The Life Span: Human Development for Helping Professionals (5th Edition)

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 Organizing Themes in Development
	Reflection and Action
		The Gap Between Science and Practice
		Box 1.1: Questionnaire
	A Historical Perspective on Developmental Theories
		Emphasizing Discontinuity: Classic Stage Theories
		Emphasizing Continuity: Incremental Change
		Classic Theories and the Major Issues They Raise
	Contemporary Multidimensional or Systems Theories: Embracing the Complexity of Development
		Applying Theory to Practice
	A New Look at Three Developmental Issues
		Nature and Nurture
		Neuroplasticity and Critical (Sensitive) Periods
		Universality and Specificity: The Role of Culture
	Applications
	Focus on Developmental Psychopathology
	Summary
	Case Study
	Journal Questions
	Key Concepts
2 Genetics, Epigenetics, and the Brain: The Fundamentals of Behavioral Development
	The Nature–Nurture Illusion
	Epigenesis and Coaction
		Conception and Early Growth
		Defining Epigenesis and Coaction
		The Cell as the Scene of the Action
		Gene Regulation: The Heart of Coaction
		More About Genes
	Atypical Development
		The Influence of Defective Gene Alleles
		The Influence of Chromosomal Abnormalities
		Teratogenic Influences
		Nutritional Influences
	The Developing Brain
		Early Prenatal Brain Development
		Box 2.1: The Major Structures of the Brain
		Structure and Function of Neurons
		Later Prenatal Brain Development
		Postnatal Brain Development
	The Developing Stress and Adaptation System
		What Is Stress?
		The Architecture of the Stress Response
		Toxic Stress and Allostatic Overload
		Box 2.2: Do Numbers Matter? Early Adverse Experiences Add Up
	Applications
	Summary
	Case Study
	Journal Questions
	Key Concepts
3 Cognitive Development in the Early Years
	Piaget’s Constructivist Theory
		Box 3.1: Biographical Sketch: Jean Piaget
	Infant Cognition: The Sensorimotor Stage
		Understanding Objects
		Remembering
		Having and Inferring Intentions
	Preschoolers’ Cognition: The Preoperational Stage
		Taking Control: The Mind in Charge
		Understanding Numbers
		Understanding the Mind
		Understanding Language
		Box 3.2: Early Childhood Education: Helping All Children Succeed
	Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
		Box 3.3: Biographical Sketch: Lev S. Vygotsky
	Applications
	Focus on Developmental Psychopathology
	Summary
	Case Study
	Journal Questions
	Key Concepts
4 Emotional and Social Development in the Early Years
	Emotions: Functions, Nature and Development
		Functions of Emotions
		What Are Emotions?
		Are There Basic Emotions?
		The View from Neuroscience
		How Do Emotions Develop?
		The Early Development of Emotion Regulation
	Attachment: Early Social Relationships
		Box 4.1: Two Biographical Sketches: John Bowlby and Mary D. Salter Ainsworth
		Box 4.2: A Biographical Sketch: Erik H. Erikson
		The Developing Bond Between Infant and Caregiver
		The Biology of Infant Attachment
		Attachment Quality: Not All Attachments Are Alike
		Linking Quality of Caregiving to Attachment Quality
		Sensitive and Insensitive Parenting
		The Child’s Role in Attachment: Infant Temperament
		Mothers and Fathers
		Box 4.3: Does Day Care Pose a Risk to Infants?
		Cultural Influences on Infant Attachment
		The Importance of Early Attachments
		Working Models of Attachment
		Parenting Practices Versus Relationship Quality in Infant Development
	Attachment in Context
	Applications
	Focus on Developmental Psychopathology
	Summary
	Case Study
	Journal Questions
	Key Concepts
5 The Emerging Self and Socialization in the Early Years
	The Self‐System
		Traditional Conceptions of the Self‐System
	The Early Development of the Self‐System
		The Beginnings of the “I” and the “Me”
		Roots of Self‐Regulation
	Early Socialization: Parenting and the Development of the Self‐System
		The Dimensions of Parenting Style
		Four Parenting Styles
		Parenting Style and Child Outcomes
		Parenting Practices: Methods of Control
		Box 5.1: Time‐Out: Getting it Right
		Moderators of Parenting and Parenting Effectiveness
	Conscience: The Beginnings of a Moral Self
	Applications
	Summary
	Case Study
	Journal Questions
	Key Concepts
6 Realms of Cognition in Middle Childhood
	Brain and Behavior
	Cognitive Development
		Piaget’s View: The Emergence of Concrete Operations
		Box 6.1: Techno‐Kids: Cognitive Development in a Wired World
		An Alternative Perspective: The Information Processing Approach
		Some Other Approaches to Understanding Cognitive Development
		Focus on Memory: Why Does It Improve in Middle Childhood?
		Box 6.2: Children’s Eyewitness Testimony
		Cognitive Development and Formal Schooling
		Box 6.3: Children of Immigrant Families
	Social Cognition
		The Importance of Friendships
		How Perspective Taking Develops in the Middle Years of Childhood
		Perspective Taking and Friendship Development
		Selman’s Stages of Friendship Development
		Selman’s Framework for Friendship
	Applications
	Summary
	Case Study
	Journal Questions
	Key Concepts
7 Self and Moral Development: Middle Childhood Through Early Adolescence
	Self‐Concept
		The Development of Self‐Concept—An Overview
		The Structure of Self‐Concept
		Influences on the Development of Self‐Concept
		Understanding Different Kinds of Self‐Valuing: Self‐Esteem, Self‐Efficacy, and Narcissism
		Gender, Race, Ethnicity, and Self‐Esteem Differences
		Cross‐Cultural Differences in the Development of the Self
	The Moral Self
		Elements of Morality
		Some Classic Theories of Moral Development
		Children’s Prosocial Behavior
		Children’s Antisocial Behavior
	Applications
	Focus on Developmental Psychopathology
	Summary
	Case Study
	Journal Questions
	Key Concepts
8 Gender and Peer Relationships: Middle Childhood Through Early Adolescence
	The Biology of Sex
	Gender Role Development
		Gender Identity
		Box 8.1: Beyond Gender Constancy: Gender Identity, Social Adjustment, and Ethnicity
		Gender and Behavior
		Box 8.2: Gender Differences in STEM Fields: Why Do So Few Girls Pursue Math and Science Careers?
	Peer Relationships
		The Peer Group, Social Competence, and Social Skills
		Analysis of the World of Peers
		Measurement of Individuals Within the Peer Group
		Individual Characteristics Related to Sociometric Status
		Gender and Cultural Differences
		Stability of Categories and Outcomes
		Measurement of the Peer Group: Another Level of Analysis
		Why Do Cliques Form?
		Peer Groups’ Influence on Behavior
	Applications
		Box 8.3: Meeting the Special Needs of Boys
	Summary
	Case Study
	Journal Questions
	Key Concepts
9 Physical, Cognitive, and Identity Development in Adolescence
	Physical Development
		A Glandular Awakening
		The Growth Spurt
		The Changing Brain
		Imbalance in Adolescent Brain Development
		The Adolescent Brain and Stress
	Behavioral and Emotional Changes
		Sleeping – Or Not
		Emotions and Mood
		Depression in Adolescence
		Box 9.1: The Limits of Guilt in Adolescence
		The Emergence of Sexuality and Sexual Preference
		Sexual Orientation
	Cognitive Development
		Formal Operational Thought
		Information Processing: Sharpening Executive Functions
		Scientific Problem Solving
		Constructing Ideals
		Advances in Metacognitive Skill: Thinking About Thought
	Identity Development
		Some Basic Considerations
		Identity Status
		Assessing Identity Formation
		Developmental Sequence in Identity Formation
		Identity Development and Diverse Groups
		Box 9.2: Choosing an Identity: The Case of Multiracial Youth
	Applications
	Focus on Developmental Psychopathology
	Summary
	Case Study
	Journal Questions
	Key Concepts
10 The Social World of Adolescence
	Adolescent Autonomy and Social Identity
		The Peer Arena
	The Structure of the Peer Network
	The Role of Parents
		Because I’m the Parent, That’s Why . . .
		Raising Adolescents
		Parental Control
	Adolescents in School
	Leisure, Work, and Media
		Teens in the Workplace
		Adolescents and Media
	Risk‐Taking Versus Risky Lifestyles in Adolescence
		Who Takes More Risky Risks?
		Peer and Parent Influences on Risky and Deviant Behavior
		Egocentrism, Development, and Risk
	Society’s Role in Adolescent Problem Behavior: Then and Now
	Applications
	Summary
	Case Study
	Journal Questions
	Key Concepts
11 Physical and Cognitive Development in Young Adulthood
	Physical Development in Young Adulthood
		Brain Development
		Reaching Peak Physical Status
	Cognitive Development in Young Adulthood
		Logical Thinking: Is There Qualitative Change?
		Schaie’s View of Adults Adjusting to Environmental Pressures
		Postformal Thought
		Box 11.1: A Visit to the Grandparents: Two Perspectives
		Box 11.2: Helper Beware: Decision‐Making Pitfalls
	Applications
	Focus on Developmental Psychopathology
	Summary
	Case Study
	Journal Questions
	Key Concepts
12 Socioemotional and Vocational Development in Young Adulthood
	Love
		Adult Attachment Theory
		Research Traditions in Adult Attachment
		The Nuclear Family Tradition: The Past as Prologue
		The Peer/Romantic Relationship Tradition
		Box 12.1: The Benefits of Love: Stability and Change in Adult Attachment Styles
	Work
		Some Theories of the Career Development Process
		The Realities of Career Development in Young Adulthood
		Work and the Development of Self‐Concept
	Applications
	Summary
	Case Study
	Journal Questions
	Key Concepts
13 Middle Adulthood: Cognitive, Personality, and Social Development
	Life Span Developmental Theory
		Gains and Losses in Development: The Changing Architecture of Biology and Culture
		Development as Growth, Maintenance, and Regulation of Loss
		Defining Successful Development at Any Age
	Influences on Adult Development: Sources of Stability
		Personality
		The Link to Temperament
	Influences on Adult Development: Sources of Change
		Age‐Graded Changes
		History‐Graded Changes
		Nonnormative Changes
	Key Developmental Tasks of Midlife: The Continuing Pursuit of Intimacy and Generativity
		Intimacy: Marriage and Other Primary Relationships
		Box 13.1: Changing Families: Gay and Lesbian Couples and Their Children
		Box 13.2: When Parents Divorce
		Generativity: Making a Mark at Midlife
		Box 13.3: Men, Women, and Leadership
	Applications
	Focus on Developmental Psychopathology
	Summary
	Case Study
	Journal Questions
	Key Concepts
14 Living Well: Stress, Coping, and Life Satisfaction in Adulthood
	Box 14.1: Question from Cantril’s Ladder
	Box 14.2: Measuring What Makes People Happy
	Life Satisfaction: What Is a Well‐Lived Life?
		Worldly Goods and Well‐Being
		Personality and Well‐Being
		Relationships and Well‐Being
		Work, Achievement, Generativity, and Well‐Being
		Universal Needs and Values and Well‐Being
		The Importance of Meaning, Religion, and Spirituality
		Spirituality and Meaning
		Culture and Well‐Being
	Stress, Coping, and Well‐Being in Midlife
		Stress: A Review
		Stress and Growth
		Coping with Stress
		Stressors and the Body‐Mind
		Wellness
		The Affectivity Connection
	Applications
	Summary
	Case Study
	Journal Questions
	Key Concepts
15 Gains and Losses in Late Adulthood
	Physical, Cognitive, and Socioemotional Change in Late Life
		Challenge and Loss in Late Adulthood
		Box 15.1: The Burden of Care
		Maintaining Well‐Being in the Face of Loss: Successful Aging
		Box 15.2: Navigating the Transition to Retirement
		Wisdom, Aging, and Culture
		Social‐Emotional Experience in Late Life
	Experiencing Loss
		Death and Dying
		Bereavement
		Box 15.3: Funeral Rituals in Different Cultures
	Applications
	Summary
	Case Study
	Journal Questions
	Key Concepts
Appendix A Practitioner’s Guide to Psychological Science
Glossary
References
Author Index
Subject Index