The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures

Cover......Page 1
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Brief Contents......Page 17
1 Early Western Civilization, 400,000–1000 B.C.E.......Page 19
2 Near East Empires and the Reemergence of Civilization in Greece, 1000–500 B.C.E.......Page 20
3 The Greek Golden Age, c. 500–c. 400 B.C.E.......Page 21
4 From the Classical to the Hellenistic World, 400–30 B.C.E.......Page 22
5 The Rise of Rome and Its Republic, 753–44 B.C.E.......Page 23
6 The Creation of the Roman Empire, 44 B.C.E.–284 C.E.......Page 24
7 The Transformation of the Roman Empires, 284–600 C.E.......Page 25
8 The Heirs of Rome: Islam, Byzantium, and Europe, 600–750......Page 26
9 From Centralization to Fragmentation, 750–1050......Page 27
10 Commercial Quickening and Religious Reform, 1050–1150......Page 28
11 The Flowering of the Middle Ages, 1150–1215......Page 29
12 The Medieval Synthesis — and Its Cracks, 1215–1340......Page 30
13 Crisis and Renaissance, 1340–1492......Page 31
14 Global Encounters and the Shock of the Reformation, 1492–1560......Page 32
15 Wars of Religion and the Clash of Worldviews, 1560–1648......Page 33
16 Absolutism, Constitutionalism, and the Search for Order, 1640–1700......Page 34
17 The Atlantic System and Its Consequences, 1700–1750......Page 35
18 The Promise of Enlightenment, 1750–1789......Page 36
19 The Cataclysm of Revolution, 1789–1799......Page 37
20 Napoleon and the Revolutionary Legacy, 1800–1830......Page 38
21 Industrialization and Social Ferment, 1830–1850......Page 39
22 Politics and Culture of the Nation-State, 1850–1870......Page 40
23 Empire, Industry, and Everyday Life, 1870–1890......Page 41
24 Modernity and the Road to War, 1890–1914......Page 42
25 World War I and Its Aftermath, 1914–1929......Page 43
26 The Great Depression and World War II, 1929–1945......Page 44
27 The Cold War and the Remaking of Europe, 1945–1960s......Page 45
28 Postindustrial Society and the End of the Cold War Order, 1960s–1989......Page 46
29 A New Globalism, 1989 to the Present......Page 47
Contents......Page 18
Preface......Page 7
Versions and Supplements......Page 13
Maps and Figures......Page 48
LaunchPad Features......Page 53
Authors' Note: The B.C.E./C.E. Dating System......Page 58
World Map......Page 60
Map of Europe......Page 62
Chapter 1 Early Western Civilization, 400,000–1000 B.C.E.......Page 67
Life and Change in the Stone Age......Page 68
The Emergence of Cities in Mesopotamia, 4000–2350 B.C.E.......Page 72
Metals and Empire Making: The Akkadians and the Ur III Dynasty, c. 2350–c. 2000 B.C.E.......Page 76
The Achievements of the Assyrians, the Babylonians, and the Canaanites, 2000–1000 B.C.E.......Page 77
Egypt, the First Unified Country, 3050–1000 B.C.E.......Page 79
From the Unification of Egypt to the Old Kingdom, 3050–2190 B.C.E.......Page 80
The Middle and New Kingdoms in Egypt, 2061–1081 B.C.E.......Page 86
The Hittites, the Minoans, and the Mycenaeans, 2200–1000 B.C.E.......Page 90
The Hittites, 1750–1200 B.C.E.......Page 91
The Minoans, 2200–1400 B.C.E.......Page 92
The Mycenaeans, 1800–1000 B.C.E.......Page 95
The Violent End to Early Western Civilization, 1200–1000 B.C.E.......Page 98
Conclusion......Page 100
Chapter 1 Review......Page 102
Chapter 2 Near East Empires and the Reemergence of Civilization in Greece, 1000–500 B.C.E.......Page 105
From Dark Age to Empire in the Near East, 1000–500 B.C.E.......Page 106
The Neo-Babylonian Empire, 600–539 B.C.E.......Page 107
The Persian Empire, 557–500 B.C.E.......Page 108
The Israelites, Origins to 539 B.C.E.......Page 110
The Greek Dark Age......Page 114
The Values of the Olympic Games......Page 116
Homer, Hesiod, and Divine Justice in Greek Myth......Page 117
The Creation of the Greek City-State, 750–500 B.C.E.......Page 118
Trade and “Colonization,” 800–580 B.C.E.......Page 119
Citizenship and Freedom in the Greek City-State......Page 120
Oligarchy in the City-State of Sparta, 700–500 B.C.E.......Page 128
Tyranny in the City-State of Corinth, 657–585 B.C.E.......Page 131
Democracy in the City-State of Athens, 632–500 B.C.E.......Page 132
New Ways of Th ought and Expression in Greece, 630–500 B.C.E.......Page 134
Conclusion......Page 137
Chapter 2 Review......Page 138
Chapter 3 The Greek Golden Age, c. 500–c. 400 B.C.E.......Page 141
From the Ionian Revolt to the Battle of Marathon, 499–490 B.C.E.......Page 142
The Great Persian Invasion, 480–479 B.C.E.......Page 144
The Establishment of the Athenian Empire......Page 145
Radical Democracy and Pericles' Leadership, 461–431 B.C.E.......Page 147
The Urban Landscape in Athens......Page 149
Religious Tradition in a Period of Change......Page 153
Women, Slaves, and Metics......Page 154
Innovative Ideas in Education, Philosophy, History, and Medicine......Page 157
The Development of Greek Tragedy......Page 163
The Development of Greek Comedy......Page 166
The Peloponnesian War, 431–404 B.C.E.......Page 168
Athens Defeated: Tyranny and Civil War, 404–403 B.C.E.......Page 171
Conclusion......Page 172
Chapter 3 Review......Page 174
Chapter 4 From the Classical to the Hellenistic World, 400–30 B.C.E.......Page 177
Athens's Recovery after the Peloponnesian War......Page 178
The Philosophy of Plato......Page 180
Greek Political Disunity......Page 182
Macedonian Power and Philip II, 359–336 B.C.E.......Page 183
The Rule of Alexander the Great, 336–323 B.C.E.......Page 184
The Hellenistic Kingdoms, 323–30 B.C.E.......Page 186
Creating New Kingdoms......Page 187
The Layers of Hellenistic Society......Page 190
The End of the Hellenistic Kingdoms......Page 192
The Arts under Royal Support......Page 193
Philosophy for a New Age......Page 195
Scientific Innovation......Page 197
Cultural and Religious Transformations......Page 199
Conclusion......Page 202
Chapter 4 Review......Page 204
Chapter 5 The Rise of Rome and Its Republic, 753–44 B.C.E.......Page 207
Roman Moral Values......Page 208
The Patron-Client System......Page 209
The Roman Family......Page 210
Public and Private Religion......Page 212
Roman Society under the Kings, 753–509 B.C.E.......Page 214
The Early Roman Republic, 509–287 B.C.E.......Page 216
Expansion in Italy, 500–220 B.C.E.......Page 220
Wars with Carthage and in the East, 264–121 B.C.E.......Page 222
Greek Influence on Roman Literature and the Arts......Page 224
Stresses on Society from Imperialism......Page 225
The Gracchus Brothers and Violence in Politics, 133–121 B.C.E.......Page 227
Marius and the Origin of Client Armies, 107–100 B.C.E.......Page 228
Sulla and Civil War, 91–78 B.C.E.......Page 229
Julius Caesar and the Collapse of the Republic, 83–44 B.C.E.......Page 231
Conclusion......Page 234
Chapter 5 Review......Page 236
Chapter 6 The Creation of the Roman Empire, 44 B.C.E.–284 C.E.......Page 239
Civil War, 44–27 B.C.E.......Page 240
The Creation of the Principate, 27 B.C.E.–14 C.E.......Page 241
Daily Life in the Rome of Augustus......Page 243
Changes in Education, Literature, and Art in Augustus's Rome......Page 246
The Perpetuation of the Principate after Augustus, 14–180 C.E.......Page 248
Life in the Roman Golden Age, 96–180 C.E.......Page 252
Jesus and His Teachings......Page 257
Growth of a New Religion......Page 260
Competing Religious Beliefs......Page 263
Th reats to the Northern and Eastern Frontiers of the Early Roman Empire......Page 266
Uncontrolled Spending, Natural Disasters, and Political Crisis, 193–284 C.E.......Page 267
Conclusion......Page 269
Chapter 6 Review......Page 272
Chapter 7 The Transformation of the Roman Empire, 284–600 C.E.......Page 275
The Political Transformation and Division of the Roman Empire......Page 276
The Social Consequences of Financial Pressures......Page 279
From the Great Persecution to Religious Freedom......Page 281
Polytheism and Christianity in Competition......Page 282
The Struggle for Clarification in Christian Belief......Page 285
The Emergence of Chris tian Monks......Page 290
Non-Roman Migrations into the Western Roman Empire......Page 293
Social and Cultural Transformation in the Western Roman Empire......Page 298
Imperial Society in the Eastern Roman Empire......Page 300
The Reign of Emperor Justinian, 527–565......Page 303
The Preservation of Classical Traditions in the Late Roman Empire......Page 305
Conclusion......Page 308
Chapter 7 Review......Page 310
Chapter 8 The Heirs of Rome: Islam, Byzantium, and Europe, 600–750......Page 313
Nomads and City Dwellers......Page 314
The Prophet Muhammad and the Faith of Islam......Page 315
Growth of Islam, c. 610–632......Page 316
The Caliphs, Muhammad's Successors, 632–750......Page 317
Peace and Prosperity in Islamic Lands......Page 319
Wars on the Frontiers, c. 570–750......Page 321
From an Urban to a Rural Way of Life......Page 323
Religion, Politics, and Iconoclasm......Page 324
Frankish Kingdoms with Roman Roots......Page 326
Economic Activity in a Peasant Society......Page 330
The Powerful in Merovingian Society......Page 331
Christianity and Classical Culture in the British Isles......Page 334
Unity in Spain, Division in Italy......Page 336
Political Tensions and the Power of the Pope......Page 337
Conclusion......Page 338
Chapter 8 Review......Page 340
Chapter 9 From Centralization to Fragmentation, 750–1050......Page 343
The Byzantine Emperor and Local Elites......Page 344
Imperial Power......Page 345
The Macedonian Renaissance, c. 870–c. 1025......Page 346
The Formation of Eastern Europe and Kievan Rus......Page 347
The Abbasid Caliphate, 750–936......Page 349
Regional Diversity in Islamic Lands......Page 350
Unity of Commerce and Language......Page 352
The Carolingian Empire......Page 353
The Rise of the Carolingians......Page 354
Charlemagne and His Kingdom, 768–814......Page 355
The Carolingian Renaissance, c. 790–c. 900......Page 357
Charlemagne's Successors, 814–911......Page 358
Land and Power......Page 359
Viking, Muslim, and Magyar Invasions, c. 790–955......Page 361
Public Power and Private Relationships......Page 363
Warriors and Warfare......Page 366
Efforts to Contain Violence......Page 367
Political Communities in Italy, England, and France......Page 368
Emperors and Kings in Central and Eastern Europe......Page 370
Conclusion......Page 373
Chapter 9 Review......Page 374
Chapter 10 Commercial Quickening and Religious Reform, 1050–1150......Page 377
Fairs, Towns, and Cities......Page 378
Organizing Crafts and Commerce......Page 382
Communes: Self-Government for the Towns......Page 383
The Commercial Revolution in the Countryside......Page 384
Beginnings of Reform......Page 385
The Gregorian Reform and the Investiture Conflict, 1075–1122......Page 388
The Sweep of Reform......Page 391
New Monastic Orders of Poverty......Page 393
The Crusades......Page 395
Calling the Crusade......Page 396
The First Crusade......Page 398
The Crusader States......Page 399
The Disastrous Second Crusade......Page 400
The Revival of Monarchies......Page 401
England under Norman Rule......Page 402
Praising the King of France......Page 404
Surviving as Emperor......Page 405
Conclusion......Page 406
Chapter 10 Review......Page 408
Chapter 11 The Flowering of the Middle Ages, 1150–1215......Page 411
The New Learning and the Rise of the University......Page 412
Architectural Style: From Romanesque to Gothic......Page 415
England: Unity through Common Law......Page 419
France: Consolidation and Conquest......Page 423
Germany: The Revived Monarchy of Frederick Barbarossa......Page 424
Eastern Europe and Byzantium: Fragmenting Realms......Page 427
The Troubadours: Poets of Love and Play......Page 428
The Birth of Epic and Romance Literature......Page 430
Religious Fervor and Crusade......Page 431
New Religious Orders in the Cities......Page 432
Disastrous Crusades to the Holy Land......Page 434
Victorious Crusades in Europe and on Its Frontiers......Page 435
Conclusion......Page 438
Chapter 11 Review......Page 440
Chapter 12 The Medieval Synthesis — and Its Cracks, 1215–1340......Page 443
Innocent III and the Fourth Lateran Council......Page 444
Lay Piety......Page 446
Jews and Lepers as Outcasts......Page 447
The Achievement of Scholasticism......Page 449
New Syntheses in Writing and Music......Page 451
Gothic Art......Page 453
The Politics of Control......Page 454
The Weakening of the Empire......Page 456
Louis IX and a New Ideal of Kingship......Page 457
The Birth of Representative Institutions......Page 460
The Weakening of the Papacy......Page 461
The Rise of the Signori......Page 463
The Mongol Takeover......Page 464
The Great Famine......Page 466
Conclusion......Page 468
Chapter 12 Review......Page 470
Chapter 13 Crisis and Renaissance, 1340–1492......Page 473
The Black Death, 1347–1352......Page 474
The Hundred Years' War, 1337–1453......Page 477
The Ottoman Conquest of Constantinople, 1453......Page 481
The Great Schism, 1378–1417......Page 482
The Renaissance: New Forms of Thought and Expression......Page 485
Renaissance Humanism......Page 486
The Arts......Page 487
Consolidating Power......Page 492
New Political Formations in Eastern Europe......Page 493
Powerful States in Western Europe......Page 494
Power in the Republics......Page 496
The Tools of Power......Page 499
Conclusion......Page 500
Chapter 13 Review......Page 502
Chapter 14 Global Encounters and the Shock of the Reformation, 1492–1560......Page 505
Portuguese Explorations......Page 506
A New Era in Slavery......Page 508
Conquering the New World......Page 509
The Columbian Exchange......Page 510
The Invention of Printing......Page 511
Popular Piety and Christian Humanism......Page 512
Martin Luther's Challenge......Page 514
Protestantism Spreads and Divides......Page 516
The Contested Church of England......Page 517
Protestant Challenges to the Social Order......Page 519
New Forms of Discipline......Page 521
Catholic Renewal......Page 523
Courtiers and Princes......Page 525
Dynastic Wars......Page 527
Financing War......Page 529
Divided Realms......Page 530
Conclusion......Page 532
Chapter 14 Review......Page 534
Chapter 15 Wars of Religion and the Clash of Worldviews, 1560–1648......Page 537
French Wars of Religion, 1562–1598......Page 538
Dutch Revolt against Spain......Page 540
Elizabeth I's Defense of English Protestantism......Page 543
The Clash of Faiths and Empires in Eastern Europe......Page 545
Origins and Course of the War......Page 546
The Effects of Constant Fighting......Page 547
The Peace of Westphalia, 1648......Page 548
From Growth to Recession......Page 551
Consequences for Daily Life......Page 552
The Economic Balance of Power......Page 554
The Rise of Science and a Scientific Worldview......Page 556
The Scientific Revolution......Page 557
The Natural Laws of Politics......Page 560
The Arts in an Age of Crisis......Page 561
Magic and Witchcraft......Page 563
Conclusion......Page 564
Chapter 15 Review......Page 566
Chapter 16 Absolutism, Constitutionalism, and the Search for Order, 1640–1700......Page 569
The Fronde, 1648–1653......Page 570
Court Culture as an Element of Absolutism......Page 572
Enforcing Religious Orthodoxy......Page 573
Extending State Authority at Home and Abroad......Page 574
England Turned Upside Down, 1642–1660......Page 578
Restoration and Revolution Again......Page 582
Social Contract Theory: Hobbes and Locke......Page 584
The Dutch Republic......Page 585
Freedom and Slavery in the New World......Page 588
Poland-Lithuania Overwhelmed......Page 589
Brandenburg-Prussia: Militaristic Absolutism......Page 590
An Uneasy Balance: Austrian Habsburgs and Ottoman Turks......Page 591
Russia: Setting the Foundations of Bureaucratic Absolutism......Page 592
Freedom and Constraint in the Arts and Sciences......Page 594
Women and Manners......Page 597
Reforming Popular Culture......Page 599
Conclusion......Page 600
Chapter 16 Review......Page 602
Chapter 17 The Atlantic System and Its Consequences, 1700–1750......Page 605
Slavery and the Atlantic System......Page 606
World Trade and Settlement......Page 610
The Birth of Consumer Society......Page 612
Agricultural Revolution......Page 614
Social Life in the Cities......Page 615
New Tastes in the Arts......Page 618
Religious Revivals......Page 619
A New Power Alignment......Page 620
British Rise and Dutch Decline......Page 621
Russia's Emergence as a European Power......Page 624
Continuing Dynastic Struggles......Page 627
The Power of Diplomacy and the Importance of Population......Page 628
Popularization of Science and Challenges to Religion......Page 630
Travel Literature and the Challenge to Custom and Tradition......Page 632
Raising the Woman Question......Page 634
Conclusion......Page 635
Chapter 17 Review......Page 636
Chapter 18 The Promise of Enlightenment, 1750–1789......Page 639
Men and Women of the Republic of Letters......Page 640
Conflicts with Church and State......Page 642
The Individual and Society......Page 644
Spreading the Enlightenment......Page 646
The Limits of Reason: Roots of Romanticism and Religious Revival......Page 648
Society and Culture in an Age of Enlightenment......Page 649
The Nobility's Reassertion of Privilege......Page 650
The Middle Class and the Making of a New Elite......Page 651
Life on the Margins......Page 654
War and Diplomacy......Page 656
State-Sponsored Reform......Page 659
Limits of Reform......Page 661
Food Riots and Peasant Uprisings......Page 662
Public Opinion and Political Opposition......Page 663
Revolution in North America......Page 665
Conclusion......Page 667
Chapter 18 Review......Page 668
Chapter 19 The Cataclysm of Revolution, 1789–1799......Page 671
Protesters in the Low Countries and Poland......Page 672
Origins of the French Revolution, 1787–1789......Page 673
The Revolution of Rights and Reason......Page 678
The End of Monarchy......Page 681
Terror and Resistance......Page 683
Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety......Page 684
The Republic of Virtue, 1793–1794......Page 685
Resisting the Revolution......Page 688
The Fall of Robespierre and the End of the Terror......Page 689
Arms and Conquests......Page 692
Poland Extinguished, 1793–1795......Page 694
Revolution in the Colonies......Page 695
Worldwide Reactions to Revolutionary Change......Page 697
Conclusion......Page 698
Chapter 19 Review......Page 700
Chapter 20 Napoleon and the Revolutionary Legacy, 1800–1830......Page 703
A General Takes Over......Page 704
From Republic to Empire......Page 705
The New Paternalism: The Civil Code......Page 708
Patronage of Science and Intellectual Life......Page 709
The Grand Army and Its Victories, 1800–1807......Page 710
The Impact of French Victories......Page 713
From Russian Winter to Final Defeat, 1812–1815......Page 716
The Congress of Vienna, 1814–1815......Page 718
The Emergence of Conservatism......Page 721
The Revival of Religion......Page 722
Romanticism......Page 723
Political Revolts in the 1820s......Page 726
Revolution and Reform, 1830–1832......Page 730
Conclusion......Page 732
Chapter 20 Review......Page 734
Chapter 21 Industrialization and Social Ferment, 1830–1850......Page 737
Roots of Industrialization......Page 738
Engines of Change......Page 740
Urbanization and Its Consequences......Page 744
Agricultural Perils and Prosperity......Page 746
Cultural Responses to the Social Question......Page 747
The Varieties of Social Reform......Page 751
Abuses and Reforms Overseas......Page 753
The Spell of Nationalism......Page 755
Liberalism in Economics and Politics......Page 757
Socialism and the Early Labor Movement......Page 759
The Revolutions of 1848......Page 761
Another French Revolution......Page 762
Revolt and Reaction in Central Europe......Page 764
Aft ermath to 1848: Reimposing Authority......Page 766
Conclusion......Page 767
Chapter 21 Review......Page 770
Chapter 22 Politics and Culture of the Nation-State, 1850–1870......Page 773
The End of the Concert of Europe......Page 774
Napoleon III and the Quest for French Glory......Page 775
The Crimean War, 1853–1856: Turning Point in European Affairs......Page 776
Reform in Russia......Page 777
War and Nation Building......Page 780
Cavour, Garibaldi, and the Process of Italian Unification......Page 781
Bismarck and the Realpolitik of German Unification......Page 783
Francis Joseph and the Creation of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy......Page 786
Political Stability through Gradual Reform in Great Britain......Page 787
Nation Building in North America......Page 788
Bringing Order to the Cities......Page 790
Expanding Government Bureaucracy......Page 791
Schooling and Professionalizing Society......Page 792
Spreading National Power and Order beyond the West......Page 793
Contesting the Nation-State's Order at Home......Page 795
The Culture of Social Order......Page 797
The Arts Confront Social Reality......Page 798
Religion and National Order......Page 800
From the Natural Sciences to Social Science......Page 803
Conclusion......Page 804
Chapter 22 Review......Page 806
Chapter 23 Empire, Industry, and Everyday Life, 1870–1890......Page 809
The New Imperialism......Page 810
The Scramble for Africa — North and South......Page 811
Acquiring Territory in Asia......Page 814
Japan's Imperial Agenda......Page 815
The Paradoxes of Imperialism......Page 816
Industrial Innovation......Page 819
Facing Economic Crisis......Page 822
Revolution in Business Practices......Page 823
The "Best Circles" and the Expanding Middle Class......Page 825
Working People's Strategies......Page 826
National Fitness: Reform, Sports, and Leisure......Page 828
Artistic Responses to Empire and Industry......Page 829
The Birth of Mass Politics......Page 831
Workers, Politics, and Protest......Page 832
Expanding Political Participation in Western Europe......Page 834
Power Politics in Central and Eastern Europe......Page 837
Conclusion......Page 842
Chapter 23 Review......Page 844
Chapter 24 Modernity and the Road to War, 1890–1914......Page 847
Public Debate over Private Life......Page 848
Population Pressure......Page 849
Reforming Marriage......Page 850
New Women, New Men, and the Politics of Sexual Identity......Page 851
Sciences of the Modern Self......Page 852
Modernity and the Revolt in Ideas......Page 854
The Revolution in Science......Page 855
Modern Art......Page 856
Growing Tensions in Mass Politics......Page 858
The Expanding Power of Labor......Page 859
Rights for Women and the Battle for Suffrage......Page 860
Liberalism Tested......Page 862
Anti-Semitism, Nationalism, and Zionism in Mass Politics......Page 863
The Trials of Empire......Page 867
The Russian Empire Threatened......Page 871
Growing Resistance to Colonial Domination......Page 872
Competing Alliances and Clashing Ambitions......Page 874
The Race to Arms......Page 877
1914: War Erupts......Page 878
Conclusion......Page 880
Chapter 24 Review......Page 882
Chapter 25 World War I and Its Aftermath, 1914–1929......Page 885
Blueprints for War......Page 886
The Battlefronts......Page 889
The Home Front......Page 891
Revolution in Russia......Page 894
Ending the War, 1918......Page 898
Europe in Turmoil......Page 899
The Paris Peace Conference, 1919–1920......Page 900
Economic and Diplomatic Consequences of the Peace......Page 902
A Decade of Recovery: Europe in the 1920s......Page 904
Changes in the Political Landscape......Page 905
Reconstructing the Economy......Page 908
Restoring Society......Page 909
Culture for the Masses......Page 911
Cultural Debates over the Future......Page 913
The Communist Utopia......Page 915
Fascism on the March in Italy......Page 916
Conclusion......Page 918
Chapter 25 Review......Page 920
Chapter 26 The Great Depression and World War II, 1929–1945......Page 923
Economic Disaster Strikes......Page 924
The Great Depression beyond the West......Page 926
Totalitarian Triumph......Page 928
The Rise of Stalinism......Page 929
Hitler's Rise to Power......Page 931
The Nazification of German Politics......Page 932
Nazi Racism......Page 934
Confronting the Economic Crisis......Page 935
Cultural Visions in Hard Times......Page 938
A Surge in Global Imperialism......Page 939
The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939......Page 941
Hitler's Conquest of Central Europe, 1938–1939......Page 942
The German Onslaught......Page 945
The War against Civilians......Page 947
Societies at War......Page 950
From Resistance to Allied Victory......Page 951
An Uneasy Postwar Settlement......Page 956
Conclusion......Page 957
Chapter 26 Review......Page 960
Chapter 27 The Cold War and the Remaking of Europe, 1945–1960s......Page 963
World Politics Transformed......Page 964
Chaos in Europe......Page 965
New Superpowers: The United States and the Soviet Union......Page 966
Origins of the Cold War......Page 967
The Division of Germany......Page 970
Dealing with Nazism......Page 972
Rebirth of the West......Page 974
The Welfare State: Common Ground East and West......Page 977
Recovery in the East......Page 979
Decolonization in a Cold War Climate......Page 981
The End of Empire in Asia......Page 982
The Struggle for Identity in the Middle East......Page 984
New Nations in Africa......Page 985
Newcomers Arrive in Europe......Page 987
Restoring "Western" Values......Page 989
Cold War Consumerism and Shifting Gender Norms......Page 991
The Culture of Cold War......Page 994
The Atomic Brink......Page 995
Conclusion......Page 996
Chapter 27 Review......Page 998
Chapter 28 Postindustrial Society and the End of the Cold War Order, 1960s–1989......Page 1001
The Information Age: Television and Computers......Page 1002
The Space Age......Page 1004
The Nuclear Age......Page 1005
Revolutions in Biology and Reproductive Technology......Page 1006
Postindustrial Society and Culture......Page 1007
The New Worker......Page 1008
The Boom in Education and Research......Page 1009
Changing Family Life and the Generation Gap......Page 1010
Art, Ideas, and Religion in a Technocratic Society......Page 1011
Cracks in the Cold War Order......Page 1013
The Growth of Citizen Activism......Page 1016
1968: Year of Crisis......Page 1018
A Changing Balance of World Power......Page 1021
The Western Bloc Meets Challenges with Reform......Page 1023
Collapse of Communism in the Soviet Bloc......Page 1027
Conclusion......Page 1032
Chapter 28 Review......Page 1034
Chapter 29 A New Globalism, 1989 to the Present......Page 1037
Collapse of the Soviet Union and Its Aftermath......Page 1038
The Breakup of Yugoslavia......Page 1039
The Soviet Union Comes Apart......Page 1041
Toward a Market Economy......Page 1043
International Politics and the New Russia......Page 1044
Europe Looks beyond the Nation-State......Page 1045
Globalizing Cities and Fragmenting Nations......Page 1048
Global Organizations......Page 1049
The Problems of Pollution......Page 1050
Population, Health, and Disease......Page 1052
North versus South?......Page 1053
Radical Islam Meets the West......Page 1054
The Promise and Problems of a World Economy......Page 1057
Global Culture and Society in the Twenty-First Century......Page 1060
Redefining the West: The Impact of Global Migration......Page 1061
Global Networks and the Economy......Page 1062
A New Global Culture?......Page 1063
Conclusion......Page 1069
Chapter 29 Review......Page 1072