page 197
7 Cosmological context......Page 199
8.1 The mixing timescales......Page 200
8.2.1 Observations......Page 201
8.2.2 Interpretations......Page 202
8.3 Which galaxies enrich?......Page 203
References......Page 204
1 Introduction......Page 206
2.1 Metallicities from absorption lines......Page 208
3 Star-forming galaxies......Page 210
3.1 Metallicities of star-forming galaxies at z~2......Page 211
4 Damped Lyman-alpha systems......Page 214
5 Concluding remarks......Page 216
References......Page 217
1 Introduction......Page 219
2 Damped Lyman-alpha absorption-line abundances of Si ii, Oi, Ni, Cii, Zn ii, and Cr ii......Page 220
3 Gamma-ray-burst afterglow scaling, dust, and element abundances......Page 222
References......Page 224
1 Introduction......Page 225
2 Are DLA abundances biased due to dust obscuration?......Page 226
3.1 Diffuse interstellar bands......Page 228
3.2 Metal-strong DLAs in the SDSS......Page 229
References......Page 230
1 An overview of JWST......Page 232
MIRI......Page 234
Individual stars in the Local Group......Page 235
Galaxies at intermediate redshift......Page 237
Galaxies at high redshift......Page 239
References......Page 242
Part IV Stellar populations and mass functions......Page 245
1 Introduction......Page 247
2.1 The Jeans-mass argument......Page 249
2.2 The self-limitation argument......Page 250
3.1 The local stellar sample......Page 251
3.2 The mass–luminosity relation......Page 254
3.4 The standard Galactic-field IMF......Page 256
3.6 Massive stars seldom come alone......Page 257
4.1 Young clusters......Page 258
4.3 Massive stars in clusters......Page 259
4.4 A highly abnormal ‘IMF’ in the ONC......Page 260
5 Evidence for variation of the IMF......Page 261
5.1 Back to the ‘Scalo versus Massey discrepancy’......Page 262
5.2 An example: the Galactic central region......Page 263
5.4 Composite populations......Page 264
References......Page 266
1 Introduction......Page 269
3 Results......Page 270
4 Comparison with observations......Page 272
References......Page 273
1 Introduction......Page 275
3 Results and discussion......Page 276
References......Page 279
1 Introduction......Page 281
2 Metallicity distributions......Page 282
3 Scaling relations – central indices......Page 284
4 Spatial distribution......Page 285
5 High redshift......Page 287
References......Page 288
1 Introduction......Page 290
3 Results and discussion......Page 291
Acknowledgments......Page 294
References......Page 295
1 Introduction......Page 296
2 The distribution of Wolf–Rayet subtypes in the Milky Way and Magellanic Clouds......Page 298
3 Wolf–Rayet populations in M31, Mࠀ㌀ 愀渀搀 戀攀礀漀渀......Page 299
4 Why late WC stars at high metallicity?......Page 301
5 Ionizing fluxes......Page 304
References......Page 305
1 Introduction......Page 308
3 Stellar-population synthesis......Page 309
4 The statistics of massive O stars and Wolf–Rayet stars......Page 310
5 Concluding remarks and future work......Page 311
References......Page 312
Part V Physical processes at high metallicity......Page 313
1 Introduction......Page 315
2 Radiation-driven winds: theoretical predictions......Page 316
The wind-momentum–luminosity relation......Page 317
Predictions from hydrodynamical models......Page 318
3 Results derived observationsfrom......Page 319
Beyond the Local Group......Page 321
4 The impact of wind-clumping......Page 323
References......Page 325
1 Introduction: derivation of stellar physical parameters......Page 328
2 The ionization equilibrium of Fe from a theoretical viewpoint......Page 329
3 The validity of the hypothesis of LTE questioned from the observational side......Page 331
4.1 A validity check of LTE on Hyades G dwarfs......Page 333
4.2 On the metallicity of the Hyades cluster......Page 336
5 Evolution of surface-polluted stars and age determination......Page 337
References......Page 339
1 Potsdam Wolf–Rayet hydrodynamic model atmospheres......Page 341
3 Hydrodynamic atmosphere models for WNL stars......Page 342
4 WNL stars at various metallicities......Page 343
References......Page 345
1 Introduction......Page 347
2 The model......Page 349
3 Results......Page 350
References......Page 351
1 Introduction......Page 352
3 Stellar parameters and elemental abundances......Page 353
4 Results and discussion......Page 356
References......Page 357
Part VI Formation and evolution of metal-rich stars and stellar yields......Page 359
1 General effects of metallicity on the evolution of stars......Page 361
1.2 The κ-effect......Page 362
1.3 The μ-effect......Page 363
1.4 The εnuc-effect......Page 364
1.5 The effect of M......Page 366
1.6 The effects of rotation......Page 367
2 Massive-star populations in high-metallicity regions......Page 368
3 Massive-star nucleosynthesis in high-metallicity regions......Page 370
References......Page 373
37 Supernovae in Galactic evolution: direct and indirect metallicity effects......Page 374
1 Stellar evolution and explosive end stages......Page 375
2 Type-Ia supernovae......Page 376
3 Core-collapse supernovae......Page 379
4.1 Supernova rates......Page 383
4.4 Indirect metallicity effects......Page 385
4.7 Elements Sr, Y, and Zr......Page 386
References......Page 387
1 Introduction......Page 389
2.1 The singly-degenerate scenario......Page 390
2.2 The doubly-degenerate scenario......Page 391
2.3 On super-Chandrasekhar-mass progenitors......Page 394
3 Implications for yields......Page 397
References......Page 398
1 Introduction......Page 400
2 Molecular-cloud formation......Page 401
3 Stellar masses: the IMF......Page 404
4 Accretion and the formation of massive stars......Page 406
5 Massive stars......Page 409
7 Conclusions......Page 410
References......Page 411
1 Introduction......Page 413
3 The example of μ-Arae......Page 416
4 Modeling of the particular star ι-Horologii......Page 419
5 The “COROT star” HD 52265......Page 420
6 Conclusion......Page 421
References......Page 422
1 Introduction......Page 423
3 Results and discussion......Page 424
References......Page 428
1 Introduction......Page 429
2 The Tenorio-Tagle (1996) scenario......Page 430
3 The ORL–CEL discrepancy in the context of the T-Tऀ㘀 猀挀攀渀愀爀椀......Page 431
References......Page 432
Part VII Chemical and photometric evolution beyond Solar metallicity......Page 433
1 Introduction......Page 435
2.1 Solar abundances......Page 436
2.2 Abundances from H ii regions......Page 437
2.4 The [X/Fe] versus [Fe/H] relations......Page 438
2.4.2 Metal-rich disk stars......Page 439
3.1 Gas and star flows......Page 440
3.3 The initial mass function......Page 442
3.4 Stellar yields......Page 443
3.4.1 The importance of stellar winds in metal-rich stars......Page 444
Acknowledgment......Page 446
References......Page 447
1 Introduction......Page 448
2 Observational properties of elliptical galaxies......Page 449
3 Models based on galactic winds......Page 451
4 Models with mergers......Page 454
5 The evolution of bulges......Page 455
References......Page 458
1 Background......Page 461
2 Results and discussion......Page 463
References......Page 465
1 Introduction......Page 467
2 Models and yields......Page 468
3 The initial mass function for star formation and yield variation......Page 469
4 Metallicity-dependent yields and [Mg/Fe]......Page 470
5 Metallicity–luminosity relations......Page 471
References......Page 472
1 Introduction......Page 474
2 Results......Page 475
2.2 The iron-peak elements......Page 476
3 Concluding remarks and open questions......Page 477
References......Page 478
1 Introduction......Page 480
2 The chemical-evolution model and the data......Page 481
3 Discussion......Page 482
References......Page 483
1 Introduction: how metal-rich can you get?......Page 485
2 Metallicities of stellar populations......Page 486
4 Star formation and evolution at high metallicities......Page 487
5 Hii regions......Page 488
7 Conclusion: how metal-rich is the Universe now?......Page 489
References......Page 490