The lichens

Title Page\r......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 6
List of Contributors......Page 12
Preface......Page 14
PART I: STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT......Page 16
I. Introduction......Page 18
II. Anatomy of the Thallus......Page 19
III. Morphology of the Thallus......Page 35
IV. Vegetative Structures and Their Development......Page 52
V. Influence of Fungus and Alga on the Habit of the Lichen......Page 68
VI. Influence of Fruiting Bodies on the Development of Thallus Tissues......Page 70
References......Page 72
I. Ascolichens......Page 74
References......Page 102
I. Introduction......Page 106
II. Systematic Criteria......Page 107
III. Modifiability and Its Taxonomic Significance......Page 124
References......Page 126
I. Introduction......Page 132
II. Vegetative Propagules......Page 133
III. Sexual Propagules......Page 134
References......Page 158
I. Introduction......Page 162
II. Cellular Structure of the Symbionts......Page 163
III. Symbiotic Relationship between Fungus and Alga......Page 182
IV. Thallus Layers and Surface Structures as Viewed with SEM......Page 185
V. Some Aspects of Changes in Ultrastructure Due to Ecological Conditions......Page 192
References......Page 194
PART II: PHYSIOLOGY OF THE INTACT THALLUS......Page 198
I. Introduction......Page 200
II. Metal Content of Lichens......Page 202
III. Concentration and Retention of Radionuclides......Page 208
IV. Uptake and Translocation of Cations......Page 226
References......Page 234
I. Introduction......Page 240
II. Biogeochemical Weathering......Page 242
III. Biogeochemical Weathering......Page 245
IV. Plant Succession and Soil Development......Page 254
Acknowledgments......Page 258
References......Page 259
I. Introduction......Page 264
II. Photosynthesis by the Intact Lichen......Page 265
III. Interactions between Lichen Symbionts......Page 272
IV. The Mobile Carbohydrate and Its Release......Page 281
V. Fate of the Transferred Carbohydrate......Page 288
VI. Carbohydrate Movement between the Symbionts......Page 291
VII. Conclusions......Page 296
References......Page 300
I. Introduction......Page 304
II. Chemical and Biochemical Analyses of Whole Thalli......Page 305
III. Assimilation of Combined Nitrogen......Page 306
IV. Fixation of Elementary Nitrogen......Page 312
VI. The Relationship of Lichens to Other Nitrogen-Fixing Symbiotic Systems......Page 318
References......Page 320
PART III: ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE ANDEFFECTS......Page 324
I. Introduction......Page 326
II. Determination of Viability and Resistance......Page 327
III. Responses to Environmental Stresses......Page 331
IV. Extreme Habitats of Lichens......Page 369
V. Conclusions......Page 381
References......Page 383
I. Introduction......Page 396
II. Water Absorption......Page 397
III. Mechanism of Water Absorption and WaterConduction to the Thallus......Page 402
IV. Water Contents of Thalli......Page 405
V. Water Loss......Page 410
VI. Conclusions......Page 412
References......Page 413
I. Introduction......Page 416
III. Substrate Factors......Page 417
IV The Lichen-Substrate Interface......Page 431
V. The Effect of Lichens on their Substrate......Page 435
VI. Substrate Specificity......Page 437
VII. Substrates and Speciation......Page 447
VIII. Summary and Conclusion......Page 450
References......Page 451
Note Added in Proof......Page 456
I. Historical......Page 458
II. Lichen Deserts......Page 460
III. Causes of Lichen Deserts......Page 468
IV. Effect of Environment......Page 474
V. Biological Estimation of Air Pollution......Page 481
References......Page 484
I. Introduction......Page 488
II. Techniques of Measuring Growth......Page 494
III. Growth Rates and Life History......Page 501
References......Page 505
PART IV: SECONDARY METABOLIC PRODUCTS......Page 508
I. Introduction......Page 510
II. Structure of Lichen Substances......Page 511
III. Recent Results......Page 534
References......Page 536
I. Introduction......Page 538
II. Biosynthesis......Page 539
III. Conclusion: The State of The Problem......Page 556
References......Page 557
I. Folklore......Page 562
III. Lichen Substances......Page 564
IV. Pharmacological Studies......Page 565
V. Antibiotics in Lichens......Page 566
References......Page 573
PART V: SYMBIONT INTERACTIONS......Page 578
I. Introduction......Page 580
II. Developmental Stages of Synthesis......Page 581
III. Physiological Relationships between the Symbionts......Page 584
IV. Lichens Synthesized in Laboratory Cultures......Page 585
V. Factors that Influence Synthesis......Page 591
References......Page 593
I. Introduction......Page 596
II. Symbiosis in Retrospect......Page 597
III. Symbiosis Achieved......Page 606
IV. Symbiosis in Prospect......Page 610
References......Page 613
I. Early Lichen Systems......Page 614
II. Parasitic Lichens, Parasymbionts, and Lichen Parasites......Page 615
III. Lichenized and Nonlichenized Fungi......Page 617
IV. Taxonomic Categories in Lichenology......Page 618
V. Proposed Classification: Ascolichens......Page 620
VI. Proposed Classification: Basidiolichens......Page 643
VII. Lichenes Imperfecta......Page 644
References......Page 645
I. Identification without Previous Isolation......Page 648
II. Isolation......Page 661
III. Identification after Previous Isolation......Page 663
References......Page 665
I. Fungal Symbiont......Page 668
II. Algal Symbiont......Page 671
References......Page 673
AUTHOR INDEX......Page 676
TAXONOMIC INDEX......Page 692
SUBJECT INDEX......Page 707