The Kenana Handbook of Sudan

Cover
Half
Title
Title
Page
Copyright
Page
Table
of Contents
Preface
Foreword
Editor's Introduction
Acknowledgements
I.
Prehistory
	1. Sudan, Land of Cultures: The Prehistoric Period (100000 BCE-3500 CE)
		The A-group culture 3800 BCE
		The C-group culture 2150–2240 BCE
		The Egyptian Middle Kingdom (2000–1750 BCE)
		Kerma culture (2000–1580 BCE)
		The Egyptian New Kingdom (1580–1100 BCE)
		Napatan Period (750–592 BCE)
		Meroitic Period (592 BCE-CE 350)
		The X- group culture (CE 300–600)
		Christian period (CE 543–1504)
		Funj kingdom (CE 1504–1821)
	2. Wadi Howar: Climate Change and Human Occupation in the Sudanese Desert
During the Past Eleven Thousand Years
		The Upper Wadi Howar
		The Middle Wadi Howar
		Zolat el Hammad
		The West Nubian Palaeolake
		The Darb el Arba'in
		Jebel Rahib and Jebel Tageru
		The Lower Wadi Howar
		Animal and plant remains
		The Neolithic dune habitats
		The fortress
		A trend towards increasing
rainfall?
		Occupation history of the Sudanese Sahara
		Wadi Howar National Park
		Acknowledgements
		References
II. Archaeology
	3. The Archaeology
of Sudan
		The Development of
Archaeology in the Middle Nile
		Long-Term Perspectives on Sudan's Past
		Changing Environments?
		Changing Lifeways
		Urban Origins?
		Human Beginnings
		The Neolithic — the beginning of herding and farming
		Kerma and Kush
		Napata and Meroe
		The End of Meroe and the Creation of the Nubian
Kingdoms
		The End of the Medieval Kingdoms and Post-Medieval Sudan
	4. The State and the Plains: History and Culture of the Nubian-Sudanese Nile
Valley in Antiquity
		Chronological overview
		African roots
			Fifth and Fourth Millennia BCE
		Southern Province of Egypt
			3000–1500 BCE
		The Kingdom of Kerma
			2500–1550 BCE
		Pharaoh: The Conqueror
			1550–1000 BCE
		Black Pharaohs
			900–656 BCE
		The Kingdom of Napata
			656–270 BCE
		The Kingdom of Meroe
			270 BC-350 AD
	5. The Ancient Eastern Desert Dwellers:
A Sixth-Century Tribe and Its Pottery
		Eastern Desert Ware
III. History
	6. A Cultural History of Nubia and the Nilotic Sudan: AD 580 - AD 1600
		Conversion of Nubia to Christianity
		The Baqt Treaty
		Architectural Development: Houses
		Sacred Architecture: Nubian Churches
		Mural Art
		Domestic Arts
		Literature and Languages
		The Decline of Nubian Civilisation
		The Arabisation and Islamisation of the Sudanese People
		The Abdallab Kingdom and the Funj Sultanate
		Acknowledgements
		Bibliography
	7. Three Empires on the Nile: Ismael Pasha, General Gordon, The Mahdi, and
Lord Kitchener
	8. The Shaping of Modern Sudan: The Ottoman-Turkish Empire and the Republic
of Sudan
		CE 1517–85
		1820–1914
		The Egyptian Turkiyya (1820–84)
		The Mahdiyya (1884–98)
		The British Turkiyya (1898–1914)
		Epilogue (1922–47)
	9. Sudan Engraved, 1860–1890
	10. Life Under the Anglo-Egyptian Mandate in Historical Photographs: The
Sudan Archive, University of Durham
		Collections
		Subject content
		Photographs, films, maps and artefacts
		Books on Sudan
		Access and facilities
	11. Sudan Railways: A Retrospective
	12. The Long Road to Independence: Historical Landmarks in the Condominium Period and the Colonial Role in the Creation of two Sudans, 1898–1956
IV. Pilgrims and Traders
	13. Suakin: Red Sea Province
		Summary Site History
		The Present Situation
		Suakin Island
		The Geyf
		The Outer Forts and Sites
	14. Trade and Pilgrimage in
Medieval Sudan
		The early centuries (651–1260)
		The later Middle Ages (1260–1504)
		The Islamic sultanates (1504–1821)
		Conclusion
	15. The Island of Suakin: The History
V. The Environment,
Flora and Fauna
	16. The Republic of Sudan: An Environmental Overview
		Introduction
		Geology and topography
		Climate and vegetation
		Northern Sudan
		Semi-arid Sudan
		Southern Sudan
		Vegetation
		Agriculture
		Irrigated farming
		Livestock resources
		Other activities
		The economy of Sudan
		Livestock
		Irrigated agriculture
		Woodland and forests
		Industry
		Petroleum
		Energy needs
		The people of Sudan
	17.
The Vegetation of Sudan
	18. An Overview of Flora and
Fauna in Southern Sudan
		Eastern Equatoria
		Western Equatoria
		Bahr el Gazal and Lakes
		Jonglei
		Upper Nile
	19. Where Have All the Animals Gone: The Fate of Large Mammals in the South
	20.
Environmental Conditions in Sudan and the Policy Responses
		Background Information on Sudan
		Sudan's Climate
			Temperature
			Wind
		Climatic Variability
		Environmental Sustainability Index
		The Key Driving Forces of the Continued Environmental Degradation
			Land Degradation
			Desertification
		War and Civil Strife
		Urbanization
		Transboundary Issues
		Heavy Reliance on Biomass Energy
		Oil Industry
		Poverty
		Sudan Environment and Livelihoods
		Future Impacts of Environmental Changes on Livelihoods
		Institutional and Capacity-Building Context
		Sudan's Response to Global Environment Conventions
			Policy Support and Global Environmental Context
		References
VI. Experiencing Sudan
	21. The 'Three Towns'
of Sudan
	22. The Traditional Food
and Drink of Sudan
		Karkade Hibiscus drink
		Mullah Tagaliya Sudanese Meat Sauce
		Ful Fava Bean Puree
		Green Vegetables with Groundnut Sauce
			Kefte
	23. Red Sea Coral Reef Diving
in Sudan
		Warm Tropical Sea Far to the North
		Step by Step into the Abyss
		Seasons Above and Below
		What Part of the Year is Best for Diving?
		Diving on Sudanese Reefs
			Key Word: Adventure Diving
		Night and Day, You are the Reef
		Sudanese Red Sea Dive Sites
			'Must-See' Places
			Sha'ab Rhumi
			West
Side
			South Point
		Sanganeb
			Sanganeb South-West Poin
			Sanganeb North Point
			The Umbria
			Angarosh
			Other sites
		Sharks
		Barracudas
		Manta Rays
		Dugongs
		Special-Interest Diving
			Wreck Diving
			Snorkelling and Breath-Hold Diving
			Deep Diving
		Closed-Circuit Breathing Equipment
	24.
Adventure on the Blue Nile
	25. The Religion of the Dinka and the Nuer: The Fourth Monotheistic Religion
		Dinka myths
		The sources
			Caveat lector – arcana non proferat
			The creation story of the Dinka
			The others have only been created while we are from heaven
			From Darkness to Light – from Paradise to Death – from freedom of want totoiling the earth
			How Cikom opened the sky to mankind
		The Nuer
		Some conclusions
	26.
Religious Coexistence in Sudan
		Introduction
		The Funj Islamic Kingdom (1504–1821 A.D.)
		The Turko-Egyptian Rule (1821 - 1885 A.D.)
		The Mahdiyya (1885 - 1898 A.D.)
		The Anglo-Egyptian Rule (1898 – 1955 A.D.)
		The National Rule (1956 - 2006 A.D.)
		Sudan Inter-Religious Council (SIRC)
		Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA)
		References
	27.
Islam in Sudan
	28.
Images of Sudan
VII. The Arts and
Literature of Sudan
	29. Searching for the Soul of the
Nation
		Introduction
		Putting the Search in Context
		Looking for the Cultural Values
		Utilizing the Cultural Values
			Conflict Management
			Popular Democracy
			Human Rights
			Self-Reliant Development
			Environmental Integrity
			Changing Gender Roles
		The Challenge in Perspective
	30.
Modem Art in Sudan
		The Background
			Sudan's Artistic Heritage: Ancient Civilizations and Arabic
Calligraphy
		Traditional Folk Arts
			Another Inspiration for the Artist
		The Khartoum School
		The Beginnings
		The Faculty of Fine and Applied Arts
		Schools and Trends in Modern Sudanese Art
			The Khartoum School
			The Crystaiists
			The School of the One
			Manifesto of the Garden of Beauty
		Galleries in Khartoum and the Rashid Diab Art Centre
		Osman Waqialla
		Ibrahim El Salahi
		Ahmad Mohammed Shibrain
		Kamala Ibrahim Ishaq
		Ibrahim al-'Awam
		Ahmad Ibrahim Abdal Aal
		Zaki Al-Maboren
		Griselda al-Taiyib
		Khalid Hamid Yousif
		Rashid Diab
		Art from Sudan – Challenges and Contradictions
		References
	31. The Contours of
Sudanese Literature
		References
	32. Tayeb Salih's Bandarshah: A Great Arab Novel
	33.
Sudanese Culture
		Theatre
		Music
		Literature
		Fine Arts
		Poetry
		Overview
	34. Sayed Osman A. Wagialla: Artworks
VIII. The Economy, Industry,
and Doing Business in Sudan
	35. The Sudanese Economy Since
1956
	36. Setting Up a Multinational Venture in Sudan: Kenana Sugar Company Limited,
A Case Study
		Forestry plantation
		Charcoal making
		Animal feed plant
		Kenana Friesland dairy
		Kenana Engineering and Technical Services (KETS)
		White Nile Sugar Project
		Ethanol project
	37. Economic Development of
Sudan
		General Features
		Economic Performance
		Other New Developments
		Sharpening Economic Reforms
		International Economic Cooperation
		Peace and Economic Stability
		Investment Opportunities
		Regional Cooperation
		Economic Performance in 2004
			Macro-Economic Fundamentals
		The Fiscal and Financial Sector
			The Fiscal Stance
			Monetary Policy and the Financial Sector
			The Foreign Sector
	38. Bank of Sudan: Monetary and
Credit Policy
		Monetary and Credit Policy 1996–99
		Monetary and Credit Policy 1997–2000
			Central Bank Musharaka Certificate (CMC)
			Government Musharaka Certificate (GMC)
			Government Investment Certificate (GIC)
		Monetary and Credit Policy 2001–04
	39.
Doing Business in Sudan
		Doing Business
		Getting There and on Arrival
		Setting Up Meetings
		Payment Terms
		Socializing
		Sudan's Image and Disinformation
		A Last Word
		Summing Up
	40.
Investment Environment and Opportunities in Sudan
	41. Sudan and the Integrated Framework Programme
		1- The Integrated Framework mandate
		2-The International Governing Structure
		3- IF Trust Fund
		4- IF Process
		5-Countries that have undertaken the Diagnostic Trade Integration Study
(DTIS)
		6-Sudan Accession to the IF
		7- Enhanced Integrated Framework
		8- 'Aid for Trade'
		9- In-country Governing
Structure for the IF process in Sudan
		10-Sudan's Contribution to the Concept and Scope of the Diagnostic
Integration Study
		11- Policies and Programme
		12-The Microeconomic Policy
		13-Finance of critical trade facilitation projects
	42. Impressions and Experiences: Working in Sudan
	43. The Sugar Industry in
Sudan
		Sugar cane and sugars
		World sugar industry
		Definitions
			Oxford English Dictionary
		Sudan and the sugar industry
		New Sugar Factories
		Expansion of already established cane sugar factories
		Sudan's potential for agro-industrial projects with special reference to
sugar
			Climate
			Water development
		References
	44. Oil in Sudan: Its Discovery and Industrial Development
		The Background
		Physiography and geology
		The Red Sea littoral zone
		The north-western territories bordering Chad and
Libya
		Sudan interior – the Chevron Episode and the discovery of commercial oil in Sudan
		Petroleum product supplies
		Refinery at Kosti versus the construction of the export line
		The export pipeline project
		Collapse of the Crude Export Pipeline Project
		The Third Democratic Government
		National Salvation Government
		Sudanese attempts to develop the El Obeid refinery
		The Asian oil consortium led by China
	45. Oil in Sudan: The Challenge and Achievement
	46. The Petroleum Geology
of Sudan
		Introduction
			Physiography
			General topography
			River Nile drainage system
			Rain
			Temperatures
		Outlines of the surface geology
			Outcrops
			Major surface structures
		Sedimentary basins of Sudan
			General
			Tectonic history
			Stratigraphy
			Precambrian–Jurassic
			Cretaceous
				The Sharaf Formation
				Abu Gabra Formation
				Bentiu Formation
				Darfur Group
			Tertiary
		Outlines of the petroleum systems
			Source rocks
			Reservoirs
			Seals and traps
		Summary and conclusions
		References
	47. Investment in Sudanese Petroleum: Exploration and Production
		Early Exploration Work
		Recent Exploration Activities
		Areas of Petroleum Potential
		Summary and Conclusions
		References
	48. Water Resource Management and Development in the
Republic of Sudan
		Introduction
		The Nile System
		Climate
		Water Resources
		Internal Surface Water Resources
		External Inflows
		The Equatorial Lakes Region
		The Ethiopian and Eritrea Region
		Groundwater Resources
		Present Uses and Future Development
			Water Control
		The River Nile Control and Regulation
		Present Uses of
the Nile Water
		The Nile Water Master Plan
		Non–Nilotic Surface and Groundwater Resources Utilization
			Surface water
			Groundwater Utilization
		The Hydro-Politics of the Nile Waters
		The Initiative of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
		The Nile Basin Initiative (NBI)
	49.
Agriculture in Sudan
		Introduction
		The Agricultural Resource Base
			Land Resources
		Land use in Sudan
			Water Resources
			Natural Pasture and Livestock
Resources
			Forestry Resources
			Fisheries
		Farming Systems
			Irrigated System
			Semi-Mechanized Rain-Fed System
			Traditional Rain-Fed System
			Livestock Sector System
			Fisheries
			Horticulture
		Agricultural Sector Contribution to the National Economy
		Institutional Support System
		Agricultural Strategy
		Objectives of Agriculture
		The Agricultural Development Potential
	50. Development of Sudan's
Cotton Production and Trade
		Introduction
		The History of Cotton Research and Technology Dissemination
		Review of Cotton Marketing
			Areas of emphasis
			Seed Cotton Grading and Lint Classification
			Payment system to tenants for cotton deliveries
				Seed Cotton Deliveries
				Method of payment before privatization (1992)
			Ginning and Grading
			Seed Cotton Pricing
			Lint and Cotton Seed Marketing
		Cotton Marketing After Privatization and Review of the Recent Situation
and Future Prospects
	51. Gum Arabic in Sudan: Production, Marketing, Constraints, and Opportunities
		Introduction
			Background
			The importance of gum
Arabic
			Uses of gum Arabic
		Production and supply of gum Arabic
			Production of gum Arabic
			Supply of gum Arabic
			Factors affecting production and supply
		Gum trade and marketing
			Evolution and development of gum trade and marketing in Sudan
			Analysis of the present trend of gum trade and marketing
		Constraints
		Opportunities
		References
	52. The Enigmatic Sudan: Is it a Poorhouse or the Land of Milk and Honey?
		Introduction
		Bountiful resources
		The Sudan crises
		Natural
limitations
		The environmental crisis
		The poverty crisis
		The economic crisis
		Dismal present
		The brighter future
		The road map
		References
IX. Now and in the Future
	53.
Sudanese Politics
		The Funj Sultanate
		The Turco-Egyptian Regime (1821–1885)
		The Condominium (1899–1955)
		Sudan After Independence in 1956
		Conclusion
	54. The Salient Features of the Sudan Interim National
Constitution
	55. The Sudan Comprehensive
Peace Agreement
		Introduction
		Causes of Sudan's Recurrent Civil Wars
		CPA: Peace, Security and Development
		Sustaining the CPA: Organic Guarantees and External Mechanisms
		Organic Guarantees
		External Guarantees
		Potential Threats
		Conclusion
X.
Sudan: Fact File
	56.
Sudan's Current Leaders
	57. Useful Words and Phrases: English into Sudanese Arabic
	58.
Compendium
Contributors
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