The Killing Trap: Genocide in the Twentieth Century

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 15
PART 1 Introduction......Page 19
1 Preliminary considerations......Page 21
Purposes of the book......Page 22
The role of theory......Page 29
The need for comparison in theory development......Page 31
Research strategy......Page 34
Plan of the book......Page 36
2 Case selection......Page 40
Bosnia......Page 43
Nanjing......Page 46
The Herero......Page 48
The Holocaust......Page 52
The Armenians......Page 54
The Tutsi......Page 56
PART II Explaining perpetrators: theoretical foundations......Page 59
Continuity of the killing in the three cases......Page 61
The Holocaust......Page 62
The Armenians......Page 73
Rwanda......Page 77
Validation......Page 79
Rational choice......Page 82
Utopianism......Page 92
Poland and loss compensation......Page 94
Athenian loss and risk minimization......Page 97
5 A theoretical framework......Page 101
The domain of losses and state insecurity......Page 104
Three types of realpolitik......Page 110
Realpolitik, property, and loss compensation......Page 115
Genocidal ideation......Page 117
The domain of losses, risk, and loss compensation......Page 121
Altruistic punishment......Page 125
PART III The theory applied......Page 129
6 Threat of numbers, realpolitik, and ethnic cleansing......Page 131
The Irish famine......Page 133
Germans and Jews in Poland......Page 141
Muslims in Bosnia......Page 147
The domain of losses and state insecurity......Page 153
Risk acceptance, minimization, and loss compensation......Page 159
The domain of losses and state insecurity......Page 171
Risk acceptance, minimization, and loss compensation......Page 176
The domain of losses and state insecurity......Page 180
Risk acceptance, minimization, and loss compensation......Page 184
Conclusion......Page 185
8 The need for unity and altruistic punishment......Page 187
Germany......Page 188
The Ottoman Empire......Page 191
Rwanda......Page 194
Himmler as moralist......Page 198
Defection and cooperation......Page 201
Conclusion......Page 208
9 Perpetrating states......Page 212
Italy: a genocidal trajectory......Page 213
Vichy France......Page 214
Romania......Page 220
PART IV Victim vulnerability: explaining magnitude and manner of dying......Page 227
10 Raison d'état, raison d'église......Page 229
The Armenians......Page 230
The Holocaust......Page 238
The Tutsi......Page 246
Conclusion......Page 252
The United States......Page 255
Great Britain and Commonwealth countries......Page 263
Impact on the Holocaust......Page 266
Hungary......Page 268
Comparison with Romania......Page 276
The Netherlands......Page 277
Inequality and absence of identification between perpetrators and victims......Page 282
Inequality and absence of identification among the victims......Page 284
East European ghettos......Page 285
The Netherlands......Page 286
Hungary......Page 290
Romania......Page 295
On the possibilities of survival......Page 297
Equality and identification between Jews and non-Jews......Page 301
Lodz......Page 305
Warsaw......Page 309
Vilna......Page 316
Comparisons among the three ghettos......Page 320
Conclusion: the role of altruistic punishment......Page 323
PART V Exceptions......Page 325
15 A dog of a different nature: the Cambodian politicide......Page 327
Variation in victimization......Page 329
Genocide of the Vietnamese......Page 330
The Communist models......Page 333
Purges......Page 339
Summary comparisons......Page 341
16 Dogs that didn't bark I: realpolitik and the absence of loss......Page 343
Bulgaria......Page 344
Finland......Page 349
Comparisons......Page 350
17 Dogs that didn't bark II: affinity and vulnerability reduction......Page 353
Affinity and genocide......Page 354
Greeks in the Ottoman Empire......Page 355
Jews in Eastern Europe......Page 361
Poland at the time of the Partitions......Page 365
Britain and Ireland......Page 372
Israel and Intifada II......Page 381
The impact of war......Page 382
PART VI Conclusion......Page 385
Similarities and differences......Page 387
The Holocaust......Page 393
The Armenian genocide......Page 395
The Tutsi genocide......Page 398
Genocide prevention and the role of democracy......Page 399
Loss compensation and affinity......Page 400
Russia and the Ottoman Empire......Page 402
Darfur......Page 404
Realpolitik......Page 406
Democracy......Page 410
Validation......Page 412
Coda......Page 413
References......Page 414
Index......Page 441