The Latest Developments and Challenges in Biomedical Engineering:Proceedings of the 23rd Polish Conference on Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Lodz, Poland, September 27–29, 2023

Preface
Contents
Biomedical Imaging & Analysis
Modified CNN-Watershed for Corneal Endothelium Segmentation: Image-to-Image Versus Sliding-Window Comparison
	1 Introduction
	2 Dataset Details
	3 Methods
		3.1 General Idea
		3.2 Full Image Versus Sliding Window
		3.3 Convolutional Neural Networks
		3.4 Data Augmentation
		3.5 Training
		3.6 Prediction and Watershed Postprocessing
	4 Results
		4.1 General Assessment Procedure
		4.2 Visual Results
		4.3 Image Segmentation Quality Assessment
		4.4 Cell Morphometry Assessment
		4.5 Prediction Time
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	References
Tissue Pattern Classification with CNN in Histological Images
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Related Works
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Disease
		2.2 Image Data
		2.3 Dataset Parameters
		2.4 The Deep Learning Model & Implementation
		2.5 Data Augmentation
		2.6 Training Scenarios for Compactness Classification
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Robust Multiresolution and Multistain Background Segmentation in Whole Slide Images
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Dataset
		2.2 Model
	3 Results
	4 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
Impact of Visual Image Quality on Lymphocyte Detection Using YOLOv5 and RetinaNet Algorithms
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Experimental Setup
	4 Experiments and Results
	5 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
Using Local Normalization and Local Thresholding in the Detection of Small Objects in MR Brain Images
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Data
		2.2 Normalization and Thresholding Methods
		2.3 Dice Coefficient
	3 Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Using Histogram Skewness and Kurtosis Features for Detection of White Matter Hyperintensities in MRI Images
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Data
		2.2 Histogram Features
		2.3 Histogram Analysis
		2.4 MaZda Map Computation
		2.5 Skewness and Kurtosis Formulas
		2.6 Feature Maps
		2.7 Image Analysis
		2.8 Classification Algorithm
	3 Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Texture Analysis Versus Deep Learning in MRI-based Classification of Renal Failure
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Materials and Methods
		3.1 MRI Data
		3.2 Texture Analysis
		3.3 Kidney Texture Classification
		3.4 Deep Learning Classification
	4 Results
	5 Discussion
	References
Mobile Application for Learning Polish Sign Language
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Mobile Applications for Learning Sign Language
		1.2 The Aims of the Study
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Dataset
		2.2 Data Pre-processing
		2.3 Selected Classification Algorithms
		2.4 Parameters and Implementation
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Colour Clustering and Deep Transfer Learning Techniques for Breast Cancer Detection Using Mammography Images
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Mammogram Image Pre-Processing and Colour Clustering Algorithm
		3.2 Use of Deep Transfer Learning to Learn Features from the Obtained Clustered and Coloured Images
		3.3 Breast Health Diagnosis
		3.4 Dataset
	4 Experiments and Results
		4.1 Abnormality Detection
		4.2 Malignancy Detection
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Constructing a Panoramic Radiograph Image Based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data
	1 Objective
	2 State of the Science
	3 Data
	4 Algorithm
		4.1 Data Preprocessing
		4.2 Reconstruction
	5 Results
	References
Optimization of the BOLD Hemodynamic Response Function for EEG-FMRI Studies in Epilepsy
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 MRI Acquisition
		2.2 EEG Acquisition
		2.3 Patients
		2.4 Single Dataset Analysis
		2.5 Hemodynamic Response Function Models
		2.6 HRF Parameters Optimization
		2.7 Statistical Analysis
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Improving the Resolution and SNR of Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Images From a Low-Field Scanner
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Motivation
		1.2 Super-Resolution Reconstruction by Neural Networks
	2 Materials
	3 Methods
		3.1 Image Registration
		3.2 Background Masking
		3.3 Neural Network Architecture and Training
	4 Results
		4.1 Training on b600 Versus b0 Images
		4.2 Influence of Background Masking
		4.3 SRR Reconstruction of Phantom and Brain dMRI
		4.4 Impact of Decreasing the Slice Thickness of Acquired Low-Resolution Images
	5 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
Modeling and Machine Learning
Improving the Predictive Ability of Radiomics-Based Regression Survival Models Through Incorporating Multiple Regions of Interest
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Patient Characteristics
		2.2 Image Acquisition
		2.3 Radiomic Feature Extraction
		2.4 Survival Analysis—General Framework
		2.5 Handling Multiple ROIs
	3 Results
		3.1 ROI Characteristics
		3.2 Prediction of Metastasis Free Survival
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Assessing the Prognosis of Patients with Metastatic or Recurrent Non-small Cell Lung Cancer in the Era of Immunotherapy and Targeted Therapy
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Goals and Hypotheses
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Patients Cohort and Data Acquisition
		2.2 Statistical Analysis
	3 Results
		3.1 Selection of Patients for Downstream Analysis
		3.2 Patient's Characteristics
		3.3 Kaplan-Meier Analysis
		3.4 Log-Rank Statistical Test
		3.5 Univariate Cox Proportional Hazard Regression
		3.6 Multivariate Cox Proportional Hazard Regression
	4 Discussion and Future Work
	References
Predicting the Risk of Metastatic Dissemination in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Using Clinical and Genetic Data
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Patient Cohort
		2.2 Genetic Data Acquisition
		2.3 Data Encoding Methods
		2.4 Survival Regression Methods
		2.5 Feature Selection Methods
		2.6 Performance Evaluation
	3 Results
		3.1 Patients Characteristics
		3.2 Data Categorization
		3.3 Performance of Several Encoding and Machine Learning Model Methods
		3.4 Features Importance
	4 Discussion
	References
Metastasis Modelling Approaches—Comparison of Ideas
	1 Introduction
	2 Mathematical Models
		2.1 Iwata PDE Model
		2.2 A Simple Compartmental Model
	3 Total Number of Metastatic Cells—Analytical Approach
	4 Simulation Results
		4.1 Impact of Different Initial Condition
		4.2 Changes of Parameters of Compartmental Model
	5 Conclusions
	References
Model of Lung Cancer Progression and Metastasis—Need for a Delay
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Clinical Data
	2 Model Formulation
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	References
Classification of Recorded Electrooculographic Signals on Drive Activity for Assessing Four Kind of Driver Inattention by Bagged Trees Algorithm: A Pilot Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Experiment Setup
		2.2 Assessment of Results
		2.3 Preprocessing
		2.4 Signal Processing
	3 Results
	4 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
Monte-Carlo Modeling of Optical Sensors for Postoperative Free Flap Monitoring
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Basis
		2.1 Skin Tissue Model
		2.2 Light Behavior in Tissue
	3 Implementation and Simulation
		3.1 Sensor—Photodiodes and Their Parameters
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
3D-Breast System for Determining the Volume of Tissue Needed for Breast Reconstruction
	1 Introduction
	2 Review of the Literature
	3 Methods and Materials
		3.1 Camera
		3.2 Preparation of the Measuring Station and Data Collection
		3.3 Acquisition of a 3D Image of the Surface
		3.4 Surface Reconstruction Methods
	4 Proposed Algorithm
		4.1 Application
	5 Results
	6 Conclusion
	References
Preeclampsia Risk Prediction Using Machine Learning Methods Trained on Synthetic Data
	1 Introduction
		1.1 FMF Calculator
		1.2 Contribution
	2 Related Work
	3 Methods
		3.1 Data Generation
		3.2 Data Preprocessing
		3.3 Models
		3.4 Training
	4 Results
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Computational Approach for Verification of Aortic Wall Tear Size on CT Contrast Distribution in Patients with Type B Aortic Dissection—The Preliminary Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Limitation to the Study
	4 Conclusions
	References
Signal Processing
Using Frequency Correction of Stethoscope Recordings to Improve Classification of Respiratory Sounds
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Respiratory Diseases, Auscultation, Adventitious Breath Sounds
		1.2 Recording of Respiratory Sounds
		1.3 Automated Detection of Adventitious Respiratory Sounds in Recordings
		1.4 Commercial Solutions for Adventitious Breath Sounds Detection
	2 Aim
	3 Materials and Methods
		3.1 Approach
		3.2 Devices
		3.3 Signal Processing
		3.4 Ground Truth
		3.5 Evaluation
	4 Results
	5 Conclusions
	6 Discussion
	References
Bioimpedance Spectroscopy—Niche Applications in Medicine: Systematic Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Search Strategy
		2.2 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
		2.3 Data Collection
		2.4 Data Selection
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	References
Evaluation of Neurological Disorders in Isokinetic Dynamometry and Surface Electromyography Activity of Biceps and Triceps Muscles
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
EMG Mapping Technique for Pinch Meter Robot Extension
	1 Introduction
	2 Training Exercises Setup
	3 Calibration Experiments
	4 Conclusions
	References
Data Glove for the Recognition of the Letters of the Polish Sign Language Alphabet
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Sign Language Translators—Requirements
		1.2 Data Glove as a Sign Language Translator
	2 Related Work
	3 Materials and Methods
		3.1 Glove Construction
		3.2 Software
		3.3 Data Acquisition
		3.4 Data Augmentation
		3.5 Signal Preprocessing
		3.6 Data Classification Methods
	4 Results
		4.1 Classification Process
		4.2 Classification Results
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	References
Telemonitoring & Measurement
Smart Pillcase System to Support the Elderly and the Disabled
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 Materials and Methods
		3.1 Arduino
		3.2 Mobile Programming Environment
		3.3 CAD Software
		3.4 3D Printing
	4 Project Implementation
		4.1 Developed Algorithm for Arduino
		4.2 Mobile Application
		4.3 Pillcase Design
	5 Results
	6 Conclusions
	References
Opportunities of Data Medicine: Telemonitoring of Multimodal Medical Data in Outpatient Care
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 Methods and their Applications in Use-Cases
		3.1 Methods for Secure Data Transfer to the Cloud
		3.2 Secure Web Interface for the Physician
	4 Multimodal Data Acquisition
		4.1 Vital Data
		4.2 Manual Input from Patients
		4.3 Data Input by Physicians
		4.4 Data-Based Physician-Patient Consultation
	5 Semi-automatic Data Analysis and Approach for Automation
		5.1 Graphical Data Preparation
		5.2 Thresholds and Early Warning Scores
		5.3 Use of Artificial Intelligence
	6 User Experience and Acceptance
		6.1 By Patients
		6.2 By Caregivers
		6.3 By Physicians
		6.4 Support Measures
		6.5 Additional Challenges
	7 Conclusion
	References
Measurement of Blood Flow in the Carotid Artery as one of the Elements of Assessing the Ability for Pilots in the Gravitational Force Conditions–Review of Available Solutions
	1 Introduction
	2 Carotid Artery Blood Flow Measure Methods
		2.1 Carotid Artery Doppler Ultrasound
		2.2 Laser Doppler
		2.3 Duplex Doppler
		2.4 Color Doppler
		2.5 Bioimpedance Methods
		2.6 Calorimeter Measurements
	3 Material and Methods
		3.1 Search Strategy
		3.2 Data Selection
	4 Results
	5 Discussion
	6 Summary and Conclusions
	References
Application of Unsuppressed Water Peaks for MRS Thermometry
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 MRI Data Scanning Protocol
		2.2 Phantom Measurements
		2.3 Subjects
		2.4 In Vivo Measurements
		2.5 Data Analysis
		2.6 Post-processing
	3 Results
		3.1 Phantom Calibration Measurements
		3.2 Water Peak Comparisons Phantom
		3.3 Water Peak Comparisons In Vivo
		3.4 Measurement of Subject Ear Temperature
		3.5 Subject Single-Reference Temperatures using WS
		3.6 Subject Single-Reference Temperatures using WU
		3.7 Subject Single-Reference Temperatures–Differences between WS and WU
		3.8 Changes Before and After fMRI Scan
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Analyzing the Performance of Real-Coded Genetic Algorithm with Control Locations for Multi-Robot Path Planning
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Control Locations Method for Multiple Robots
		2.2 The Fitness Function
		2.3 Real-Coded Genetic Algorithm
		2.4 Collision Maps and Robots
		2.5 The Simulations
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Detection of People Swimming in Water Reservoirs with the Use of Multimodal Imaging and Machine Learning
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Multimodal Camera
		2.2 Data Acquisition Unit
		2.3 Data Acquisition
		2.4 Object Detection Methods
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Haptic Display of Depth Images in an Electronic Travel Aid for the Blind: Technical Indoor Trials
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 System Design and Functionality
		3.1 Assumptions and System Components
		3.2 Depth Image Processing
		3.3 Obstacle Presentation Using the Tactile Feedback
	4 Tests and Results
		4.1 Verifying Distance Detection From a Large, Flat Obstacle (E.g. Wall)
		4.2 Verifying The Effectiveness Of Obstacle Discrimination
	5 Summary
	References
Biomaterials and Implants
The Influence of Aging Conditions on the Properties of Polymer Dental Composites
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Treatments
		2.3 Techniques
	3 Results & Discussion
		3.1 Composition of the Surface Layer
		3.2 Surface Wettability
		3.3 Colorimetry
		3.4 Microhardness
		3.5 Tribology
		3.6 Surface Morphology and Abrasive Wear
	4 Summary and Conclusions
	References