The Legal Status of Territories Subject to Administration by International Organisations

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Illustrations......Page 13
Foreward......Page 15
Acknowledgements......Page 18
3 International Court of Justice......Page 21
5 European Commission/Court of Human Rights......Page 23
7.2 Bosnia and Herzegovina......Page 24
7.5 Germany......Page 25
7.10 United States......Page 26
ABBREVIATIONS......Page 28
Introduction......Page 37
I.1 International administrations and the discourse of empire......Page 38
I.2 Methodological frames and structure......Page 45
1 Creation of internationalised territories......Page 54
1.1 Horizontal transfer of effective control and the bare title to territory......Page 55
1.1.1 Doctrine and jurisprudence......Page 56
1.1.2 Dynamics of state practice......Page 61
(i) Panama Canal and Guant´anamo Bay (both 1903)......Page 62
(ii) Bosnia-Herzegovina (1878) and the Saar Territory (1920)......Page 64
(iii) Contrasting the nudum ius with state servitudes......Page 66
1.1.3 Mixed methodology: Chapter VII and the incorporation of a horizontal agreement......Page 68
(i) Eastern Slavonia (1995)......Page 69
1.2 UN territorial administration and the vertical imposition of imperium......Page 72
(i) Jerusalem and Trieste (both 1947)......Page 73
(ii) Western Irian (1962) and Namibia (1967)......Page 76
1.2.2 Imposing the divorce: Chapter VII and the appropriation of effective control by the UN......Page 78
(i) Kosovo and East Timor (both 1999)......Page 80
(ii) Disjunction between sovereign title and effective control in state practice: selected examples since 1878......Page 86
Resume: towards an in rem characterisation of internationalised territories......Page 87
Introduction: the challenge to patrimonial conceptions of sovereignty......Page 89
2.1 Mandates and the displacement of the sovereign......Page 92
(i) Trust and the transposition of municipal legal instruments......Page 95
(i) Formal categorisation of legal instruments utilised......Page 99
(ii) Suprema potestas within the Mandate system?......Page 102
(iii) Application of a ‘matrix of modernism’......Page 105
2.2 ‘Le roi est mort, vive le roi!’: the Trusteeship system and the return of the sovereign......Page 108
2.2.1 Self-determination and the reversion to the sovereignty narrative......Page 110
(i) ‘Silent alchemy’: Namibia and the triumph of the teleologists......Page 111
2.2.2 Ever-closer supervision and obligations under the Trusteeship system......Page 116
(i) Normative framework of the Trusteeship mechanism......Page 117
(ii) Institutional framework......Page 120
(iii) Mandates and Trusteeship territories......Page 127
(i) Background......Page 128
(ii) Legal basis for terminating the Mandate......Page 132
(iii) Virtual governance: the United Nations Council for Namibia......Page 138
Resume: heightened international authority and the ‘peoples’ as a new actor......Page 144
3 Self-determination and the personality of internationalised territories......Page 147
Introduction: international law’s agnosticism......Page 148
3.1 Subjectivity as entitlement......Page 152
3.1.1 The dynamic principle of self-determination......Page 153
(i) Norms of self-determination as a latent international entitlement......Page 158
3.1.2 Other sources of entitlement: the inductive approach to personality......Page 160
(i) The Free City of Danzig, the Westbank/Gaza and Kosovo......Page 162
3.2 Agency and the construction of international legal personality......Page 167
(i) Two points of clarification regarding agency ex lege......Page 169
3.2.1 Representation-in-trust......Page 171
3.2.2 Agency and ‘performativity’......Page 175
Resume: functional approaches to legal personality......Page 179
4 ‘The King’s two bodies’: the dual functions of international administrations......Page 185
Introduction: the elusive ‘international community interest’......Page 187
4.1 Of international agents and organs......Page 194
4.1.1 A custodian’s parallel set of duties......Page 198
4.2.1 The ‘dual mandate’......Page 200
4.2.2 The Allied Control Authority and its bona fide representation function......Page 202
4.2.3 The United Nations Council for Namibia......Page 207
(i) Normative content of the Council’s Decree No. 1 . . . within the UN legal order . . .......Page 209
(ii) . . . within the domestic legal order of states......Page 212
(iii) . . . within the Namibian legal order......Page 213
Postscript: temporary identity of domestic and foreign policy......Page 215
Introduction: the UN imperium over the territory......Page 220
5.1 Kosovo’s status and Serbia’s bare title to the territory......Page 222
5.1.1 ‘Paramount law of the land’: Resolution 1244 and its first implementing Regulations......Page 223
(i) UNMIK’s deployment strategy and ‘pillar’ structure......Page 226
(ii) Sovereignty v. imperium: applying the in rem framework......Page 232
(iii) A case study......Page 235
5.1.2 From benchmarking to status?......Page 239
(i) Governance challenge wrapped in a sovereignty enigma......Page 240
(ii) Of roadmaps and roadblocks: the ‘earned sovereignty’ approach......Page 243
5.2.1 Territorial agency......Page 249
(i) UNTAET and the Timor Gap Treaty......Page 250
(ii) UNMIK’s performance of agency......Page 253
(iii) Towards a limited legal personality? A memo to the Kosovo Premier......Page 264
5.2.2 UNMIK as administrator of an international trust......Page 273
(i) Privatisation, or: to be or not to be immune?......Page 274
Postscript: view from international humanitarian law......Page 279
6 The status process: Kosovo’s endgame......Page 284
Introduction: UNMIK as facilitator?......Page 286
6.1 Statehood or stasis? UNOSEK and the Contact Group......Page 288
6.1.1 Miscalculations and flawed premises......Page 294
(i) Spoiling the party......Page 298
(ii) The Troika......Page 300
6.1.2 UNOSEK’s settlement proposal......Page 302
(i) The question of international powers......Page 304
(ii) Building legitimacy: a new constitution......Page 306
6.2 Wider implications for public international law......Page 308
6.2.1 The option of ‘status imposition’......Page 309
6.2.2 The future of self-determination claims......Page 312
6.2.3 Challenges to Serbia’s position......Page 316
Resume: status resolution as contrapunctus......Page 318
7 An anomalous legitimacy cycle......Page 324
Introduction: premises and challenges......Page 326
7.1 A transitional administration in transition......Page 328
7.1.1 Two dimensions of the legitimacy discourse......Page 330
7.2 Pursuit of domestic legitimacy: two promises......Page 334
7.2.1 Foundational promise......Page 335
(i) The Border Agreement between FRY and Macedonia......Page 336
(ii) Vouching for the ward: the Haradinaj case......Page 338
7.2.2 Devolution of power and the democratic moment......Page 339
7.3 Legitimacy through defiance......Page 341
7.3.1 SRSG v. the Kosovo Assembly......Page 342
7.3.2 ‘You’re fired’: OHR v. The Bosnian Constitutional Court......Page 345
7.3.3 Two fronts of the struggle over domestic legitimacy......Page 354
Resume: negative externalities......Page 356
8 Properties of a transitory legal order......Page 362
Introduction: the transitionality frame......Page 364
8.1 Unmediated import of international law......Page 365
8.1.1 Policing the border between past and future government authority......Page 368
8.1.2 Collapse of dualism and the promise of a liberal future......Page 371
8.2.1 Uniform promulgation......Page 375
8.2.2 The problem of review......Page 380
(i) Palestine: competence to review an Ordinance......Page 385
(ii) Bosnia: incidental norm control......Page 386
8.2.3 ‘Sed quis custodiet?’: norm control and legality......Page 392
8.3.1 Rights without remedies......Page 396
(i) Extraterritorial applicability of human rights instruments......Page 398
(ii) The Shell Game: the Court’s failure to close the gap in Behrami and Saramati......Page 403
8.3.2 Too little, too late: Kosovo’s Human Rights Advisory Panel......Page 417
(i) Options......Page 419
(ii) The long march of UNMIK Regulation 2006/12......Page 420
8.3.3 Will the International Civilian Representative in Kosovo do better?......Page 430
(i) A new Mandate......Page 431
Resume: the ‘stickiness’ of an interim legal order......Page 435
Concluding appraisal......Page 440
(ii) As to the nature of powers assumed by an international administration......Page 444
(iv) As to their limitation by international human rights law......Page 445
(v) As to the fiduciary bond established between the international community and the population under its tutelage......Page 446
(vii) As to the legal status of the territory......Page 447
(viii) Five themes for Accountability Guidelines for plenary UN Administration Missions......Page 464
A Treaties, conventions and constitutions (of international organisations)......Page 470
United Nations General Assembly......Page 472
United Nations Security Council......Page 474
International Law Commission......Page 475
UN: peacekeeping/peace-building, governance and accountability......Page 476
Bosnia and Herzegovina......Page 478
1999......Page 479
2002......Page 480
2004......Page 481
2005......Page 482
2006......Page 483
2007......Page 484
D UNMIK and UNTAET legal sources (‘mediate UN law’, in chronological order)......Page 485
UNMIK......Page 487
F Pronouncements of local Kosovo institutions......Page 489
G Contact Group statements and unpublished documents (letters, Code Cables, etc.)......Page 490
A Books......Page 493
B Book chapters......Page 504
C Articles......Page 511
D Speeches, theses, working papers and think tank/NGO studies......Page 531
Index......Page 538