The Kjeldahl Method: 140 Years

Cover
Half Title
The Kjeldahl Method: 140 Years
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Author
1. Introduction
	References
2. A Brief History of Organic Elemental Analysis
	2.1 Carbon and Hydrogen Analysis
	2.2 Nitrogen Analysis
	References
3. Nitrogen Compounds
	3.1 The Kjeldahl Method Applied to Different Nitrogen Compounds
	References
4. The Kjeldahl Method
	4.1 Digestion
		4.1.1 Acid Requirements and Temperature
		4.1.2 Catalysts and Salt Addition
		4.1.3 Hydrogen Peroxide
		4.1.4 Sealed Tube Digestion
		4.1.5 Microwave Digestion
	4.2 Ammonia Distillation and Determination
		4.2.1 Titration
		4.2.2 Spectrophotometry
		4.2.3 Chromatography
		4.2.4 Ammonium Ion-Selective Electrode
	References
5. The Advancement of Kjeldahl Equipment
	5.1 Early Devices
	5.2 The Caustic Splash Problem
	5.3 The Ammonia Distillation Equipment
	5.4 Solving the Problem of Fumes Disposal
	5.5 The Small Details: Racks and Stands
	5.6 The Miniature Equipment: Micro-Kjeldahl Devices
	5.7 Kjeldahl Equipment Today
	References
6. Experimental: Evaluation of Titanium Dioxide as a Catalyst in the Determination of Nitrogen by the Kjeldahl Method
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Acid-to-Salt Ratio
	6.3 Catalyst
	6.4 Experimental
	6.5 Production of a Catalytic Mixture
	References
7. Important Topics Related to the Kjeldahl Method
	7.1 The Carlsberg Foundation and the Carlsberg Research Laboratory
	7.2 Nitrogen-to-Protein Conversion Factors
	7.3 Reference Materials and Primary Standards
	7.4 Food Standards and the Kjeldahl Method
	7.5 Patents on Kjeldahl Equipment
	7.6 Reviews of the Kjeldahl Method
	7.7 A Comparison of the Kjeldahl and Dumas Methods
	7.8 Other Methods for Nitrogen Determination Developed in the 1900s
	References