The Mentalities of Gorillas and Orangutans: Comparative Perspectives

The Mentalities of Gorillas and Orangutans......Page 1
Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 8
Preface......Page 10
Acknowledgments......Page 12
PART I: Comparative evolutionary and developmental perspectives on gorillas and orangutans......Page 14
INTRODUCTION......Page 16
BACKGROUND TO CLADISTIC APPROACHES......Page 17
WHAT IS A HOMINID, NOWADAYS?......Page 24
WHAT IS AN ORANGUTAN, ANYWAY?......Page 26
Molecular approaches......Page 27
Morphological approaches......Page 36
How many species of Pan?......Page 39
CONCLUSIONS ON THE TAXONOMY AND ANCESTRY OF THE GREAT APES.......Page 40
The ancestral hominid morphotype......Page 41
The ancestral hominine morphotype......Page 42
The ancestral hominini morphotype......Page 43
The ancestral pongine and gorillini morphotypes......Page 44
The future......Page 45
REFERENCES......Page 46
2 SUE T. PARKER - The life history and development of great apes in comparative perspective......Page 56
ADAPTIVE ARRAYS OF PRIMATES......Page 58
The Great Apes......Page 64
Development in Great Apes and Humans......Page 68
Brain development......Page 69
Body size......Page 70
Motor development......Page 71
The Lesser Apes......Page 74
The Macaque Monkeys......Page 76
The Cebus Monkeys......Page 78
REFERENCES......Page 79
INTRODUCTION......Page 83
FRONTAL LOBE AND COGNITIVE PROCESSES......Page 84
Sulcal patterns......Page 89
Asymmetries of the frontal lobe structures......Page 93
SIZE OF THE BRAIN AND THE FRONTAL LOBE......Page 94
Contemporary applications of imaging techniques......Page 95
INTERNAL ORGANIZATION OF THE FRONTAL LOBE......Page 97
Areas 13 and 10 of the prefrontal cortex......Page 98
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 103
REFERENCES......Page 105
PART II: Cognition and tool use in gorillas and orangutans......Page 110
INTRODUCTION......Page 112
STUDY AREA AND METHODS......Page 113
Contexts of tool use......Page 114
The orangutan tool kit: seed-extraction and insect-extraction tools......Page 116
Variation among insect-extraction tools......Page 117
Insect-extraction tools......Page 118
Seed-extraction tools......Page 120
Learning tool behavior......Page 122
DISCUSSION......Page 123
Origin and maintenance of tool behavior at Suaq Balimbing......Page 124
Limited invention hypothesis......Page 125
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 126
REFERENCES......Page 127
5 ANNE E. RUSSON - Orangutans’ imitation of tool use: a cognitive interpretation......Page 130
TOOL USE AND IMITATION GOVERNED BY GREAT APE COGNITION......Page 131
Hierarchization......Page 132
Tool use......Page 134
Human imitation......Page 135
Great ape cognition......Page 136
IMITATION OF TOOL USE IN ORANGUTANS......Page 138
1. The Tomasello group......Page 139
2. Russon......Page 140
3. Meinel......Page 141
4. Miles......Page 142
Observational data......Page 143
Sharpening an axe blade......Page 144
Siphoning......Page 147
Sweeping......Page 148
ORANGUTANS COMPARED WITH OTHER GREAT APES......Page 150
DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION......Page 152
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 153
REFERENCES......Page 154
NATURAL HISTORY......Page 160
ECOLOGY......Page 161
Complexity and laterality......Page 163
Organization and control......Page 166
DISCUSSION......Page 168
REFERENCES......Page 170
INTRODUCTION......Page 173
SENSORIMOTOR INTELLIGENCE IN NONHUMAN PRIMATES......Page 174
THE PRESENT STUDY......Page 176
Results: tool-use and problem-solving......Page 177
Roundabout behaviors......Page 178
Tools as hand extensions......Page 179
EXPLORATORY MANIPULATIONS OF OBJECTS......Page 182
Results......Page 184
OBJECT EXPLORATION AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT......Page 186
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 188
REFERENCES......Page 189
8 SARAH T. BOYSEN, VALERIE A. KUHLMEIER, PETER HALLIDAY, AND YOLANDA M. HALLIDAY - Tool use in captive gorillas......Page 192
METHODS......Page 194
RESULTS......Page 195
DISCUSSION......Page 196
REFERENCES......Page 198
INTRODUCTION......Page 201
NATURE OF THE SURVEY......Page 202
RESULTS OF THE SURVEY......Page 203
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 205
REFERENCES......Page 206
PART III: Communication in gorillas and orangutans......Page 208
SPEECH STUDIES......Page 210
SIGN-LANGUAGE STUDIES......Page 212
VISUAL SYMBOL STUDIES......Page 215
A COMPARISON OF GREAT APE LANGUAGE ABILITIES......Page 217
REFERENCES......Page 220
11 JOANNE E. TANNER AND RICHARD W. BYRNE - The development of spontaneous gestural communication in a group of zoo-living lowland gorillas......Page 224
GENERAL METHODOLOGY......Page 225
GROUP HISTORY AND STUDY PERIODS......Page 227
CLASSIFICATION OF GESTURES......Page 229
KUBIE’S GESTURES......Page 233
GESTURAL REPERTOIRE OVER THE LONG TERM......Page 234
Change in gestural repertoire with different social partners......Page 236
Individual differences in gesturing in brothers at the same age......Page 238
Developmental changes in gesturing in the individual......Page 239
The development of iconic gestures......Page 241
Development of gestures over the life of an individual......Page 244
Gorillas in the wild, zoo gorillas, signing apes, and humans: differences and similarities in gesture use......Page 246
REFERENCES......Page 248
12 JOHN D. BONVILLIAN AND FRANCINE G. P. PATTERSON - Early sign-language acquisition: comparisons between children and gorillas......Page 253
The gorillas......Page 254
Human participants......Page 255
Research program differences......Page 256
Rate of early vocabulary acquisition......Page 258
Cross-species comparisons of vocabulary content......Page 261
ICONICITY AND SIGN ACQUISITION......Page 264
NONSIGN GESTURAL PRECURSORS OF LANGUAGE......Page 267
Koko’s nonsign gesture production......Page 269
REFERENTIAL LANGUAGE......Page 270
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 273
REFERENCES......Page 274
Training sessions......Page 278
Types of responses......Page 279
Signs trained......Page 280
Testing......Page 281
RESULTS......Page 282
Methodological concerns......Page 285
Vocabulary......Page 286
Signed exchanges......Page 287
Signing errors during training......Page 288
Comparison with a younger orangutan......Page 289
Subject motivation and attitude......Page 290
SUMMARY......Page 291
REFERENCES......Page 292
PART IV: Social cognition in gorillas and orangutans......Page 294
14 KARYL B. SWARTZ, DENA SARAUW, AND SIÂN EVANS - Comparative aspects of mirror self-recognition in great apes......Page 296
REFERENCES......Page 304
15 ROBERT W. MITCHELL - Deception and concealment as strategic script violation in great apes and humans......Page 308
SCRIPTS IN HUMANS......Page 309
SCRIPTS IN GREAT APES......Page 311
METHOD......Page 312
RESULTS......Page 314
TYPES OF BEHAVIOR USED FOR DECEIT......Page 316
DISCUSSION......Page 320
REFERENCES......Page 323
INTRODUCTION......Page 329
Observational studies......Page 331
Experimental studies......Page 333
Studies of imitation of gestures and body movements......Page 339
DISSECTING IMITATION......Page 342
Contrasting imitation in the ‘‘Do this’’ task and in problem-solving situations......Page 344
Components and levels of imitation in triadic situations......Page 347
IMITATION IN RELATION TO OTHER FORMS OF LEARNING......Page 349
CONCLUSION......Page 351
REFERENCES......Page 352
INTRODUCTION......Page 355
THE INEVITABLE ANTHROPOCENTRIC PERSPECTIVE......Page 356
1. Physical support of crawling......Page 360
2. Tugging......Page 361
5. Dangling......Page 362
COMPARISON WITH SCAFFOLDING FUNCTIONS AS DESCRIBED BY WOOD ET AL., 1976......Page 365
COMPARISON WITH SCAFFOLDING FUNCTIONS AS DESCRIBED BY WHITEN AND MILNER, 1984......Page 367
Are apes educators?......Page 369
Is ‘‘scaffolding’’ in apes an occasional by-product of their advanced social cognition?......Page 370
1. Perceiving attempts (‘‘trying to’’)......Page 374
2. Perceiving ignorance......Page 375
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 376
REFERENCES......Page 377
Setting......Page 380
Analytic frameworks and methodology......Page 381
Diagnosing Play......Page 382
Phases of play development in an infant gorilla......Page 387
Imitation and showing-off games......Page 398
Development of social roles......Page 399
A note on variations in social play......Page 402
REFERENCES......Page 404
PART V: Epilogue......Page 408
THE CLADISTIC APPROACH TO PHYLOGENETIC RECONSTRUCTION......Page 410
LIFE HISTORY PATTERNS......Page 411
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND MATING PATTERNS......Page 412
COGNITIVE ABILITIES......Page 414
Imitation......Page 415
Language and iconicity......Page 418
PLAY, SOCIALIZATION, AND ENCULTURATION......Page 419
CONCLUSIONS: PRECHIMPANZEE ORIGINS OF COGNITIVE ABILITIES IN GREAT APES......Page 420
REFERENCES......Page 421
Index of authors......Page 425
Index of subjects......Page 429