The Media in Lebanon: Fragmentation and Conflict in the Middle East

Half Title
Series
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Illustration
Acknowledgments
Preface
1 Background
	The Sociopolitical Picture
	The Sectarian/Economic Delineation
	A Heterogeneous State within a Volatile Region
	The Media Scene
2 The Print Media: Unceasing Challenges
	Historical Background
		Arabic Printing Preceded Gutenberg Printing Press
		Early Ottoman Period: Social Pamphleteering
		Second Ottoman Period: Political/Nationalist Press
		French Mandate Period: Spread of Corruption
		Early Independence Period: Professional Confusion
		The Golden Era: Rise of a Pan-Arab Lebanese Press
		The Onset of Press Setbacks
	Lebanese Press after the Civil War
		Loss of Pan-Arab Character
		Free from Government not from Sectarian/Business Bosses
		Lack of Order and Professional Ethics
	An Overview of Lebanese Newspapers
		General Structure of Newspapers
			Subservient not Watchdog Press
			Prominent Lebanese Papers
	Summing Up
3 Radio Broadcasting
	Overview
	Historical Background
	Structure of Lebanese Radio
	Civil War and Radio Broadcasting
		Emergence of Illegal Radio Stations
		The Division of Radio Lebanon
		Illegal Stations Taking Root
	Future of Lebanese Radio
4 Television
	Historical Background
	The Emergence of De Facto Stations
	Television Legislation Becomes an Urgent Need
	Development of Satellite Broadcasting
	Societal Challenges
	Conclusion
5 From Folk to Social Media
	Lebanon’s Oral Culture
	Folk Interaction Channels
		Religious and Social Channels
		Caricatures, Zajal and Theater
	Social Media Reach in Lebanon
		Social Media Landscape
		Internet Space and Regulation Modes
	Bloggers Breaking Barriers
	Conclusion
6 Conclusion
	Peculiar Environment
	Professional Failure
	Mistaken Impression of Freedom
	Re-Feudalization of the Public Sphere
	Freedom to Communicate
	Lack of National Policies and Plans
Bibliography
Index
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