The Medieval Natural World

Publisher’s acknowledgements x
Abbreviations and editorial notes xii
Chronology xiii
Who’s who xvii
Glossary xxii
PART ONE. ANALYSIS 1
1. The Nature of Things 3
2. Universal Models 12
3. On the Heavens 25
4. Meteorology 37
5. Image of the World 48
6. Man and Nature 62
7. On Animals 73
8. On Plants 85
9. On Minerals 96
10. The Book of Nature 106
PART TWO. DOCUMENTS 115
1. Psalm 104 (Vulgate Psalm 103) (c. 1000–300 bc) 116
2. Extracts from Plato’s \'Timaeus\' (c. 360 bc) 117
3. Aristotle’s \'Metaphysics\', Bk 5, Ch. 4 on the various meanings of \'nature\' (a. 322 bc) 119
4. \'Physiologus\' on the partridge (second–fourth century) 120
5. St Augustine of Hippo, \'De Genesi ad litteram\' on the relationship between Christian and non-Christian conceptions of the cosmos (a. 430) 120
6. Isidore of Seville, \'De natura rerum\', Ch. 11, \'The elements of the world\' (c. 612) 121
7. Extracts from the \'Qur’an\' (610–632) 122
8. Al-Jahiz, \'Kitāb al-Hayawan\' on differences between scholarly and popular questioning of natural phenomena (c. 800–850) 123
9. Al-Jahiz, \'Kitāb al-Hayawan\' on the nuisance of flies (c. 800–850) 124
10. Dicuil, \'Liber de Mensura Orbis Terrae\' on Iceland (825) 124
11. John Scotus Eriugena, \'Periphyseon\' or \'De divisione naturae\', Bk 3, ll. 3257–77, on the structure of the universe (860) 125
12. Captain Buzurg ibn Shahriya of Ramhormuz, \'Ajaib al-Hind\' on the hermaphroditic hare (c. 950–1000) 126
13. Avicenna, \'Danishnama-i ’ala’i\' on the senses (a. 1037) 126
14. Al-Birunī, \'Kitāb-al-Saydanah fi’t-Tibb\' on barley (a. 1048) 127
15. \'Physiologus\' ascribed to Theobald, abbot of Monte Cassino, \'Concerning the ant\' (1022–1085) 128
16. Baudri of Bourgueil, \'To Countess Adela\', ll. 1042–1064 on astronomy (a. 1130) 129
17. \'Bestiary\' on the partridge (twelfth century) 130
18. William of Conches, \'Dragmaticon\', Bk 6, Ch. 22 on smell (1147–1149) 131
19. Hildegard of Bingen, \'Physica\' on gemstones (1151–1158) 132
20. Rabbi Petachia of Ratisbon, \'Travels\' on the flying camel (1170–1187) 132
21 Extracts from the Anglo-Norman and French bestiaries of Philippe de Thaon, ll. 307–48 (c. 1120) and Gervaise, ll. 282–304 (c. 1200) concerning the Idrus and the Crocodile 133
22. The Owl: Hugh de Fouilloy’s \'De avibus\' (c. 1132–1152) and the anonymous \'The Owl and the Nightingale\', ll. 56–100 (late twelfth century) 135
23. Farid al-din ’Attar, \'Mantiq al-tair\' on the spider (c. 1130–c. 1229) 137
24. Bartholomew the Englishman, \'De proprietatibus rerum\', Bk 14, Chs 9 and 10 on the mountains of Ethiopia and Mount Etna (a. 1240) 138
25. Gauthier de Metz, \'The Myrrour of the World\', Pt 2, Ch. 4 on Inde (c. 1245) 139
26. Matthew Paris, \'Historia Anglorum\' on unseasonable weather (c. 1274) 139
27. \'Seneschaucy\', Ch. 7 on the duties of the cowherd (a. 1276) 140
28. Albertus Magnus, \'De natura locorum\', ll. 43–62 on planetary influence (a. 1280) 141
29. Albertus Magnus, \'De mineralibus\' on silver (a. 1280) 141
30. Meteorological observations attributed to Roger Bacon for February 1270 142
31. Marco Polo, \'Divisament dou monde\', Bk 3, Ch. 9 concerning pygmies (1298) 143
32. Meteorological observations of William Merle (1344) 143
33. \'Mandeville’s Travels\' on monstrous races (c. 1360) 144
34. Edward of Norwich, \'The Master of Game\' on greyhounds (1406–1413) 145
35. \'The Secrete of Secretes\', \'On the condition of Man\' (fifteenth century version) 145
References 147
Index 165
Plates