The Kurds in the Middle East: Enduring Problems and New Dynamics (Kurdish Societies, Politics, and International Relations)

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The Kurds in the Middle East
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The Kurds in the Middle East: Enduring Problems and New Dynamics
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Contents
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Section I: Continuity and Change in Turkey’s Kurdish Question
	Chapter 1
	Kurdish Political Representation in Turkey
		Kurdish Descriptive Representation through the Center-Right Turkish Political Parties
		The Rise of the Pro-Kurdish Democratic Movement
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 2
	Kurdish Public Opinion in Turkey
		Framing Kurds and Kurdish Conflict
		From Broken Promises to Denial
		Recognition with a Stick
		AKP Era: Hope and Hopelessness
		The Kurdish Street and Cultural and Political Rights
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 3
	The Political Economy of Turkey’s Kurdish Question
		The Deformation of Ottoman Kurdistan and Bordering Regions: De-development in ESA from the First World War until the 1980 Coup (1914–1980)
		The Armenian Genocide of 1915 and the Forced Deportation of Ottoman Kurds in 1916: An Economic Catastrophe
		Society, Economics and Politics in the Republican People’s Party Era (1923–1950): Consolidation of the “National Economy” and the “Reform” of the East (1923–1929)
		The Great Depression, the Second World War, and the End of the Republican Era (1929–1950)
		Transition to a Turbulent Democracy and “Incorporation” of ESA (1950–1980)
		Incorporation of the Kurdish Elite
		Agriculture-Led Growth
		Crisis of Agriculture-Led Growth
		Systematic Denial of the Kurds
		Restoration of the Status Quo Ante and the Failed Promise of Land Reform
		Intensification of Regional Inequalities and Massive Underdevelopment of the Kurdish Region
		Derisory Public and Private Investment
		Unbalanced Sectoral Distribution of Public Investment
		Stunted Industrial and Agricultural Development
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
Section II: Continuity and Change in Syria
	Chapter 4
	The Evolution of Rojava
		Variations of Rojava
		Tools of State-building: War, Education, and Maps
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 5
	Non-State Actors and Governance
		Syrian State and the Kurds: Invisible People
		From Rebellion to the Reappropriation of State Power
		Constructing Non-State Governance
		Administration
		Security: Justice, Military, and Police
		Legitimization
		Diplomacy and War in Rojava
		Conclusion: Feasibility and Challenges
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 6
	Continuity and Change in Syrian Kurdistan
		Background
		The Revolution in Rojava
		Foreign Relations of Rojava: Curse or Opportunity?
		Syrian Opposition, the Kurds, and the Assad Regime
		Conclusion: Prospects for Rojava
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 7
	Evolution of Kurdish-Led Administrations in Northern Syria
		The Rojava Revolution and West Kurdistan
		From the Rojava System to Federalism
		New North and East Syria Administration
		Concluding Remarks
		Notes
		References
Section III: Continuity and Change in Iraq-Kurdish Relations
	Chapter 8
	The Kurdish Question
		Pre-WWI History: Kurds in the Ottoman Empire
		The Kurdish Question in Iraq
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 9
	Making Sense of Iraqi Kurdistan’s Civil War of the 1990s
		The Tortured History of Land Tenure in Iraq Kurdistan
		The Illusive Dream of Land Reform (1958–1983)
		Saddam’s Land Reform by Death and Destruction: The Anfal Campaign in Kurdistan Region
		Ghosts of the Far and Near Past: Kurdistan Agrarian Communities in Post 1991 Gulf War
		On the Definition of Insanity
		Notes
		References
Section IV: Continuity and Change in Iran–Kurdish Relations
	Chapter 10
	A Contemporary Political History of the Kurds in Iran
		Persian Nation-Building in Iran
		The Establishment of the Republic of Kurdistan in 1946
		The Military Struggle of the 1980s
		The Civil Struggle of the Kurds since 1990
		Changing Political Strategy to Escape another Military Defeat
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 11
	Abdul Rahman Ghassemlou and the Kurdish Resistance in Iran
		Suppression of Kurdish Identity
		Ghassemlou’s Cultural and Political Background
		Political Vision
		The Iranian Revolution
		Adept, Approachable, and Compassionate Leader
		Holy War against the Kurds
		Time for Dialogue
		Relations with Iraqi Regime
		Dialogue with the Islamic Republic
		State Terrorism
		Current Dynamics in Iranian Kurdistan
		Notes
		References
Section V: Imagining Kurdistan from Abroad
	Chapter 12
	Diaspora Identity, Collective Memory, and Artistic Expression
		Methodology
		Diasporas and Collective Memory
		Kurdistan in Germany
		Envisioning a Kurdish Exhibit in Germany
		Splintered Kurdish Communities in the United States
		Kurdish Activism and Art in the United States
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 13
	Diasporic Narratives of Assimilation and Resistance
		Crafting National Sameness through Assimilation
		Outlawing and Dehumanizing Kurdish Identity
		Internalizing Kurdish Subjugation and Turkish Superiority
		Limits and Possibilities of Diasporic Resistance
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 14
	Return Mobilities of Highly Skilled Young British Kurdish People to Kurdistan
		Methodology and Background Information
		Theoretical Debate on Return Migration and Return Mobilities
		From Displacement to Return Mobilities
		Diasporas and Return Mobilities: The Kurdish Context
		Motivations and a Typology of Return Mobilities
		Access to the Labor Market in the Conflicted Region
		Challenges to Returnees
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgment
		Notes
		References
	Index
	About the Editors and Contributors