The Majang Language

Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
List of abbreviations and symbols
List of bound morphemes
Introduction
Part I: The Cultural, Ecological and Sociolinguistic Con­text
	I.1 The Name of the Language
	I.2 Previous Research
	I.3 Demography
		I.3.1 Number of speakers, location and other languages in the area
		I.3.2 Map
		I.3.3 History and migrations
	I.4 Ecology
	I.5 Ethnography
	I.6 Genetic Affiliation
	I.7 Literary Tradition
	I.8 Dialects
	I.9 Sociolinguistic Situation
	I.10 The Corpus
		I.10.1 The nature of the research
		I.10.2 Consultants and other sources
		I.10.3 Presentation of data
	I.11 Typological Overview
Part II: Phonological Inventory and Orthography
	II.1 Vowels
		II.1.1 Phonemic inventory
		II.1.2 Contrasts and phonetic realizations
		II.1.3 Vowel length
		II.1.4 Distribution
	II.2 Consonants
		II.2.1 Phonemic inventory
		II.2.2 Contrasts and phonetic realizations
			II.2.2.1 Labials /p, b, ɓ, m, w/
			II.2.2.2 Alveolars /t, d, ɗ, n, l, r/
			II.2.2.3 Palatals /c, ɟ, ɲ, j/
			II.2.2.4 Velars /k, g, ŋ/
			II.2.2.5 Nasals /m, n, ɲ, ŋ/
		II.2.3 Distribution
	II.3 Distinctive Features
	II.4 Syllable and Root Structure
		II.4.1 Syllable structure
		II.4.2 Root structure
			II.4.2.1 Noun roots
			II.4.2.2 Verb roots
	II.5 Phonological Processes
		II.5.1 Nasal assimilation
		II.5.2 Alveolar implosive weakening
		II.5.3 Labial harmony
		II.5.4 Vowel-height harmony for ɛ-class verb suffixes
	II.6 Tone
		II.6.1 Tone association rules
		II.6.2 Downstep
		II.6.3 Toneless morphemes and polar tones
		II.6.4 The functional load of tone in Majang
	II.7 Word Structure
	II.8 Sentence Tone
		II.8.1 Connecting sentence tone
		II.8.2 Interrogative sentence tone
	II.9 Transcription and Orthography
Part III: Basic Syntax
	III.1 Topicality
	III.2 Case Marking on Central Constituents
		III.2.1 Morphological ergative-absolutive structures
			III.2.1.1 Syntactic properties of noun phrases in transitive clauses
			III.2.1.2 Differential ergative marking
		III.2.2 Constituent order typology and its impact on case marking
			III.2.2.1 Constituent order in main clauses
			III.2.2.2 Fronting of constituents and its implications for case marking
			III.2.2.3 Further typological observations relating to word order
			III.2.2.4 Question particles and question words
	III.3 Conjoint-Disjoint Distinction
	III.4 The Sentence-Final Topicality Marker (sft)
Part IV: Morphology
	IV.1 Nouns
		IV.1.1 The structure of the noun word
		IV.1.2 Derivation processes
		IV.1.3 Inflectional processes
			IV.1.3.1 Number marking
				Singular
					Unmarked singular nouns
					Marked singular nouns
				Plural marking
					Unmarked plural nouns
					Marked plural nouns
				Number marking co-occurrences
			IV.1.3.2 Case
				Modified case forms
				Central cases
					Absolutive case
					Ergative case
					Nominative case
				Non-central cases
					Dative case
					Locative case
					Possessive marking
			IV.1.3.3 Number and case-marking observations
		IV.1.4 Count vs. mass nouns
		IV.1.5 Proper names
		IV.1.6 Kinship nouns
	IV.2 Verbs
		IV.2.1 Verb structure
			IV.2.1.1 Inflection classes
			IV.2.1.2 Finite verbs
			IV.2.1.3 Infinite verbs
		IV.2.2 Derivation processes for verbal roots
			IV.2.2.1 Nominalizations
				Infinite verb forms
					Infinitives
					Negative verb forms
				Lexical nominalizations
					Nominalization with ‑tàn
					Nominalization with ‑anL
					Noun formation with ‑oj
					Nominalization with ‑ɛːt
					Nominalizations with vowel suffix
					Idiosyncratic nominalizations
			IV.2.2.2 Detransitivization
			IV.2.2.3 Inceptive derivation marker -Vr
			IV.2.2.4 Derivation marker -a
			IV.2.2.5 Durative derivation marker -aː
			IV.2.2.6 Derivation marker -V̋ːɗ
			IV.2.2.7 Imperfective forms
		IV.2.3 Inflectional processes
			IV.2.3.1 Person marking on basic main-clause verbs
				Impersonal forms
				Other person marking observations
				a-class verbs
					a-class verbs with unchanged tone on 3s-disjoint forms
					a-class verbs with variable vowel length
					a-class verbs with k-extension
				ɛ-class verbs
				i-class verbs
				Some irregular verbs
					tíj ‘hear’ and tíː ‘scratch’
					kɛ̀ːɗ ‘go’
			IV.2.3.2 Subordinate verb forms
				Relative-past subordinate verbs
				Simultaneous subordinate verbs
				Inchoative subordinate verbs
			IV.2.3.3 Direction markings
				Centripetal direction markings
				Centrifugal direction markings
				Deictic-transfer forms
			IV.2.3.4 Imperative and jussive marking
			IV.2.3.5 Referential-object forms
			IV.2.3.6 Combined forms
		IV.2.4 Stative verbs (adjectives)
			IV.2.4.1 Properties of stative verbs
			IV.2.4.2 Derivations from stative verbs
				Nominalizations
				Adverbs derived from stative verbs
				Inceptive derivation
			IV.2.4.3 Inflectional processes
				a-class stative verbs
				u-class stative verbs
				Durative stative verbs
				ɛ-class stative verb
				Other verbal conjugations for stative verbs
	IV.3 Other Word Classes
		IV.3.1 Pronouns
			IV.3.1.1 Personal pronouns
				Regular personal pronouns
				Short pronouns
				Contrastive pronouns
				Pragmatic pronouns
			IV.3.1.2 Demonstratives
			IV.3.1.3 Relative pronouns
			IV.3.1.4 Possessive pronouns
			IV.3.1.5 Interrogative pronouns
		IV.3.2 Modifiers
			IV.3.2.1 Determiner òm, ɔ̀gɔ̀ ‘one, another’
			IV.3.2.2 Temporal anaphoric-reference markers
		IV.3.3 Quantifiers
			IV.3.3.1 Non-numeral quantifiers
			IV.3.3.2 Numerals
		IV.3.4 Adverbs
			IV.3.4.1 Adverbs on the clause level
			IV.3.4.2 Tense markers
				Syntactic behavior
				Semantics of tense markers
		IV.3.5 Auxiliaries
		IV.3.6 Adpositions
		IV.3.7 Conjunctions
		IV.3.8 Particles and all the other stuff
			IV.3.8.1 Pragmatic particles
			IV.3.8.2 Interjections
		IV.3.9 Clause-internal conjunction
			IV.3.9.1 Phrase coordination
			IV.3.9.2 Adverbial conjunction
Part V: Other Syn­tac­tic and Prag­matic Topics
	V.1 The Structure of the Noun Phrase
		V.1.1 Number and case marking
		V.1.2 Specific reference
			V.1.2.1 Demonstratives as specific reference markers
			V.1.2.2 Temporal anaphoric-reference markers
			V.1.2.3 Possessive pronouns as specific reference markers
	V.2 The Structure of the Verb Phrase
	V.3 Grammatical Relations in the Simple Clause
		V.3.1 Some further factors affecting Majang clause constructions
			V.3.1.1 Modification of noun phrases
			V.3.1.2 Fronting of constituents
		V.3.2 Intransitive clauses
			V.3.2.1 Non-verbal predicates
				Clauses with nominal predicate and personal-pronoun subject
				Clauses with nominal predicate and non-pronominal subject
				Clauses with locative noun phrases as predicates
				Predicate pronouns
				Predicate numerals
				Predicate adverbs
			V.3.2.2 Verbal intransitive predicates
				Existential clauses
				Stative verbs as predicates
				Clauses with monovalent verbs
				Intransitive bivalent clauses
		V.3.3 Transitive constructions
			V.3.3.1 Possessive clauses
			V.3.3.2 Ditransitive clauses
	V.4 Semantic Functions of Noun Phrases
	V.5 Voice and Valence-Related Constructions
		V.5.1 Antipassive construction
		V.5.2 Anticausative construction
		V.5.3 Causative constructions
		V.5.4 Recipient removal
		V.5.5 Dative of interest
		V.5.6 Reflexive and reciprocal constructions
	V.6 Tense, Aspect and Mode
		V.6.1 Tense
			V.6.1.1 Tense markers
			V.6.1.2 Tense inflection of subordinate verbs
		V.6.2 Aspect
		V.6.3 Mode
		V.6.4 Location and direction
	V.7 Pragmatically Marked Structures
		V.7.1 Constituent order variation
			V.7.1.1 Cleft constructions
			V.7.1.2 Left-dislocation of participants
		V.7.2 Negation
		V.7.3 Questions and focus
			V.7.3.1 Polar questions
			V.7.3.2 Content questions
				Participant interrogative pronoun wôːɗ ‘who’
				Participant interrogative pronoun ɟìkôn ‘what?’
				Participant interrogative pronoun wón ‘which one?’
				Temporal interrogative pronoun òkóɗ ‘when?’
				Local interrogative pronoun éːtL ‘where?’
				Modal interrogative pronoun ɛ̀k ‘how?’
				Quantitative interrogative pronoun ègèr ‘how many?’
				Causal interrogative àgútL ɟìkôn ‘why?’
		V.7.4 Orders and hortatives
			V.7.4.1 Imperatives
			V.7.4.2 Jussive
				3rd person jussives
				Hortatives
				Precative modality
	V.8 Clause Combinations
		V.8.1 Coordination
		V.8.2 Complement clauses
			V.8.2.1 Subject clauses
			V.8.2.2 Object clauses
				Speech clauses
				Object complements of cognitive verbs
		V.8.3 Adverbial clauses
			V.8.3.1 Temporal
			V.8.3.1 Causal
			V.8.3.2 Conditional constructions
				Potential conditional constructions
				Counterfactual conditional constructions
				Negative conditional clauses
			V.8.3.3 Purpose clauses
			V.8.3.4 Modal clauses
		V.8.4 Serial verbs
		V.8.5 Relative clauses
	V.9 Continuity (Cohesion) and Discontinuity
		V.9.1 Topical (referential) continuity
		V.9.2 Tail-head linkage
		V.9.3 Discontinuity
Part VI: Texts and Lexicon
	VI.1 Texts with Interlinear Translation
		VI.1.1 Dog and Donkey – wárL à kúꜜrój
			VI.1.1.1 Free translation
			VI.1.1.2 Text with interlinearization
		VI.1.2 Waalook and Leer – wàːlóːk à lɛ̌ːr
			VI.1.2.1 Free translation
			VI.1.2.2 Text with interlinearization
	VI.2 Word List
		VI.2.1 Abbreviations used
			VI.2.1.1 General abbreviations and remarks
			VI.2.1.2 Inflection classes of verbs
			VI.2.1.3 Inflection classes of nouns
		VI.2.2 Majang – English
		VI.2.3 English – Majang
Alphabetical Index
Bibliography
Samenvatting
Curriculum Vitae