The Making of a Mixed Language: The Case of Ma'a/Mbugu (Creole Language Library)

The Making of a Mixed Language......Page 2
Editorial page\n......Page 3
Title page\n......Page 4
Copyright page\n......Page 5
Dedication\n......Page 6
Table of contents......Page 8
LIST OF TABLES......Page 12
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 14
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS......Page 16
Acknowledgements\n......Page 17
1.1 The people and their language\n......Page 22
1.2 Earlier descriptions and history of Ma \'á studies\n......Page 23
1.3 Source of data, fieldwork\n......Page 26
1.4 Areas of settlement of the Ma \'á/Mbugu and clan affiliation......Page 27
1.5 Multilingualism and language attitude......Page 28
1.6 A sample of Mbugu language materia......Page 29
1.7 Properties of the parallel lexicon......Page 31
1.8 New insights in this work\n......Page 34
1.9 Organisation of this book......Page 36
2.1 Oral History......Page 38
2.2 Historical information from the parallel lexicon......Page 45
2.3 Usambara mountains: Shambaa, Seuta Bantu, Swahili......Page 49
2.4 Maasai......Page 52
2.5 Gorwaa and Mbugwe......Page 53
2.6 Pare......Page 54
2.7 The Taita connection......Page 55
2.8 Old Kenyan Cushitic: Eastern Cushitic, Dahalo\n......Page 58
2.9 Chronology through a study of lexical domains......Page 62
2.10 Reconstructing the history: possible scenarios......Page 65
3.2 Absence of drastic recent linguistic developments......Page 72
3.3 History of the lateral fricatives in Ma\'á (Inner Mbugu)\n......Page 73
3.4 Truncation rule......Page 77
3.5 Remnants of non-Bantu grammar......Page 79
3.6 Ma\'\na non-Bantu causatives......Page 84
3.7 Non-Bantu nominal endings......Page 89
3.8 Locatives and other non-Bantu frozen grammatical elements......Page 92
3.9 The origin off unction words\n......Page 93
3.10 Shift or gradual bantuisation.\n......Page 95
3.11 Code-switching as a model for Ma\'á\n......Page 107
3.12 Mixed languages as a challenge to historical linguistics\n......Page 108
4.1 Consonants......Page 116
4.2 Spirantisation in velars......Page 118
4.4 Vowels......Page 124
4.6 Syllable structure......Page 125
4.7 Word structure and phonotactics......Page 128
5.1 Overview\n......Page 132
5.1.1 Vowel coalescence, i-initial stems, and morphotonology......Page 133
5.1.2 Subject and object prefixes......Page 135
5.1.3 Other verbal prefixes, \"tense\" and polarity......Page 136
5.1.5 The inflectional final vowel\n......Page 138
5.1.6 The a/e alternation......Page 140
5.2 The \"tenses\"......Page 142
5.3 Combinations of \"tense\" prefixes......Page 158
5.4 The negative \"tenses......Page 160
5.5 Copula and verbs \"to be\"......Page 166
5.6 Verbal derivation......Page 174
6.1 The noun class system......Page 184
6.3 Noun class pairings......Page 185
6.4 Derivation......Page 192
6.7 Names......Page 194
7.1 Adjectives......Page 196
7.2 Genetive and relative pronouns......Page 199
7.3 Possessives\n......Page 200
7.4 Demonstratives......Page 201
7.5 Quantifiers......Page 202
8.1 Dependent invariables: Prepositions......Page 204
8.2 Independent invariables......Page 212
8.3 Independent personal pronouns......Page 215
8.4 Higher numbers and other invariable modifiers......Page 216
9.1 Syntax......Page 218
9.2 Set sentences......Page 219
9.3 Code-switching......Page 220
9.4 A sample of code-switching......Page 221
9.5 Texts......Page 226
Notes to Chapter 1......Page 236
Notes to Chapter 3......Page 237
Notes to Chapter 4......Page 239
Notes to Chapter 5......Page 240
Notes to Chapter 9......Page 241
REFERENCES......Page 242
APPENDIX: MBUGU-ENGLISH ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON\n......Page 252
ENGLISH INDEX TO THE LEXICON......Page 320
INDEX......Page 340