The Law of Internal Armed Conflict

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 4
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Preface and acknowledgements......Page 9
Table of cases......Page 12
Table of treaties and other international instruments......Page 18
1 The historical regulation of internal armed conflict......Page 23
The customary laws of war and belligerent practice......Page 25
Traditional international law and the recognition of belligerency......Page 26
State practice and the recognition of belligerency......Page 33
Humanitarian rules of armed conflict prior to the 1949 Geneva Conventions......Page 40
The development of Red Cross interest......Page 43
The path to the Conventions of 1949......Page 44
The drafting history of common Article 3......Page 45
2 Article 3 common to the Geneva Conventions......Page 52
Scope of application......Page 53
The elements of internal armed conflict......Page 56
Organisation of the insurgents......Page 58
Governmental use of armed forces......Page 60
Recognition of belligerency......Page 62
A definition at last?......Page 64
The upper threshold......Page 68
The binding nature of common Article 3 for insurgents......Page 74
Humane treatment......Page 80
Special agreements......Page 85
Effect on legal status......Page 87
Common Article 3 in practice......Page 89
Algeria......Page 90
The Congo......Page 96
Biafra......Page 101
General State practice......Page 105
3 Additional Protocol II of 1977......Page 111
The drafting process of Additional Protocol II......Page 113
The binding nature of Protocol II for insurgents......Page 118
Scope of application......Page 121
The relationship between Additional Protocol II and common Article 3......Page 122
The parties to the conflict......Page 125
Territorial control and the nature of hostilities......Page 127
Ability to implement the Protocol......Page 129
The content of Additional Protocol II......Page 131
Fundamental guarantees......Page 132
Persons whose liberty is restricted......Page 133
Penal prosecutions......Page 136
The wounded, sick and shipwrecked......Page 137
The civilian population......Page 138
Additional Protocol II in practice......Page 141
El Salvador......Page 142
Rwanda......Page 144
Bosnia-Herzegovina......Page 147
Chechnya......Page 149
4 Customary international law and internal armed conflict......Page 155
The Tadic jurisprudence......Page 156
Approach of the Tribunal......Page 158
Rules protecting the civilian population from hostilities......Page 161
Rules regarding means and methods of warfare......Page 167
Crimes against humanity......Page 169
Attack on a civilian population......Page 172
Discriminatory intent and motive......Page 175
Individual criminal responsibility......Page 178
The Statute of the International Criminal Court: confirming custom......Page 182
Crimes against humanity......Page 183
War crimes......Page 185
The principle of individual criminal responsibility......Page 189
Criminal responsibility and official capacity......Page 199
Superior orders......Page 205
Contribution of the Tadic Case to international law......Page 210
Human rights and humanitarian law......Page 215
Non-discrimination......Page 219
Violence to life and person......Page 221
The taking of hostages......Page 224
Judicial guarantees......Page 225
Human rights protection of civilians beyond common Article 3......Page 230
THE HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES,......Page 232
Humane treatment......Page 233
Violence to life and person......Page 236
Rights of the child......Page 241
Persons whose liberty has been restricted......Page 243
Penal prosecutions......Page 246
Remaining provisions of Additional Protocol II......Page 249
6 Implementation and enforcement of the laws of internal armed conflict......Page 254
Individual criminal responsibility......Page 255
Belligerent reprisals......Page 259
Dissemination......Page 265
Measures taken by third parties......Page 266
Other High Contracting Parties......Page 267
The International Committee of the Red Cross......Page 272
The United Nations......Page 273
Enforcement of human rights law......Page 277
United Nations enforcement and supervision......Page 278
The European system......Page 285
The Inter-American system......Page 288
The African system......Page 290
Problems with the enforcement of human rights during internal armed conflict......Page 293
Summary and conclusions......Page 295
Bibliography......Page 300
Index......Page 320