The Living World

Cover......Page 1
Title......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Contents......Page 18
Preface......Page 5
Giving Biology a Personal Perspective......Page 10
Acknowledgements......Page 12
0 Studying Biology......Page 24
0.1 How to Study......Page 25
0.2 Using your Textbook......Page 29
0.3 Using your Textbook\'s Internet Resources......Page 31
0.4 Science Is a Way of Thinking......Page 33
0.5 How to Read a Graph......Page 35
1 The Science of Biology......Page 38
1.1 The Diversity of Life......Page 39
1.2 Properties of Life......Page 40
1.3 Organization of Life......Page 41
1.4 Biological Themes......Page 43
1.5 How Scientists Think......Page 45
1.6 Science in Action: A Case Study......Page 46
1.7 Stages of a Scientific Investigation......Page 47
1.8 Theory and Certainty......Page 49
1.9 Four Theories Unify Biology as a Science......Page 51
2 The Chemistry of Life......Page 58
2.1 Atoms......Page 59
2.2 Ions and Isotopes......Page 61
2.3 Molecules......Page 63
2.4 Hydrogen Bonds Give Water Unique Properties......Page 66
2.5 Water Ionizes......Page 68
3 Molecules of Life......Page 74
3.1 Polymers Are Built of Monomers......Page 75
3.2 Proteins......Page 77
3.3 Nucleic Acids......Page 83
3.4 Carbohydrates......Page 86
3.5 Lipids......Page 88
4 Cells......Page 94
4.1 Cells......Page 95
4.2 The Plasma Membrane......Page 99
4.3 Prokaryotic Cells......Page 102
4.4 Eukaryotic Cells......Page 103
4.5 The Nucleus: The Cell\'s Control Center......Page 106
4.6 The Endomembrane System......Page 107
4.7 Organelles That Contain DNA......Page 109
4.8 The Cytoskeleton: Interior Framework of the Cell......Page 111
4.9 Outside the Plasma Membrane......Page 117
4.10 Diffusion......Page 118
4.11 Facilitated Diffusion......Page 120
4.12 Osmosis......Page 121
4.13 Bulk Passage into and out of Cells......Page 123
4.14 Active Transport......Page 125
5 Energy and Life......Page 130
5.1 The Flow of Energy in Living Things......Page 131
5.2 The Laws of Thermodynamics......Page 132
5.3 Chemical Reactions......Page 133
5.4 How Enzymes Work......Page 134
5.5 How Cells Regulate Enzymes......Page 136
5.6 ATP: The Energy Currency of the Cell......Page 137
6 Photosynthesis: Acquiring Energy from the Sun......Page 142
6.1 An Overview of Photosynthesis......Page 143
6.2 How Plants Capture Energy from Sunlight......Page 147
6.3 Organizing Pigments into Photosystems......Page 149
6.4 How Photosystems Convert Light to Chemical Energy......Page 151
6.5 Building New Molecules......Page 153
6.6 Photorespiration: Putting the Brakes on Photosynthesis......Page 155
7 How Cells Harvest Energy from Food......Page 160
7.1 Where Is the Energy in Food?......Page 161
7.2 Using Coupled Reactions to Make ATP......Page 163
7.3 Harvesting Electrons from Chemical Bonds......Page 165
7.4 Using the Electrons to Make ATP......Page 169
7.5 Cells Can Metabolize Food Without Oxygen......Page 171
7.6 Glucose Is Not the Only Food Molecule......Page 173
8 Mitosis......Page 178
8.1 Prokaryotes Have a Simple Cell Cycle......Page 179
8.2 Eukaryotes Have a Complex Cell Cycle......Page 180
8.3 Chromosomes......Page 181
8.4 Cell Division......Page 183
8.5 Controlling the Cell Cycle......Page 186
8.7 Cancer and Control of the Cell Cycle......Page 189
9 Meiosis......Page 196
9.1 Discovery of Meiosis......Page 197
9.2 The Sexual Life Cycle......Page 198
9.3 The Stages of Meiosis......Page 199
9.4 How Meiosis Differs from Mitosis......Page 203
9.5 Evolutionary Consequences of Sex......Page 205
10 Foundations of Genetics......Page 210
10.1 Mendel and the Garden Pea......Page 211
10.2 What Mendel Observed......Page 213
10.3 Mendel Proposes a Theory......Page 215
10.4 Mendel\'s Laws......Page 218
10.5 How Genes Influence Traits......Page 219
10.6 Some Traits Don\'t Show Mendelian Inheritance......Page 221
10.7 Chromosomes Are the Vehicles of Mendelian Inheritance......Page 228
10.8 Human Chromosomes......Page 230
10.9 Studying Pedigrees......Page 234
10.10 The Role of Mutation......Page 236
10.11 Genetic Counseling and Therapy......Page 239
11 DNA: The Genetic Material......Page 244
11.1 The Discovery of Transformation......Page 245
11.2 Experiments Identifying DNA as the Genetic Material......Page 246
11.3 Discovering the Structure of DNA......Page 247
11.4 How the DNA Molecule Copies Itself......Page 249
11.5 Mutation......Page 253
12 How Genes Work......Page 262
12.1 The Central Dogma......Page 263
12.2 Transcription......Page 264
12.3 Translation......Page 265
12.4 Gene Expression......Page 268
12.5 How Prokaryotes Control Transcription......Page 271
12.6 Transcriptional Control in Eukaryotes......Page 273
12.7 Controlling Transcription from a Distance......Page 274
12.8 RNA-Level Control......Page 276
12.9 Complex Control of Gene Expression......Page 278
13 Genomics and Biotechnology......Page 282
13.1 Genomics......Page 283
13.2 The Human Genome......Page 285
13.3 A Scientific Revolution......Page 287
13.4 Genetic Engineering and Medicine......Page 291
13.5 Genetic Engineering and Agriculture......Page 293
13.6 Reproductive Cloning......Page 297
13.7 Stem Cell Therapy......Page 299
13.8 Therapeutic Use of Cloning......Page 301
13.9 Gene Therapy......Page 303
14 Evolution and Natural Selection......Page 308
14.1 Darwin\'s Voyage on HMS Beagle......Page 309
14.2 Darwin\'s Evidence......Page 311
14.3 The Theory of Natural Selection......Page 312
14.4 The Beaks of Darwin\'s Finches......Page 314
14.5 How Natural Selection Produces Diversity......Page 316
14.6 The Evidence for Evolution......Page 317
14.7 Evolution\'s Critics......Page 322
14.8 Genetic Change in Populations: The Hardy-Weinberg Rule......Page 327
14.9 Agents of Evolution......Page 329
14.10 Sickle-Cell Disease......Page 333
14.11 Peppered Moths and Industrial Melanism......Page 335
14.12 Selection on Color in Fish......Page 337
14.13 The Biological Species Concept......Page 340
14.14 Isolating Mechanisms......Page 341
15 How We Name Living Things......Page 346
15.1 Invention of the Linnaean System......Page 347
15.2 Species Names......Page 348
15.3 Higher Categories......Page 349
15.4 What Is a Species?......Page 350
15.5 How to Build a Family Tree......Page 351
15.6 The Kingdoms of Life......Page 357
15.7 Domain Bacteria......Page 358
15.8 Domain Archaea......Page 359
15.9 Domain Eukarya......Page 360
16 Prokaryotes: The First Single-Celled Creatures......Page 364
16.1 Origin of Life......Page 365
16.2 How Cells Arose......Page 367
16.3 The Simplest Organisms......Page 369
16.4 Comparing Prokaryotes to Eukaryotes......Page 371
16.5 Importance of Prokaryotes......Page 372
16.6 Prokaryotic Lifestyles......Page 373
16.7 The Structure of Viruses......Page 375
16.8 How Bacteriophages Enter Prokaryotic Cells......Page 376
16.9 How Animal Viruses Enter Cells......Page 379
16.10 Disease Viruses......Page 381
17 Protists: Advent of the Eukaryotes......Page 386
17.1 Origin of Eukaryotic Cells......Page 387
17.2 The Evolution of Sex......Page 389
17.3 General Biology of Protists, the Most Ancient Eukaryotes......Page 391
17.4 Classifying the Protists......Page 393
17.5 Excavata Are Flagellated, and Some Lack Mitochondria......Page 395
17.6 Chromalveolata Originated by Secondary Symbiosis......Page 397
17.7 Rhizaria Have Hard Shells......Page 401
17.8 Archaeplastida Include Red and Green Algae......Page 403
17.9 Unikonta, the Road to Animals......Page 405
18 Fungi Invade the Land......Page 410
18.2 A Fungus Is Not a Plant......Page 411
18.3 Reproduction and Nutrition of Fungi......Page 413
18.4 Kinds of Fungi......Page 414
18.5 Microsporidia Are Unicellular Parasites......Page 415
18.6 Chytrids Have Flagellated Spores......Page 416
18.7 Zygomycetes Produce Zygotes......Page 417
18.8 Glomeromycetes Are Asexual Plant Symbionts......Page 418
18.9 Basidiomycetes Are the Mushroom Fungi......Page 419
18.10 Ascomycetes Are the Most Diverse Fungi......Page 420
18.11 Ecological Roles of Fungi......Page 421
19 Evolution of the Animal Phyla......Page 426
19.1 General Features of Animals......Page 427
19.2 The Animal Family Tree......Page 429
19.3 Six Key Transitions in Body Plan......Page 431
19.4 Sponges: Animals Without Tissues......Page 435
19.5 Cnidarians: Tissues Lead to Greater Specialization......Page 437
19.6 Solid Worms: Bilateral Symmetry......Page 440
19.7 Roundworms: The Evolution of a Body Cavity......Page 444
19.8 Mollusks: Coelomates......Page 447
19.9 Annelids: The Rise of Segmentation......Page 449
19.10 Arthropods: Advent of Jointed Appendages......Page 451
19.11 Protostomes and Deuterostomes......Page 457
19.12 Echinoderms: The First Deuterostomes......Page 459
19.13 Chordates: Improving the Skeleton......Page 461
20 History of the Vertebrates......Page 466
20.1 The Paleozoic Era......Page 467
20.2 The Mesozoic Era......Page 469
20.3 The Cenozoic Era......Page 472
20.4 Fishes Dominate the Sea......Page 473
20.5 Amphibians Invade the Land......Page 477
20.6 Reptiles Conquer the Land......Page 479
20.7 Birds Master the Air......Page 483
20.8 Mammals Adapt to Colder Times......Page 486
21 How Humans Evolved......Page 492
21.1 The Evolutionary Path to Humans......Page 493
21.2 How the Apes Evolved......Page 494
21.3 Walking Upright......Page 495
21.4 The Hominid Family Tree......Page 496
21.5 African Origin: Early Homo......Page 497
21.6 Out of Africa: Homo erectus......Page 498
21.7 Homo sapiens Also Evolved in Africa......Page 499
21.8 The Only Surviving Hominid......Page 501
22 The Animal Body and How It Moves......Page 506
22.1 Innovations in Body Design......Page 507
22.2 Organization of the Vertebrate Body......Page 509
22.3 Epithelium Is Protective Tissue......Page 511
22.4 Connective Tissue Supports the Body......Page 513
22.5 Muscle Tissue Lets the Body Move......Page 518
22.6 Nerve Tissue Conducts Signals Rapidly......Page 520
22.7 Types of Skeletons......Page 521
22.8 Muscles and How They Work......Page 523
23 Circulation......Page 530
23.1 Open and Closed Circulatory Systems......Page 531
23.2 Architecture of the Vertebrate Circulatory System......Page 533
23.3 The Lymphatic System: Recovering Lost Fluid......Page 536
23.4 Blood......Page 537
23.5 Fish Circulation......Page 539
23.6 Amphibian and Reptile Circulation......Page 540
23.7 Mammalian and Bird Circulation......Page 541
24 Respiration......Page 548
24.1 Types of Respiratory Systems......Page 549
24.2 Respiration in Aquatic Vertebrates......Page 550
24.3 Respiration in Terrestrial Vertebrates......Page 551
24.4 The Mammalian Respiratory System......Page 553
24.5 How Respiration Works: Gas Exchange......Page 555
24.6 The Nature of Lung Cancer......Page 557
25 The Path of Food Through the Animal Body......Page 562
25.1 Food for Energy and Growth......Page 563
25.2 Types of Digestive Systems......Page 565
25.3 Vertebrate Digestive Systems......Page 566
25.4 The Mouth and Teeth......Page 567
25.5 The Esophagus and Stomach......Page 569
25.6 The Small and Large Intestines......Page 571
25.7 Variations in Vertebrate Digestive Systems......Page 573
25.8 Accessory Digestive Organs......Page 575
26 Maintaining the Internal Environment......Page 580
26.1 How the Animal Body Maintains Homeostasis......Page 581
26.2 Regulating the Body\'s Water Content......Page 583
26.3 Evolution of the Vertebrate Kidney......Page 585
26.4 The Mammalian Kidney......Page 589
26.5 Eliminating Nitrogenous Wastes......Page 592
27 How the Animal Body Defends Itself......Page 596
27.1 Skin: The First Line of Defense......Page 597
27.2 Cellular Counterattack: The Second Line of Defense......Page 599
27.3 Specific Immunity: The Third Line of Defense......Page 602
27.4 Initiating the Immune Response......Page 603
27.5 T Cells: The Cellular Response......Page 604
27.6 B Cells: The Humoral Response......Page 605
27.7 Active Immunity Through Clonal Selection......Page 607
27.8 Vaccination......Page 609
27.9 Antibodies in Medical Diagnosis......Page 611
27.10 Overactive Immune System......Page 612
27.11 AIDS: Immune System Collapse......Page 613
28 The Nervous System......Page 618
28.1 Evolution of the Animal Nervous System......Page 619
28.2 Neurons Generate Nerve Impulses......Page 621
28.3 The Synapse......Page 623
28.4 Addictive Drugs Act on Chemical Synapses......Page 625
28.5 Evolution of the Vertebrate Brain......Page 627
28.6 How the Brain Works......Page 629
28.7 The Spinal Cord......Page 632
28.8 Voluntary and Autonomic Nervous Systems......Page 633
29 The Senses......Page 638
29.1 Processing Sensory Information......Page 639
29.2 Sensing Gravity and Motion......Page 641
29.3 Sensing Chemicals: Taste and Smell......Page 642
29.4 Sensing Sounds: Hearing......Page 643
29.5 Sensing Light: Vision......Page 645
29.6 Other Vertebrate Senses......Page 649
30 Chemical Signaling Within the Animal Body......Page 654
30.1 Hormones......Page 655
30.2 How Hormones Target Cells......Page 657
30.3 The Hypothalamus and the Pituitary......Page 659
30.4 The Pancreas......Page 661
30.5 The Thyroid, Parathyroid, and Adrenal Glands......Page 663
31 Reproduction and Development......Page 670
31.1 Asexual and Sexual Reproduction......Page 671
31.2 Evolution of Vertebrate Sexual Reproduction......Page 673
31.3 Males......Page 677
31.4 Females......Page 679
31.5 Hormones Coordinate the Reproductive Cycle......Page 681
31.6 Embryonic Development......Page 683
31.7 Fetal Development......Page 685
31.8 Contraception and Sexually Transmitted Diseases......Page 690
32 Evolution of Plants......Page 694
32.1 Adapting to Terrestrial Living......Page 695
32.2 Plant Evolution......Page 697
32.3 Nonvascular Plants......Page 699
32.4 The Evolution of Vascular Tissue......Page 700
32.5 Seedless Vascular Plants......Page 701
32.6 The Evolution of Seed Plants......Page 703
32.7 Gymnosperms......Page 705
32.8 Rise of the Angiosperms......Page 707
32.9 Why Are There Different Kinds of Flowers?......Page 708
32.10 Double Fertilization......Page 709
32.11 Fruits......Page 710
33 Plant Form and Function......Page 714
33.1 Organization of a Vascular Plant......Page 715
33.2 Plant Tissue Types......Page 716
33.3 Roots......Page 719
33.4 Stems......Page 721
33.5 Leaves......Page 723
33.6 Water Movement......Page 725
33.7 Carbohydrate Transport......Page 728
34 Plant Reproduction and Growth......Page 732
34.1 Angiosperm Reproduction......Page 733
34.2 Structure of the Flower......Page 734
34.3 Gametes Combine Within the Flower......Page 737
34.4 Seeds......Page 739
34.5 Fruit......Page 740
34.6 Germination......Page 741
34.7 Growth and Nutrition......Page 742
34.8 Plant Hormones......Page 743
34.9 Auxin......Page 745
34.10 Photoperiodism and Dormancy......Page 747
34.11 Tropisms......Page 748
35 Populations and Communities......Page 752
35.1 What Is Ecology?......Page 753
35.2 Population Range......Page 755
35.3 Population Distribution......Page 757
35.4 Population Growth......Page 759
35.5 The Influence of Population Density......Page 761
35.6 Life History Adaptations......Page 762
35.7 Population Demography......Page 763
35.8 Communities......Page 764
35.9 The Niche and Competition......Page 765
35.10 Coevolution and Symbiosis......Page 769
35.11 Predator-Prey Interactions......Page 771
35.12 Mimicry......Page 772
35.13 Ecological Succession......Page 774
36 Ecosystems......Page 778
36.1 Energy Flows Through Ecosystems......Page 779
36.2 Ecological Pyramids......Page 783
36.3 The Water Cycle......Page 784
36.4 The Carbon Cycle......Page 786
36.5 Soil Nutrients and Other Chemical Cycles......Page 787
36.6 The Sun and Atmospheric Circulation......Page 789
36.7 Latitude and Elevation......Page 790
36.8 Patterns of Circulation in the Ocean......Page 791
36.9 Ocean Ecosystems......Page 793
36.10 Freshwater Ecosystems......Page 795
36.11 Land Ecosystems......Page 797
37 Behavior and the Environment......Page 804
37.1 Approaches to the Study of Behavior......Page 805
37.2 Instinctive Behavioral Patterns......Page 806
37.3 Genetic Effects on Behavior......Page 807
37.4 How Animals Learn......Page 808
37.5 Instinct and Learning Interact......Page 809
37.6 Animal Cognition......Page 810
37.7 Behavioral Ecology......Page 811
37.8 A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Behavior......Page 812
37.9 Migratory Behavior......Page 813
37.10 Reproductive Behaviors......Page 815
37.11 Communication Within Social Groups......Page 817
37.12 Altruism and Group Living......Page 819
37.13 Animal Societies......Page 821
37.14 Human Social Behavior......Page 822
World......Page 826
38.1 Pollution......Page 827
38.2 Acid Precipitation......Page 828
38.3 Global Warming......Page 829
38.4 The Ozone Hole......Page 830
38.5 Loss of Biodiversity......Page 831
38.6 Reducing Pollution......Page 833
38.7 Preserving Nonreplaceable Resources......Page 834
38.8 Curbing Population Growth......Page 836
38.9 Preserving Endangered Species......Page 839
38.10 Finding Cleaner Sources of Energy......Page 842
38.11 Individuals Can Make the Difference......Page 844
Appendix......Page 848
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