The Linguistics of Giving

THE LINGUISTICS OF GIVING......Page 1
Editorial page......Page 2
Title page......Page 3
Copyright page......Page 4
Table of contents......Page 5
Abbreviations......Page 6
Preface......Page 7
References......Page 15
1. Introduction......Page 17
2. The form of object agreement......Page 18
3. The ordering of object agreement......Page 23
4. The dative marker......Page 25
5. The morphological status of the object agreement marking......Page 27
6. The semantic functions of object agreement......Page 32
7.1. RECIPIENT cross-referenced by DOAgr or IOAgr......Page 36
7.2. IOAgr as the lexical stem of GIVE......Page 41
8. GIVE as a basic verb in Amele......Page 44
Notes......Page 47
References......Page 48
1. Introduction1......Page 51
1.1. The cognitive underpinnings......Page 52
1.2. Nawatl verbs and other relevant structures......Page 58
2.1. The verb maka 'give to'......Page 60
2.2. Double-object constructions with maka......Page 62
3. selia and other RECEIVE verbs......Page 63
4. Causative and applicative stems meaning GIVE......Page 64
5. Verbalized nouns......Page 70
6. Conclusion......Page 76
Notes......Page 77
References......Page 80
1. Introduction......Page 83
2. Some features of Zulu......Page 87
3.1. Non-extended verbs......Page 90
3.2. Applicative constructions......Page 93
3.3. Causative expressions......Page 96
4. Object status......Page 98
5. Unity or diversity?......Page 103
6. Conclusion......Page 106
Notes......Page 108
References......Page 111
1. Introduction......Page 113
2. An overview of Chipewyan morphosyntax......Page 115
2.1. The verbal unit......Page 116
2.2. The classificatory verb system......Page 119
2.3. A taxonomy of THING types distinguished by the classificatory verb stem......Page 121
2.4. Chipewyan postpositional phrases......Page 123
2.5. Summary of the relevant semantic distinctions......Page 124
3. Chipewyan GIVE constructions......Page 125
3.1. Handing/passing vs. giving......Page 129
3.2. Giving vs. throwing......Page 130
3.4. The semantics of giving in Chipewyan......Page 134
4. Chipewyan TAKE constructions......Page 135
4.1. Giving vs. taking......Page 136
4.2. Taking vs. snatching/stealing......Page 138
4.4. The semantics of taking in Chipewyan......Page 140
5.1. Literal intrasentential and discourse uses......Page 141
5.2. Figurative uses......Page 143
6. Some concluding remarks about giving and taking in Chipewyan......Page 146
Notes......Page 148
References......Page 150
1. Introduction
......Page 151
2. The prototypical GIVE verb -pweíhve'e......Page 154
3. The 'enabling' GIVE verbs......Page 158
4. 'Terminative' GIVE......Page 168
5. GIVE: a means of transporting objects......Page 170
5.1. 'Take' verbs......Page 171
5.2. GIVE verbs......Page 174
5.3. 'Bring' verbs......Page 179
5.4. 'Receive' verbs......Page 180
5.5. 'Pass X to Y' verbs......Page 181
5.6. 'Hold in the hand' verbs......Page 182
6. Four kinds of GIVE: a summary......Page 183
7. Conclusion......Page 185
Abbreviations used in glosses......Page 186
Notes......Page 187
References......Page 188
1. Introduction
......Page 191
2. Prototype GIVE
......Page 192
2.1. General......Page 193
2.2. Size and shape of object......Page 194
2.3. Change of control......Page 197
2.4. Change of location......Page 198
2.5. GIVE-completive......Page 202
3. GIVE
 (rotated wrist)......Page 203
3.1. Permanence and 'money'......Page 204
3.2. Sense of value......Page 208
3.3. GIVE-formally (non-rotated wrist)......Page 209
4. Metaphorical extension with GIVE and GIVE......Page 210
4.2. GIVE and GIVE-formally in metaphorical interaction......Page 212
4.3. Metaphorical GIVE-IN-ARGUMENT......Page 214
4.4. Use of humor......Page 216
4.5. Productivity of metaphorical extension in GIVE words......Page 217
5. Nominalization of GIVE......Page 218
Convention used in glosses......Page 219
Notes......Page 220
References......Page 221
1. Introduction......Page 225
2. Ditransitive and transitive GIVE......Page 227
3. Direct and inverse voice......Page 230
3.1. Inflection of transitive verbs for direct and inverse voice......Page 231
3.2. Inflection of ditransitive GIVE for direct and inverse voice......Page 233
4. Passive constructions......Page 236
5. Theantipassive......Page 238
6. Inflection for reflexive and reciprocal......Page 240
6.1. Inflection for reflexive......Page 241
6.2. Inflection for reciprocal......Page 242
7.1. Ditransitive verbs which encode instrumental or locative nominals as the indirect object......Page 243
7.2. Ditransitive verbs which encode RECIPIENT nominals as the indirect object......Page 244
7.3.1. Order of ditransitive verb arguments which take a locative or instrumental indirect object......Page 247
7.3.2. Order of ditransitive verb arguments which take a RECIPIENT indirect object......Page 249
7.4. Topicality of ditransitive verb arguments......Page 252
8. The inflectionally related forms of GIVE......Page 254
9. Conclusion......Page 262
Notes......Page 263
References......Page 264
1. Introduction......Page 265
2. An overview of GIVE, HAVE, and TAKE......Page 266
3. TAKE as a parallel to GIVE......Page 269
4. TAKE as a parallel to HAVE......Page 275
5. Discussion......Page 277
Notes......Page 280
References......Page 281
1. Introduction......Page 283
2.1. The intra-lexematical characterization of geven combined with a subject and direct object......Page 286
2.2. The inter-lexematical characterization of geven combined with a subject and direct object......Page 289
2.3. The meaning of geven combined with a subject and direct object......Page 296
3.1. The intra-lexematical characterization of geven combined with a subject, indirect object, and direct object......Page 297
3.1.1. The nominal indirect object and the 'possessive dative'......Page 299
3.1.2. The dativus commodi and the dativus incommodi......Page 300
3.1.3. Two types of indirect object and the meaning of geven......Page 302
3.2.1. Geven versus krijgen......Page 304
3.2.2. Geven versus bieden, opleveren, schenken, verlenen, verschaffen......Page 306
3.3. The meaning of geven combined with a subject, direct and indirect object......Page 311
4. Special uses of geven......Page 312
Notes......Page 316
References......Page 321
1. Introduction......Page 323
2. The meanings of es gibt......Page 326
3. es gibt and il y a......Page 330
4. The two-place verb geben......Page 332
5. The polysemy of geben......Page 336
6. Conclusion......Page 339
Notes......Page 340
References......Page 341
1. Introduction
......Page 343
2. Traugott's theory of semantic-pragmatic change......Page 344
3. From GIVE to BENEFACTIVE......Page 346
4. From BENEFACTIVE to PURPOSIVE......Page 348
5. From PURPOSIVE to MANNER......Page 350
6. Function Contiguity vs. Direct Shift......Page 355
7. Conclusion......Page 357
Notes......Page 359
References......Page 362
1. Introduction
......Page 365
2. Methods of analysis......Page 367
3. Period 1: Exchanging and obtaining objects (12.00 to 17.14)......Page 369
4. Period 2: First talk about possession (17.14 to 19.15)......Page 374
5. Period 3: Complex talk about possession (19.16 to 24.00)......Page 376
6. Discussion......Page 383
References......Page 388
Index of Names......Page 391
Indexof Subjects......Page 395